<p>Our aim with this paper is to study the debate concerning the refusal of entry of the two Egyptians and the involvement of USA, to see if the Swedish sovereignty has been compromised. We have chosen two theories, realism and radicalism, to read if opinions can be identified of supporting one of them. The empiricism we selected are from debate articles in the big news papers Dagens Nyheter, Svenska Dagbladet and Expressen. We also studied the debate in the Riksdag . The method we used was qualitative and is called analysis of content.</p><p>The result we could conclude was that most of the debaters are disappointed with how the government handled the whole situation, but still believes that it made the decision on itself. This opinion reflects the theory realism. Further more, we found that the debate in the Riksdag was more diverse in terms of reflecting both of the theories, than the news papers. We also conclude that the debaters preferably would talk about torture and the violation of human rights and not the reason to why the government made that decision.</p>

Bakgrund: Antalet ovaccinerade barn ökar och ca 134 200 människor dör varje år i en sjukdom som kan förhindras med hjälp av de välutvecklade vaccinationsprogrammen. Majoriteten av dödsfall är barn under fem år. UNICEF och WHO har som målsättning att alla barn i världen ska ha rätt till ett fullständigt skydd mot de sex vanligaste barnsjukdomarna. Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att beskriva varför vissa föräldrar väljer att inte vaccinera sina barn samt att granska vilka datainsamlingsmetoder de inkluderade artiklarna har använt sig av. Metod: Den föreliggande litteraturstudien var av deskriptiv design där 12 stycken vetenskapliga artiklar granskats. De inkluderade artiklarna hade kvantitativ, kvalitativ eller mixad ansats. Huvudresultat: Föräldrar hade olika anledningar till varför de valde att avstå från att vaccinera sitt barn. Faktorer som visade sig påverka föräldrar i deras val att vaccinera sitt barn eller inte var bristande information, att vaccin ansågs vara onaturligt och farligt för barnets immunförsvar, att föräldrarna ansåg att de kunde skydda barnet från att bli smittad av sjukdomar, att biverkningar skulle uppstå samt påverkan från internet, familj och vänner. Studierna hade olika tillvägagångssätt för datainsamling. De var antingen enkäter, intervjuer eller insamlad data från journalsystem. Slutsats: Det är viktigt att sjukvården är medveten om de olika faktorer som påverkar föräldrar i deras val rådande vaccinationer för att kunna bidra med en individanpassad information utefter föräldrarnas kunskap och ställningstagande om vaccinationer. / Background: The number of unvaccinated children is increasing and approximately 134 200 people die each year from a disease that can be prevented with the help of the developed vaccination programs. The majority of the deaths are children under five. UNICEF and WHO is committed to give every child in the world the right to full protection against the six most common childhood illnesses. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe why some parents choose not to vaccinate their children. The aim was also to review what data collection methods that was used in the included articles. Method: The present literary study was of a descriptive design where 12 pieces of scientific papers had been reviewed. The including articles had either a quantitative, a qualitative or mixed approach. Main result: Parents had different reasons why they chose not to vaccinate their children. Factors found to influence parents in their choice to vaccinate their children or not was a lack of information, the vaccine was considered unnatural and dangerous for the child's immune system, the parents felt that they could protect the baby from being infected by the disease, the side effects that could occur and the impact of the internet, family and friends. The studies had different approaches to data collection. They were either surveys, interviews or data collected from medical journals. Conclusion: It is important that health care personnel is aware of the various factors that influence parents vaccine choices to provide a personalized information by the parents knowledge and position on vaccinations.

Digital safety concerns, socio-economic status, pedagogical beliefs, and religious beliefs can all impact technology decisions within a school. Despite the unique contextual factors that influence school technology decision-making, teachers and students are still charged with using technology for teaching and learning in order to be 21st century learners. The purpose of this study was to explore how one Bais Yaakov school community, an all-girls private Jewish school, navigated the tensions of context and technology innovation through their adoption of 1:1 Chromebooks. Grounded theory ethnographic methods and activity theory were employed for data collection and analysis. Technology use was limited, and participants explained that lack of time, fear, frustration, and pedagogical beliefs were reasons that some teachers did not use technology. Practical recommendations from this research include the importance of developing a technology plan designed by all stakeholders and targeted professional development for content areas. Theoretical recommendations include the discussion of culturally competent Internet use in schools and “media refusal” as a term to describe communities who chose not to integrate technology into educational curriculum.

