Master thesis entitled "The Israeli Druze: Military Service as a Tool to Influence Domestic and Foreign Policy" regards the relations of the Israeli Druze Community and the State of Israel. Druze people live also in Lebanon and Syria and are usually categorized as an ethno-religious and transnational group. They are distinctive for their secretive and esoteric religion and tightly-knit social bonds. The Israeli Druze community (composing less than 2 % of the Israeli population) is specific for its mandatory service in the Israeli Defense Forces, which marks a difference from other Arabic speaking citizens of Israel. The service in the Israeli army implies that the Israeli Druze people are loyal both to the state and the transnational Druze community. Using the framework of a theoretical concept of Strategic Military Refusal by Udi Lebel, the goal of the thesis is to examine whether the Israeli Druze community was able to influence domestic and foreign policy of the State of Israel in order to reach its own political goals, whether these efforts were intentional, strategic and successful. Alongside, it is also identified which factors may influence the loyalty of the Israeli Druzes towards the State of Israel. To achieve this goal, two cases are analyzed: 1) the reaction of the Israeli Druze...

The aim of this thesis is to describe and evaluate legislation concerning the informed consent in the Czech legal system and propose its changes de lege ferenda. The thesis also comprises many comparisons between the Czech legislation and the foreign legislation. The first five chapters of this thesis deal with sources of legislation, informed consent as such along with information of patients as a necessary prerequisite for giving of the consent, other topics are refusal of medical care by patients and the so called advance decisions. Apart from this theoretical part the thesis also includes a practical part. The aim of this practical part is to explore implementation of legislation concerning informed consent in the everyday practice of hospitals and subsequently to compare this practice with the requirements of law. This survey was carried out by means of questionnaires, which were submitted to doctors relating theirs experience with using of informed consents in their medical practice. The purpose of this practical part is also to find out the experience and opinions of recipients of medical services, i. e. the patients, concerning different issues connected with the informed consent, also by means of the questionnaire method. Last but not least the thesis mentions many problems which are...

Background: A patient always has the right to refuse treatment due to various reasons, which can cause a number of different emotions. The nurse has a responsibility, function, and care science concepts to take into account such as responsibility and power. It's important that the nurse listen to the patient to understand the patient's reason for refusing treatment. Aim: The purpose is to describe nurses’ experiences of meeting patients who refuse treatment. Method: A literature-based study was conducted through a qualitative approach. Systematic searches were performed in the databases Cinahl and PubMed. Both general and specialist nurses were included. The study was based on seven qualitative articles. The analysis resulted in three themes and eight subthemes. Results: An internal conflict as a feeling was identified among nurses. The nurses had some tools to overcome the internal conflict but they felt lack of tools related to the situation not being discussed during their training. The nurses tried to increase the patient's competence about their choices. The asymmetric care relationship, on the other hand, became obvious in the form of the exercise of power and persuasion. Conclusion: Caring for a patient who refuses treatment is a complex situation for the nurse. The feelings the nurses expressed created a clear common pattern. By talking more about the internal conflict, a guide can be created in how the nurses’ feelings should be handled when a patient refuses treatment. / Uppsatsens syfte är att beskriva sjuksköterskors upplevelser av att möta patienter som avstår behandling. Som patient finns en rättighet över ett självbestämmande vilket kan innefatta att avstå behandling. Orsaken till att avstå behandling kan grunda sig i kognitiv nedsättning som depression, religionstillhörighet eller ett aktivt val. Resultatet visade att sjuksköterskor upplevde en inre konflikt när en patient avstår behandling, vilket var påfrestande. För att övervinna den inre konflikten hade sjuksköterskor olika strategier. Ett antal sjuksköterskor beskrev däremot att de inte hade en strategi, vilket de härledde till att situationen inte diskuterades under deras utbildning. För att vägleda patienten i sitt val försökte sjuksköterskorna öka patientens förståelse av sitt val, lyssna på dem och verkligen försäkra sig om att de hade förstått innebörden av att avstå behandling. I vissa fall när sjuksköterskan hade försökt lyssna på patienten och försökt öka patientens förståelse gick sjuksköterskan över till att försöka övertala patienten till vad som var enligt deras normer “rätt’’ val. Sjuksköterskorna visade sig överträda patientens självbestämmande och handla utifrån sina egna normer, utöva makt och således främja en asymmetrisk vårdrelation. Slutsatsen blev att en situation där en patient avstår behandling är en komplex situation för sjuksköterskan. Känslorna och upplevelserna skapade ett tydligt gemensamt mönster, genom att tala mer om den inre konflikten kan en vägledning skapas i hur sjuksköterskans känslor ska hanteras när en patient avstår behandling. Sjuksköterskan har sitt ansvar och sin funktion att sträva efter med grund i lagar och styrdokument. Samtidigt som sjuksköterskan har sitt ansvar och funktion har även patienten sin rätt till självbestämmande. Det är av vikt att sjuksköterskan respekterar patientens självbestämmande med hänsyn till den asymmetriska vårdrelationen. Sjuksköterskan ska ha sitt ansvar och sin makt i beaktning samtidigt som sjuksköterskan ska respektera patientens värdighet. För att kunna respektera patientens värdighet och självbestämmande är det av vikt att sjuksköterskan lyssnar på patienten för att verkligen förstå patientens vilja.

