This study was undertaken to present the aerial differentiation within Brant Township. To express these differences most clearly the Township has been studied on a regional basis. This includes a breakdown of the study area into small subdivisions and the relationships of the unit areas to each other to discover the structural and functional basis of the larger area. It must be remembered that regional geography is sterile without the concepts and principles from systematic geography. Therefore systematic geography has been employed for an understanding of the aerial differences in each kind of phenomena and the relationships between them. Throughout the study, emphasis has been placed on the basic land utilization pattern of the Township. The land utilization maps are the result of systematic observation on a field to field basis. The functional map of Walkerton in the back cover illustrates the land use contained within the town. This map also constitutes the results of field work. The study is divided into six chapters. The first chapter is a general introduction to the location, size and the physical geography are discussed. Chapter three is a detailed account of the historical development of the Township. The present day agriculture is dealt within Chapter four while non-agricultural land use, which includes on urban study, is discussed in chapter five. Chapter six, containing the summary and conclusion, completes the thesis. / Thesis / Bachelor of Arts (BA)

A preocupação central deste trabalho é estudar os processos atuais de urbanização no interior fluminense à luz da compreensão da urbanização enquanto um fator crucial para a estruturação do território, que na atual etapa transcende os limites físicos da aglomeração. Com base em uma recuperação do conceito de urbanização, através de um recorte epistemológico; de um resgate da conformação histórica e desenvolvimento deste objeto procedemos a uma análise em três escalas articuladas (regional, municipal e distrital), das tendências recentes da urbanização no interior fluminense. Conseguimos delinear dois grandes padrões, em que se inserem outros mais específicos; que estão de distintas maneiras relacionados a processos de exclusão social e espacial em escala regional: · um primeiro, difuso, nas áreas mais dinâmicas, que se caracteriza pela ocupação intersticial do espaço com a formação de nodalidades dispostas estrategicamente entre diversos lugares com diferentes especializações, que apresenta uma configuração multipolarizada, que põe por terra as hierarquias urbanas; ·e um segundo, em que se mantém a tendência a concentração em poucos lugares, nas áreas com atividades econômicas pouco diversificadas e com baixo dinamismo, que se caracteriza pelo acúmulo e concentração crescente de atividades e população em uma reduzida quantidade de sedes municipais. As tendências que se descortinam sinalizam para uma crescente dissolução da velha dicotomia rural-urbano e para a necessidade de se relativizar a onipresença metropolitana no território. / The main concern of this work is to study recent urbanization processes in Rio de Janeiro's hinterland, conceiving urbanization as a crucial factor for territorial structuring, which transcends at the present time the agglomeration physical boundaries. Rio de Janeiro's hinterland recent urbanization trends have been evaluated through the combination of three scales (regional, municipal and local). We did so based on two master lines: first the urbanization concept retrieval, through an epistemological approach; and second throughout the historical construction of the object. Two major patterns have been drawn from such analysis, which comprehend other more specific ones. Both of them are related, in distinctive ways, to social and spatial exclusion processes at the regional level. . a first one, diffuse, in the more dynamic areas, characterized by the interstitial occupation of space, forming multiple nodalities strategically scattered between places with distinctive specializations, that assumes a multipolar configuration, which goes against the traditional models of urban hierarchies. . and a second one, in areas with low development and less economical diversification, marked by the maintenance of the concentration tendency in few places, with an increasing accumulation of activities and population in the municipalities center. These trends signalize to a crescent dissolution of the rural-urban antagonism as for to the need of lessening the metropolis omnipresence in the territory.

Das "Universal-Lexicon" ist ein gutes Beispiel für die Umwandlung von Wissen, das in Reiseberichten, Zeitungen und Zeitschriften verfügbar war, in eine Lexikongestalt. Es kann als Beispiel für eine bürgerliche Lesekultur verstanden werden, die sehr verschiedene Gegenstände konsumiert und sowohl nach Informationen wie nach deren Zusammenfassung verlangt. Das "Universal-Lexicon" ist schon aus Gründen des enormen Umfangs dem "allgemeinen Wissen" verpflichtet, wobei "Rußland" ein Element des Wissens unter vielen ist: über 288.000 Artikel besetzen etwa 68.000 Folioseiten.

The diploma thesis is called ?A travel book as a practical tool for teaching regional Geography in secondary school (for example teaching of South-western Asia).? It consists of two parts. The first part is focused on the analysis of literature and the materials that refer to the topic of my diploma thesis (textbooks of Geography, travelogue and popularly educational literature). The next theme of this thesis is a travel book as a term, and possibilities of the usage of literature connected with travelling as a tool of teaching practice in secondary school. The main part of the thesis applies to the process of teaching text as a teaching guide that uses elements of a travel book for teaching regional geography of states in South-western Asia in secondary school. The teaching text is divided into two parts ? travel and teaching that introduces basic geographic signs of the whole region of South-western Asia. Each chapter is finished with summary, questions and tasks. The readers are progressively taken to Iran as a chosen representative of the region in each part of travel story.