Introduction: The number of students with school refusal has remained at a constant level in Sweden since measurements began in 2006. School health service resources has been reduced since municipalisation which makes it difficult to intercept these students in time. Objective: To identify the tools of school health services, resources and professional skills with unauthorized absence, and the measures applied preventively. Method: A qualitative study based on seven semi-structured interviews with all professions within the school health services. Results: The school's responsibility affect both student health organization and the student's school structure. The new grades and subject schemes introduced in 2011 make higher requirements on today's students. It´s important that all of the school personell are aware of the problem and pursue the same objectives, for a good interaction. Discussion: School health services shared experiences around the concept school refusal behavior reflects the complexity of the problem. Knowledge and skills are important components. The school teams experience that they are self-taught regarding the subject but want further education and increased resources to be more preventive and relationship-building. Conclusion: Further Swedish research and knowledge is needed, as well as an improved definition of the concept in order to improve school health service’s work with school refusal students in student.Keywords:

This thesis analyzes the contemporary case law of European courts regarding Community trade mark. The thesis is composed of five chapters. First chapter characterizes Community trade mark as a legal instrument of the law of the European Union. Second chapter analyzes relevant sources of law. Third chapter deals with institutions that are crucial mainly for the registration and protection of Community trade marks. Then the fourth chapter describes the registration process before the Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market. First part of this chapter focuses on the formalities of an application of the Community trade mark filed at the Office. Second part is concerned with the right of priority. Third part looks at absolute grounds for refusal of an application. Fourth part refers to relative grounds for refusal. Finally, the fifth part describes the grounds for revocation of the rights of the Community trade mark. At last the fifth chapter examines the contemporary legal background of the system of protecting the rights of proprietors of Community trade marks. The results of this thesis shows that the current legislation and the case law of European courts contribute to the functioning of the common market and mainly to free movement of goods by reasonable determination of limits for...

Master of Arts / Department of Modern Languages / Li Yang / This study investigates and compares politeness strategies of Turkish learners of English (TLE) and American English speakers (AE) when they produce the speech act of refusal in English. A total of 24 participants took part in this study and each of them completed a background survey, an open role play and a semi-structured interview. The role-play asked all of the participants to refuse a party invitation offered by a classmate/colleague and was audio-recorded. The refusal interactions were coded according to the classification proposed by Beebe et al. (1990), and the sequence of the refusal interactions (i.e., head act, pre- and post-refusals) was also examined. The results showed that providing excuse/reason/explanation was the most preferred strategy by both groups overall, but closer examination of the strategy revealed that the TLE group was more specific in their explanations compared to the AE group. In addition, when the conductor of the role play insisted on the invitation, the AE group continued to refuse without giving specific reasons, whereas the TLE group chose to provide elaborate reasons upon insistence. During the interview session after the role play, the TLE group commented on cultural factors that influenced their choice of refusal strategies. Based on the findings, this study also proposed implications of the teaching of pragmatics in the English as a second language (ESL) context.

Previous research on the assessment of pediatric feeding disorders has shown that negative reinforcement (escape) plays a major role in the maintenance of food refusal and that escape extinction (EE) may be necessary in the treatment of severe food refusal. The current study examined the influence of two potential motivating operations (MOs) on escape from bite presentations for 3 children with severe food refusal: (a) noncontingent positive reinforcement (NCR) and (b) food satiation (as a result of enteral nutritional support). The abolishing effects of NCR on negative reinforcement for refusal behaviors were demonstrated in Experiment 1 when escape was allowed for food refusal and in Experiment 2 during demand fading across a hierarchy of bite placements. The interactive effects of NCR and food satiation on negative reinforcement for escaping bite presentations (within a hierarchy of bite placements) were demonstrated in Experiment 3. NCR abolished escape as a reinforcer and food satiation established escape as a reinforcer. The combined MO effects of NCR and food deprivation resulted in decreased refusal behaviors and increased acceptance across all bite placements in Experiment 3 even though escape was allowed. Results extend the existing bodies of literature on the competition between positive and negative reinforcement and the effects of specific biological conditions on escape-maintained behavior. Implications for treatment and future research are discussed.