While the role of pragmatic skills in a foreign or second language has been receiving increased attention both from a research and a language teaching perspective, there is still a lamentable scarcity of systematic empirical studies into the effectiveness of instructional methods in the teaching of pragmatics. Addressing this research gap, this article reports about a quasi-experimental study into possible differences between an explicit-inductive and an explicitdeductive instructional approach in the teaching of pragmatic skills in English as a Foreign Language (EFL), more specifically the teaching of offer refusals to 49 advanced adult EFL learners in Germany. The instruction consisted of three 90-minute lessons, which were spread out over the duration of a 15-week academic semester and designed according to the deductive principle and the inductive principle, respectively. While the deductive group was provided with metapragmatic rules directly at the beginning of the instruction, the inductive group only encountered such rules after engaging in language use and guided discovery. Production data was elicited by means of DCTs and role play in a pretest-posttest format. Effectiveness of instruction was operationalized by means of two indicators: Indicator 1 measured the increased usage of the strategies taught in class, while indicator 2 measured the approximation to a native speaker target. The results indicate that the gains in the inductive group surpassed those in the deductive group, suggesting that when situated within the explicit framework, inductive instruction is more effective in the teaching of pragmatic skills.

The aim of this cross-cultural study is to analyze discourse strategies between Finnish and Japanese participants regarding the indexing of in-group and out-group dynamics in Japanese communication. This research is going to concentrate on Finnish and Japanese people’s use of Japanese language to establish uchi/soto (inside/outside) relationships in work-related instances. This study focuses solely on the in-group and out-group dynamics and socio-pragmatic features during interactions with addressees from inside and outside the company, because in these situations the contrast between the dynamics of in-groups and out-groups is often more transparent. The data was processed and analyzed using a Discourse Completion Task (DCT) survey.This research aims to answer two questions: How different are the nuanced uses of polite expressions and the politeness strategies between the Finnish and the Japanese respondents, and could it be possible that both respondent groups index uchi and soto relationships in the same way through language use?The results showed similarities in the use of politeness strategies between both groups. Differences were found in code-switching between various politeness levels. The data only serves as an indicator for the hypothesis and gives further room for future research.

Increasing attention is being paid to the phenomenon of school refusing behaviour. Schools and other professionals are actively working to improve student attendance however the demand for knowledge of how to work with long term absence is significant. Without proper insight the wrong actions might be taken and make the issue worse. The aim with this study is to investigate how the problems and working methods in regards to school refusal behaviour can be understood. The study is based on a literature review of 16 academic articles and the result present six main themes, central for the purpose of the study. By applying ecological development theory as well as risk and protective factor theory the study concludes that school refusal behaviour is a complex problem and the young person with school refusing behaviour needs to be holistically understood in respect to the specific life situation of the individual and risk factors need to be understood as cumulative. Proper timing and intensity of interventions are of great significance as well as interprofessional cooperation and having a good alliance with the family, all of which is concluded to be of difficulty. It is also found that school refusal behaviour to a greater extent should be considered a societal issue instead of merely an individual problem.

