The aim of the work is regeneration and reclamation of the main formal places and points in the Polna town, on the level of the town (part of the town), the castle complex and the main court. Using the town acupuncture method and focusing on the main and the most important parts, I created the system of segments (plateaus), which like the separate elements create the appearance of the town as a whole. In my diploma thesis I focused on segment of castle complex. Using the gradual regeneration of the main formally important places and points, I created its overall “ideal” condition. The result of my work is the design of alternative use of castle complex and castle court elements.

Sehr viele Infrastrukturbauwerke haben bereits eine hohe Nutzungsdauer hinter sich und müssen instandgesetzt oder neu errichtet werden. Im Zuge der aktuellen Bestrebungen, mit möglichst geringen Materialeinsätzen die notwendige Bauwerkssicherheit zu erzeugen, rücken dünne Instandsetzungsschichten immer häufiger in den Fokus der Planenden. Aufgrund fehlender Beispielbauten und Umsetzungsrichtlinien werden solche Lösungen jedoch oft nicht ausgeführt. Im hier vorgestellten Beispiel wird anhand einer über 100 Jahre alten Schleuse die Möglichkeit einer Sanierung mit dünnen Schichten aus hochduktilem Beton (engl.: strain-hardening cement-based composites, SHCC) und Textilbeton (engl.: textile reinforced concrete, TRC) vorgestellt sowie Ergebnisse aus dem nunmehr dreijährigen Bauwerksmonitoring dargelegt.

The circular economy, in which products, materials and resources circle back into the system rather than ending up as waste, offers the possibility to decouple economic growth from environmental degradation. For the sector of information and communication technologies (ICT), where the products contain a wide range of critical raw materials and have a large environmental impact during their manufacturing phase, a shift from today’s linear consumption is especially important. While such a transition requires action from actors on all system levels, the users have a unique position to drive the transition through a change in their behaviour. The aim of this thesis is to build knowledge about how user organisations can enable a transition to a circular ICT sector. A case study was performed at a large ICT reseller in Sweden where the current use of internal laptops and smartphones was investigated and analysed. The data collection resulted in the identification of 15 barriers that we claim hinder the case company from becoming a circular user of ICT products. A categorisation of the barriers further showed that the majority of them are found on an organisational level. We argue that among them, the most impactful barrier is an ambiguous responsibility for the post-use collection of products within the organisation. The thesis is concluded with the notion that organisations do indeed have large possibilities to drive a shift in the ICT sector but have a number of barriers to overcome first. Fortunately, the majority of the barriers are internal and can be directly addressed by managerial actions. / Inom en cirkulär ekonomi där produkter, material och naturresurser cirkulerar i ett slutet system istället för att förkastas som avfall, finns det i teorin en möjlighet att frånkoppla ekonomisk tillväxt från miljöförstöring. Inom sektorn för informations- och kommunikationsteknik (ICT), där produkterna innehåller en stor variation av råmaterial och har sin största miljöpåverkan under tillverkningsfasen, är ett skifte från den nuvarande linjära konsumtionen av yttersta vikt. Även om en sådan övergång kräver att aktörer på samtliga systemnivåer agerar tillsammans, så har användarna en unik position att driva marknaden mot en förändring genom att ändra sitt beteende. Denna rapport har som syfte att utöka kunskapen kring hur användarorganisationer kan möjliggöra en övergång till en cirkulär ICT-sektor. I en casestudie undersöktes och analyserades den interna hanteringen av laptops och smartphones hos en stor leverantör av ICT-tjänster och -produkter i Sverige. Utifrån datainsamlingen kunde 15 barriärer identifieras som vi menar på utgör ett hinder för organisationens möjligheter till att ha ett cirkulärt användande av sina laptops och smartphones. Efter en kategorisering av barriärerna framgick det att majoriteten av dem låg på en organisatorisk nivå. Enligt oss är den största av dessa en tvetydighet i vem som bär ansvaret för återtaget av produkter efter användning. Avslutningsvis dras slutsatsen att även om vi kan bekräfta användarnas stora potential att driva en förändring i ICT-sektorn så finns det i nuläget barriärer. Lyckligtvis är dessa barriärer mestadels interna och kan adresseras genom styrande medel från ledningsnivå.