Prokopová, M. (2013): Telč region - Local region in teaching at the Second Grade of Primary School. Thesis, University of South Bohemia, Pedagogical Faculty, Department of Geography, 85 pages. The thesis focuses on teaching about Telč region theme in basic schools. The thesis is composed from theoretical and practical parts. The purpose of the theoretical part of this work is to characterize Telč region and define its place in educational curriculum with emphasis on the key competences. The practical part based on empirical research summarizes findings of students´ knowledge about the region. The questionnaire examines different types of educational ways of teachers. According to this research I suggest my own conception (teaching methods, excursions, projects and workbooks) proceeding from The Czech Educational Curriculum for basic schools.

This diploma thesis deals with methodical preparation of a university textbook of the regional geography of South America and is designed for students of geography teaching at the Faculty of Education of the University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice. The main part of the thesis is presented by a proposal of a comprehensive outline of the multimedia textbook of the regional geography of South America. An integral and essential part of the thesis is a sample of a regionally geographical characteristic of Peru in a multimedia form (DVD media). This diploma thesis contains besides didactical (practical) parts also indispensable theoretical chapters {--} introduction, extensive analysis of various literature and other materials, methodology, conclusion, list of literature and used data sources.

A preocupação central deste trabalho é estudar os processos atuais de urbanização no interior fluminense à luz da compreensão da urbanização enquanto um fator crucial para a estruturação do território, que na atual etapa transcende os limites físicos da aglomeração. Com base em uma recuperação do conceito de urbanização, através de um recorte epistemológico; de um resgate da conformação histórica e desenvolvimento deste objeto procedemos a uma análise em três escalas articuladas (regional, municipal e distrital), das tendências recentes da urbanização no interior fluminense. Conseguimos delinear dois grandes padrões, em que se inserem outros mais específicos; que estão de distintas maneiras relacionados a processos de exclusão social e espacial em escala regional: · um primeiro, difuso, nas áreas mais dinâmicas, que se caracteriza pela ocupação intersticial do espaço com a formação de nodalidades dispostas estrategicamente entre diversos lugares com diferentes especializações, que apresenta uma configuração multipolarizada, que põe por terra as hierarquias urbanas; ·e um segundo, em que se mantém a tendência a concentração em poucos lugares, nas áreas com atividades econômicas pouco diversificadas e com baixo dinamismo, que se caracteriza pelo acúmulo e concentração crescente de atividades e população em uma reduzida quantidade de sedes municipais. As tendências que se descortinam sinalizam para uma crescente dissolução da velha dicotomia rural-urbano e para a necessidade de se relativizar a onipresença metropolitana no território. / The main concern of this work is to study recent urbanization processes in Rio de Janeiro's hinterland, conceiving urbanization as a crucial factor for territorial structuring, which transcends at the present time the agglomeration physical boundaries. Rio de Janeiro's hinterland recent urbanization trends have been evaluated through the combination of three scales (regional, municipal and local). We did so based on two master lines: first the urbanization concept retrieval, through an epistemological approach; and second throughout the historical construction of the object. Two major patterns have been drawn from such analysis, which comprehend other more specific ones. Both of them are related, in distinctive ways, to social and spatial exclusion processes at the regional level. . a first one, diffuse, in the more dynamic areas, characterized by the interstitial occupation of space, forming multiple nodalities strategically scattered between places with distinctive specializations, that assumes a multipolar configuration, which goes against the traditional models of urban hierarchies. . and a second one, in areas with low development and less economical diversification, marked by the maintenance of the concentration tendency in few places, with an increasing accumulation of activities and population in the municipalities center. These trends signalize to a crescent dissolution of the rural-urban antagonism as for to the need of lessening the metropolis omnipresence in the territory.