According to the literature school refusal is a complex disorder. Whilst the condition only occurs in 2% of the general school population, more interestingly the problem accounts for about 8% of clinically referred children (Burke & Silverman, 1987). This study focuses on the school refusal of a young adolescent male. This thesis has examined the degree to which school refusal can be minimised through employing a whole school approach underpinned by effective pastoral care (WSNPC intervention program). The research questions were as follows: To investigate the effects the WSNPC intervention program has on the: minimisation of school refusal; replacement of the motherlfigurehead in the mother-child relationship relative to separation anxiety; and = improved emotional, social and intellectual wellbeing of the school refuser. The methodology adopted for the study of school refusal regarding a young adolescent male was based on a grounded theory approach and also included a combination of action research and case study methods. Qualitative paradigms measured the degree of the participant's school refusal. A variety of instruments were employed to measure the participant's perceptions of school refusal. The implementation of multiple strategies were based upon data collected and evaluated, both as a result of intentional efforts, or as an unintentional by-product of the study with the expressed aim of maximising the participant's school attendance. The evidence presented in this study indicates the strategies employed via the WSA/PC intervention program were helpful in improving the participant's attendance at school. The results give an insight into the level of comprehension for the sample of school refusal and its response in terms of understanding the reasons for such thinking. The limitations of single case methodology are acknowledged in the study and suggestions for further research discussed.

本篇論文目的在探討兒童在親子對話中行使拒絕行為的表現，研究問題如下： 1. 兒童採用哪些拒絕策略來達到拒絕的目的？2.從這些拒絕策略中，可以反映出哪些語用發展？研究的語料來自於一名以漢語為母語的小男生與他母親之間的日常對話，共擷取三個時間點的語料作為分析語用發展所用。分析結果顯示，隨著年紀越大，受試兒童在拒絕策略的數量上以及委婉度上都有明顯增加。此外，我們也發現到，隨著年紀增長，受試兒童漸漸的能跳脫自己觀點，而從別人角度出發來做拒絕回應。此外，母親行使請求的方式也影響了受試兒童的拒絕表現，當母親的請求較強勢時，受試孩童會傾向用較有技巧的方式來回應。此外，母親行使請求行為的方式也會根據受試兒童的年紀不同而有所差異。 / This study aims to investigate the children’s refusal performance from a developmental perspective and how the mother’s requests affect children’s refusal strategies. We analyzed a Mandarin-speaking child’s natural conversation with his mother. The data were collected from three time points, that is 2; 7, 3; 1 and 3; 7. The refusal strategies adopted in the present study are mainly based on Wang (2001)’s categorization. After the careful examination, it is observed that the refusal strategies increased with the age. The child decreased his reliance on the most direct way to refuse. In addition, the data also showed the child’s growing ability to take his interlocutor’s perspective into account, which is consistent with previous studies about children’s pragmatic development. The child also applied his knowledge of a sincere request when making refusals. As for the effect of the mother’s request, it is observed that the force of the mother’s request could be perceived by the child and influenced the way the child refused. When the mother’s requests were imposed, the child would apply more skill strategies to respond. Also, the child would combine refusal strategies to respond when facing more complicated request.

År 2002 uppmärksammade ungdomspsykiatriska avdelningar barn som i folkmun kom att kallas "de apatiska barnen". Regeringen initierade 2004 en nationell översyn av det växande problemet. Syftet för denna uppsats är därmed att beskriva och granska kunskapsläget inom de medicinska, psykologiska och sociala forskningsfältet kring apati hos asylsökande barn i ett nationellt och internationellt perspektiv. Syftet är vidare att analysera hur man kan förstå den offentliga och mediala diskursen och hur den konstrueras utifrån ett konflikt- och maktperspektiv. För att synliggöra hur den offentliga och mediala diskursen konstrueras genomförs en kontrovers- och maktanalys. Ett rättighetsperspektiv, kopplat till FN;s konvention om barns rättigheter, är även en utgångspunkt för studien. Studien granskar ett tema men bygger på två delar med delvis olika syfte. Uppsatsens tema och området för de två delstudierna behandlar apatiska flyktingbarn inom ett medicinskt, beteende- och samhällsvetenskapligt perspektiv. Del 1 utgörs av en systematisk kunskapsöverskit inom området. Del 2 studerar konstruktionen av den offentliga och mediala diskursen gällande de apatiska barnen under åren 2005 och 2006. För delstudie 1 har vetenskapliga artiklar sökts i databaserna Medline, PsykINFO, PubMed, Assia, Pilots samt Läkartidningen. I del 2 har offentliga rapporter kopplats till nedslag i den mediala debatten i Nerikes Allehanda, Dagens nyheter och Sveriges radio under två tidspersioder. Resultatet visar stora likheter mellan Pervasive refusal syndrom och uppgivenhetssyndrom eller apati hos asylsökande barn. Analysen av den offentliga och mediala diskursen visar att frågan gav upphov till en konfliktrelaterad diskurs med en stark polisering av de asylsökande barnenes hälsa i en process där inslag av diciplinerade strategier kan påvisas samt att moralisk panik tycks ha uppstått.