La conservación del patrimonio cultural esta considerado como un principio fundamental en la vida cultural de las sociedades modernas. En los últimos años, se han realizado extensas investigaciones en torno a esta área, conduciendo a desarrollos en la inspección, ensayos no destructivos, monitorización y análisis estructural de monumentos.Por otra parte, el análisis de construcciones antiguas formula importantes desafíos dada la complejidad de su geometría, la variabilidad de las propiedades de los materiales tradicionales, las diferentes técnicas de construcción, la ausencia de conocimiento sobre los daños existentes, y de cómo afectan determinadas acciones a las construcciones a lo largo de su vida.Dichos desafíos suponen que las construcciones del patrimonio arquitectónico estén sometidas a una serie de dificultades de diagnóstico y restauración, que limitan la aplicación de las disposiciones normativas y las pautas vigentes en el ámbito general de la construcción. Y es por todo ello que la comprensión, el análisis y la reparación de construcciones históricas se establece como uno de los desafíos más importantes de los técnicos modernos.¿Sería razonable operar a un enfermo sin tener constancia objetiva del mal que adolece?, en ese caso ¿porqué intervenimos en nuestra herencia cultural sin tener conocimiento contrastado de las causas desencadenantes de sus procesos patológicos?Respondiendo a la cuestión formulada, las intervenciones en las construcciones antiguas, dada su fragilidad, requieren precisión, detalle y formación especial en el desarrollo de un estudio previo riguroso de diagnóstico que de soporte a las decisiones sobre las técnicas de intervención que deben adoptarse.En este proceso es fundamental la fase de reconocimiento - análisis, dado que es en esta etapa en la que se plantean hipótesis y se comprueban, de forma objetiva, a través de cálculos y ensayos. Dentro de la fase referida, debe prestarse especial atención al reconocimiento experimental, dado que dicha inspección además de contribuir a la obtención de parámetros de entrada de los modelos de análisis, tiene como misión el contribuir a calibrarlos mediante la comprobación experimental de los resultados obtenidos analíticamente en determinados puntos de control.Por su parte, es deseable que dicho reconocimiento experimental se realice de la forma menos intrusiva posible para con la construcción, sobremanera en el caso de bienes de carácter monumental.En línea con lo argumentado, la investigación que se presenta incide, dentro del proceso metodológico general de intervención en una construcción antigua, en la fase del reconocimiento experimental, in situ, ligeramente destructivo, y a su vez, dentro de éste, en las técnicas orientadas a obtener información útil desde un punto de vista de la caracterización mecánica de elementos estructurales de fábrica.En este sentido, se pretende contribuir a la puesta a punto, en España, de métodos para la evaluación in situ de la fiabilidad de los elementos estructurales existentes en construcciones históricas de obra de fábrica. Para ello, se van a focalizar los esfuerzos en el calibrado, en laboratorio, de las técnicas de gatos planos, hole drilling y mini-presurometría de fábricas, y posteriormente se aplicarán a casos reales in situ. / Cultural heritage conservation is considered as a fundamental principle of modern societies' cultural life. In recent years, extensive research has been done on this area, leading developments on inspection, non-destructive testing, monitoring and monument structural analysis.In other hand, old buildings analysis implies significant challenges due to the complexity of its geometry, variability of traditional materials properties, different construction techniques, lack of knowledge about existing damage, and how certain actions affect throughout their life to buildings.These challenges mean that architectural heritage buildings are subject to diagnosis and refurbishment difficulties, which limit the application of standards and construction guidelines. That is why the understanding, the analysis and the historic buildings' repair, are considered as one of the most important challenges of modern technicians.Would it be reasonable to operate a patient without objective evidence of the illness that suffers? In that case, why do we intervene in our cultural heritage without knowing the causes that have initiated its pathological processes?Answering to this question, interventions in old buildings, because of its fragility, require accuracy, detail and a special education in the development of a previous diagnostic study, in order to give support to decisions to be adopted on intervention techniques.In this