In Sweden schooling is compulsory between the ages of six and sixteen. This also includes a right toeducation. Despite that there are situations where students are absent. Absent in a way that forthemselves can be problematic. In order to contribute to an understanding of the phenomenon ofproblematic school absence and how the school can work with that student group, the aim of the studywas thus to investigate the underlying factors surrounding problematic school absence and how theschool can work to promote the presence of the students based on selected literature and its authors.The authors are different practitioners who work or research the subject of problematic schoolabsence.The method used was a qualitative content analysis based on 4 different types of literature onthe subject of problematic school absence.The results show that there is no single explanation for why students develop a problematic schoolabsence. This becomes clear as the study's selected biography only to some extent gives a problempicture similar to what the rest of the material shows. The reasons for the absence are many and theycan often be related to each other. The results also show the difficulty of having a general definition ofwhat problematic school absences mean. Usually several different concepts are used, home-sitting andproblematic school absence are two examples. The results also show that the school has a large andimportant role in working to ensure that the student enjoys school where the relationship betweenteacher and student can be seen as a presence-promoting factor. Finally, it is difficult to find examplesof a single working method to promote school attendance. One of the reasons may be that there are somany different reasons for the absence and no absence is the sameKeyword: Problematic school absence, Promoting school attendance, School refusal

本研究は、6つのアジア諸言語―日本語、インドネシア語、韓国語、ベトナム語、タガログ語、中国語―の断り表現を比較し、断り表現における意味公式の出現順序は、言語の構造(主要部先頭・最終)と関係があることを明らかにすることを目的とする。主要部先頭言語は、「断り」を他の意味公式より先に述べる傾向があり、一方、主要部最終言語は、他の意味公式を先に言ってから、「断り」を述べるという結果が見られた。 / This study investigated refusal expressions in six Asian languages—Japanese, Indonesian, Korean, Vietnamese, Filipino, and Chinese—. The purpose of this study was to examine whether there is a relationship between language category (head-initial/final language) and the occurrence of semantic formula function groups (SFFGs) in refusal expressions. The result of analyses on refusal expressions of the six languages showed that head-initial languages have a strong tendency to use "Refusal" before another semantic formula, and head-final languages have a tendency to use "Refusal" after other SFFGs. / 博士(文化情報学) / Doctor of Culture and Information Science / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University

Denna studie syftar till att undersöka och analysera hur vårdnadshavare till barn medhemmasittarproblematik upplever samverkan mellan skola, socialtjänst och andra verksammaaktörer som berör ärendet, samt hur vårdnadshavarna upplever verksamheternas ansvar förderas barns problematik. Studiens mål är att förse en ökad förståelse för hur en sådansamverkan kan se ut och upplevs från vårdnadshavarnas perspektiv. För att utföra dennastudie hade vi en kvalitativ ansats och utförde sju semistrukturerade intervjuer medvårdnadshavare till barn med hemmasittarproblematik. Alla var utvalda efter ett målinriktaturval. Den teoretiska ansatsen för uppsatsen är systemteori. Resultatet visar att skola ochsocialtjänsten saknade kunskap och resurser för att hjälpa barn och unga medneuropsykiatriska funktionsnedsättningar. Studien har visat hur viktig kommunikation mellanbarn, vårdnadshavare och verksamheter är, samt att det finns en brist på samverkan mellanaktörer för att hjälpa hemmasittande barn. Dessutom upplevdes de sakna ansvar för barn medhemmasittarproblematik och vårdnadshavarna önskar fler insatser och mer samverkan. / The purpose of this study was to explore and analyze how guardians of children withproblematic school refusal behavior experienced the collaboration with schools, socialservices and other agencies in matters that concerned their children, as well as the guardian'sexperiences of the organization's responsibility in the matter. The study aims to be able toprovide an increased understanding of what such collaboration looked like and how it wasexperienced from the guardian’s perspective. To accomplish this study we had a qualitativeapproach and conducted seven semi structured interviews with guardians of children withproblematic school refusal behavior, all of which were chosen out of a goal-orientedselection. The chosen implemented theory for this thesis was system theory. The results ofthis study showed that schools and social services were lacking in knowledge and resourcesto help children and youth with neurodevelopmental disorders. Furthermore, they were alsolacking in responsibility for the children with problematic school refusal behavior and theguardians wished for further services with more cooperation. The thesis highlighted theimportance of communication between the child, guardians and organizations, as well as thelack of cooperation between agencies to help children with problematic school refusalbehavior.

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