process, it is essential the phase survey - analysis, because it is at this stage where the hypothesis are set out and verified with calculations and tests. Within this phase, it should pay special attention to experimental survey, since such inspection contributes to both obtaining input parameters of the model analysis, and contributes to calibrate it using the experimental verification of the results obtained analytically at certain checkpoints.Moreover, it is desirable that such experimental survey is performed of the least intrusive way as possible for the construction, greatly in the case of monumental constructions.Within the general process of intervention on old constructions, the research presented insists on the on-site experimental survey stage, slightly destructive, and within it, on the techniques aimed to obtain useful information for the mechanical characterization of masonry structural elements.In this sense, it aims to contribute to the development in Spain of methods for on-site evaluation of the structural elements' reliability in masonry historical buildings. For this, efforts will focus on the calibration, in laboratory, of the techniques of flat jacks, hole drilling and masonry mini-pressurometer, and then its application to real on-site cases.

Äldre flerbostadshus står för en stor del av Sveriges totala energianvändning som behöver sänkas föratt minska klimatpåverkan och klara regeringsmålet om effektivare energianvändning. Examensarbetets syfte är därför att bidra till en ökad kunskap om energieffektivisering genom åtgärder i äldre byggnaders klimatskärm, och om hur åtgärder kan värderas genom energisimulering och livscykelkostnadsanalys. Målet är att identifiera vilka åtgärder som är ekonomiskt och arkitektoniskt lämpliga för äldre flerbostadshus med intresse av att bevara deras karaktär. Det är även att bedöma vilken energibesparing och livscykelkostnad de utvalda åtgärderna genererar. Ett flerbostadshus i centrala Luleå valdes ut som referensbyggnad. Byggnaden är genom sin konstruktion och design representativ för tidseran. Intressanta åtgärder samt åtgärdspaket i dess klimatskal valdes ut. Sedan utfördes en bred litteraturgenomgång om bostadsbyggandet i Sverige 1945–1964, byggnadens energianvändning, energieffektivisering av klimatskalet, de utvalda åtgärderna samt metoderna energisimulering och livscykelkostnadsanalys. Referensbyggnaden dokumenterades och en energisimuleringsmodell byggdes i programvaran IDA ICE. Den nuvarande utformningen av byggnaden simulerades och kalibrerades mot senast uppmätt normalårskorrigerad energianvändning. Sedan utfördes simuleringar för de utvalda åtgärderna och åtgärdspaketen vilka bestämts till tilläggsisolering av vindsbjälklag, byte av fönster till lågenergifönster och tätning av otätheter runt dessa, en kombination av båda tidigare åtgärder (åtgärdspaket 1), tilläggsisolering av fasad och fönsterbyte, samt en kombination av alla tre åtgärder (åtgärdspaket 2). Livscykelkostnaderna för nuläget och för implementering av de olika åtgärderna beräknades genom nuvärdeskostnadsmetoden. Även återbetalningstider beräknades genom simple-payback-metoden. Byggnadens nuvarande utformning gav efter kalibrering en simulerad energianvändning på 136,2 kWh/(m2Atemp,år); 2,9 % över det senast uppmätta normalårskorrigerade värdet. Nuvärdeskostnaden för att inte utföra någon åtgärd beräknades till ca 2 727 tkr. Åtgärderna genererade energibesparingar på 3,5–14,6 %, nuvärdeskostnader på 2 685-5 880 tkr och återbetalningstider på 7-105 år. För varje adderad åtgärd i klimatskalet ökade energibesparingen. Tilläggsisolering av vindsbjälklag visade sig vara den enda lönsamma åtgärden, då den har en nuvärdeskostnad som är lägre än att inte utföra någon åtgärd. En känslighetsanalys utfördes för kostnadsberäkningarna där diskonteringsräntan höjdes och sänktes med 2 % och energipriset höjdes med 10 %. Tilläggsisoleringav vindsbjälklag kvarstod dock som den enda lönsamma åtgärden. Åtgärderna hade kunnat generera högre procentuell energibesparing för en annan liknande byggnad. Referensbyggnaden innehåller ett stort renoverat kontor vilket ger en lägre nuvarande energianvändning och lägre procentuell energibesparing för åtgärder än om endast den äldre bostadsdelen studerats. Då Luleå har Sveriges lägsta energipris är åtgärder med hög investeringskostnad ekonomiskt svårmotiverade. Detta beror på att kostnadsbesparingarna genom minskad energianvändning blir små i förhållande till åtgärdernas investeringskostnader. Tilläggsisolering av fasad kan inte rekommenderas då åtgärden både är mycket olönsam och förändrar byggnadens uttryck väsentligt. Slutsatsen är att tilläggsisolering av vindsbjälklag är den lämpligaste åtgärden för äldre flerbostadshus, av de undersökta åtgärderna för energieffektivisering i klimatskalet. Den är arkitektoniskt lämplig med hänsyn till bevarandet av byggnaden då den inte förändrar byggnadens utseende. Den är även ekonomiskt lämplig då den har en livscykelkostnad som är lägre änalternativet att inte utföra någon åtgärd. För fortsatta studier föreslås bl.a. att undersöka hur åtgärder kan göras mer attraktiva för fastighetsägare, att kartlägga fastigheter från tidseran (skick, energianvändning, resultat av åtgärder, möjligheter) samt att utvärdera potentialen av ny teknik. / Old multifamily houses stand for a large part of Sweden’s total energy usage, which must decrease to minimize our environmental impact and to accomplish the government goal of more efficient energy usage. The aim of this master thesis is therefore to contribute to an increased knowledge on energy optimization through building envelope improvements in older buildings, and how energy efficiency measures can be evaluated through building energy simulation and life cycle cost analysis. The goal is to identify which measures that are economically and architecturally appropriate for old multifamily houses with interest in retaining their character. It is also to evaluate which energy saving and life cycle cost the selected measures generate. A multifamily house in central Luleå was selected as reference building. The building is by its construction and design representative for the era. Interesting energy efficiency measures in the building envelope were chosen. Then a wide literature study was carried out on house building in Sweden 1945-1964, building energy usage, energy efficiency through building envelope measures, the selected measures and the methods building energy simulation and life cycle cost analysis. The reference building was documented and an energy simulation model was built in the software IDA ICE. A present version of the building was simulated and calibrated to better match the latest normalised annual value. After that, simulations were performed for the selected measures; additional attic insulation, change to low energy windows and weather stripping these, a combination of both previous measures, additional facade insulation and change of windows, and a combination of all three measures. The life cycle costs of the present situation and for implementation of the different measures were calculated through the net present cost method. Also, payback times were calculated through the simple payback method. The building in its original state showed a post-calibration energy usage of 136,2 kWh/(m2Atemp,year); 2,9 % above the surveyed value. The net present cost for not performing any energy conservation measures was calculated to about 2 727 SEK. The measures generated energy savings of 3,5-14,6 %, net present costs of 2 685 -5 880 SEK and payback times of 7-105 years. For each added measure in the building envelope, the energy saving increased. Additional insulation of the attic turned out to be the only profitable measure, since its net present cost is lower than for not performing any energy conservation measure. A sensitivity analysis was performed for the cost analyses where the discount rate was raised and lowered by 2 % and the energy price raised by 10 %. However, the additional attic insulation remained as the only profitable measure. The energy conservation measures could have generated greater energy savings for a similar building. The reference building contains a large retrofitted office which lowers the present energy usage and the percental energy savings for measures compared to if only the dwelling part had been studied. Since Luleå has Sweden’s lowest energy prices, measures with high investment costs become difficult to give grounds for. This is because the cost savings achieved by their energy savings are low compared to their investment costs. Additional facade insulation cannot be recommended since it both is very unprofitable and highly changes the appearance of the building. The conclusion is that additional attic insulation is the most appropriate energy conservation measure for old multifamily houses, of selected measures in the building envelope. It can be regarded as architecturally appropriate since it does not change the building appearance. It is also economically appropriate since its life cycle cost is lower than for not performing any measure. Suggested future research includes analyzing how energy efficiency measures can be made more attractive for real estate owners, charting real estate from the era (condition, energy usage, results from measures, opportunities) and evaluating the potential of new technology within the field.

Práce srovnává, jak vlády vybraných Evropských zemí stimulují občany a podniky k tomu, aby stavěli energeticky úsporně se zaměřením na ekonomickou stránku věci. Práce srovnává poznatky, sjednocuje je a vyvozuje patřičné závěry.

The main goal of my work was find and define a form of content for potential reconstruction of the castle Rudolfov. The purpose was a make this castle a good place for serving to city. This thesis is a last from analyzes and proposals for dealing with the city Rudolfov and its public space, which I developed in the whole masters degree: City - Vision for the Future. My work has been divided into four semesters. In first one, i have made a detailed analysis of the city Rudolfov and identifying the problem areas and main city problems, which I also discussed. In the second semester the work was focused on new study for new city center. In the third semester, I continued working on urban development studies of the northern slope with relation to the newly created center. For the thesis I chose the troubled and valuable place of the city with a cultural monument that formerly served as barracks and today it is looking for a new use. All studies were designed to contribute positively to the future development of the town Rudolfov.

This is the proposal of the new utilization of the former recreational centre, which is situated in the beautiful surrounding of the Brno lake. It has been abandoned for many years and is suffering from decay. It has been built in the 1970's for the demand of the Socialistic youth union (remark: the youth organisation of the communist's party). There were held international political conventions and educational sojourns for the students of high schools and universities. The new utilization will be analogous. Only the communist's ideals will be replaced with the ideals of today's democratical society – especially friendly relations between mankind and environment. There will be created the environmental educational centre with the meeting spaces, conference hall and accomodation. The universal concept enables the usage of the facility also for the international students' workshops, training courses, teambuilding events etc. The ecological educational centre primarily makes the good example and is the live educational requisite. Thanks to the concept of the original facility is very convenient the refurbishment to the standard of the energetically passive building, which consists from the natural materials and utilizes renewable energy resources. Because of the very poor technical condition and devastation of the building will be re-used only basement and steel framework. This solution is more economical than the demolition and following new construction. The construction core of the building is almost for free. However, only if we make minimal changes in the framework and we preserve the original building's shape. On the steel framework will be created the new lightweight housing, which will be made from wood, straw pannels and filled with the cannabis thermal insulation. Almost all the roofs will be covered with the photovoltaic foils and the heat source will be air heat pump. The area is very pleasant place to stay. It's full of sunshine all day long and offers very beautiful view of the lake. The main building and bungalows profit of the attractive views. All the former recreational area has was designed to make the people meeting together and to provide the freedom of move and wide variety of activities. However, the rooms and bungalows provide the highest privacy. The inside and outside of the buildings are shading into each other. All the recreational ground – in exterior and interior – is full of liveliness, in the opposite of the rooms, which are the private islands. This aspect, which is present in the former concept from the 1970's, is to be preserved. The former hotel building is distinguished by the quality architectural concept, above-average in the age of origin. It is thanks to the dynamically balanced composition – inspirative today too, and visually interesting interior design of the meeting spaces. This proposal attempts to continue in this qualities. The ground is enriched with the relaxational spaces and the outside gym path. In the opposite of the original state the area is open to the public and is utilized as a park for leisure activities.