<p>The study Packning i tid och rum (Crowding in Time and Space) is a Master Thesis in Human Geography within Geography, presented at Södertörn University College.</p><p>The aim is to investigate the connections between time and space, more particularly, geographical changes over time. This is done by focusing on the Study of Land use as a phenomenon and on-going processes in demarcated areas. Distinct areas are given special interest, i.e. how they are used. The study deals with three different kinds of sites in three levels of scale: a market garden, cemeteries and a residential area.</p><p>The main focus of the study is on the cemeteries. Sources to geographical data and other pieces of information are geographical systems, statistics, interviews, own observations, and photographs. This material has been worked up with simple statistic methods, map studies, and qualitative methods. The Time Geography and the New Regional Geography are used as a theoretical framework. There is an ambition to search for general understanding. The work is strongly inspired by the geographer Torsten Hägerstrand’s work and approach. It is also influenced by Systems Theory.</p><p>The results confirm that there is a closer crowding of geographic objects in time and space within the cemeteries. Chorological changes could indicate similar processes at the garden center and residential area. Space is a limited resource and packing problems need to be solved. Some strategies to achieve that aim are found. At the end is discussed if closer crowding, needs more of register, measuring and restrictions and that some things are accepted to take large place in space since they are temporal.</p> / <p>Studien Packning i tid och rum är ett examensarbete i ämnet geografi, inriktning kulturgeografi, vid Södertörns högskola.</p><p>Syftet är att utforska sambandet mellan tid och rum och då som geografiska förändringar över tiden. Det sker genom att studera markanvändning som fenomen och pågående processer i avgränsade områden. Speciellt intresse ägnas åt hur ytor disponeras. Tre olika slags områden studeras: en handelsträdgård, begravningsplatser och ett bostadsområde.</p><p>Tyngdpunkten i undersökningen ligger på studiet av begravningsplatser. Geografiska data och annan information har hämtats från geografiska informationssystem, statistik, intervjuer, egna observationer och fotografier. Materialet har bearbetats med enkel statistisk metod, kartstudier och kvalitativa metoder. Som teoretisk ram används tidsgeografi och den nya regionalgeografin. Det finns en ambition att söka efter generell förståelse. Arbetet är starkt inspirerat av geografen Torsten Hägerstrands arbete och synsätt. I arbetet finns även inslag av systemteoretiskt tänkande.</p><p>Resultaten visar att det sker en tätare packning av geografiska objekt i tid och rum på kyrkogårdarna. Korologiska förändringar kan tyda på liknande processer i handelsträdgården och bostadsområdet. Utrymmet är en begränsad resurs och packning är ett problem att lösa. Olika strategier för att hantera trängseln observeras. Avslutningsvis diskuteras förhållandet att ju tätare packning desto mer av registerhållning, mätning och restriktioner fordras och att vissa saker tillåts breda ut sig i rummet om de är tillfälliga.</p>

La terre agricole du Limarí change de mains, parfois très lentement, parfois très rapidement. La concentration de la propriété de la terre, initiée avec les mercedes de tierra faites par la couronne espagnole à partir du 16ème siècle, ne sera interrompue que par la réforme agraire des années 1960. Le courant économique néolibéral confirmé avec force au Chili à partir de 1973, marque le début d’une nouvelle période de transformation de la propriété et de la production agropastorale qui se maintient actuellement. De nouveaux propriétaires et de nouvelles dynamiques économiques et sociales se développent dans le Limarí. Dans le contexte politique qui a mis en évidence le problème de paysans sans terre dans l’Amérique latine, l’accès à la terre agricole donne t’elle un meilleur accès à la croissance ? Le fait qu’un plus grand nombre devienne propriétaire de la terre transforme-t-il la relation entre l’agriculteur, la terre et la production ? La relation entre l’accès à la terre, la production et le bien-être des agriculteurs les moins favorisés n’est pas homogène mais présente une vaste gamme de nuances. L’accès à l’eau, au financement, à l’information et à la formation sont tout aussi déterminants. L’avenir des propriétaires-agriculteurs actuels, et de ceux qui aspirent à le devenir, n’est pas tout tracé et dépend de facteurs devenus imprévisibles. A travers les données des recensements agro-pastoraux et les données fiscales, et à travers des exemples détaillés, ce travail aborde l’évolution de la structure foncière dans une province dont l’agriculture s’est développée de façon spectaculaire malgré ou grâce à l’aridité, malgré ou grâce au néolibéralisme. / Agricultural land in the Limarí province changes hands in a rather unpredictable way: sometimes at a slow rate and sometimes at a fast rate. Land property concentration, started from the XVIth century with the mercedes de tierra made by the Spanish Crown, was interrupted by the agrarian reform in the 1960's. The neoliberal economic trend strongly adopted in Chile since 1973, marked the beginning of a new era of land property and agro pastoral production transformations that still exists today. New land owners and new economical as well as new social dynamics are developing in the Limarí province. In the political context that highlighted the landless peasants problem in Latin America, we wonder if access to agricultural land gives a better access to growth? Does the fact that more people are becoming land owners transform the relationship between farmers, land agriculture and production? The relationship between land access, production and less favored farmers isn't homogeneous but shows a large range of subtleties. The accesses to water, funding, information and training are also determining factors. The future of the land owners-farmers and of those who aspire to this status isn’t mapped out and depends on unpredictable factors. By using agro pastoral census and fiscal data and through the use of detailed examples, this thesis discusses land structure evolution in a province where agriculture has increasingly been developing. We analyze whether aridity and neoliberalism have been contributing factors or whether they have been detrimental to this development.

La frontière franco-brésilienne de l’Oyapock est un symbole des contacts politiques entre l’Europe et l’Amérique Latine, représentant aussi une forte dynamique sociale et environnementale. Soumise à des contraintes et opportunités variées, cette frontière révèle la tension entre forces régionales et globales en plusieurs échelles. Cela implique dans une crise vers la reconfiguration de la « région oyapockoise » et le réajustement de l’organisation de l’espace bilatéral. Cette thèse s’intéresse particulièrement à l’existence et à la transformation des relations régionales entre les territoires du bassin de l’Oyapock. On discute les opportunités et les défis pour penser la Géographie Régionale dans les contextes de fortes pressions globales et d’influence de plusieurs échelles. La recherche intègre des données sur géographie physique, télédétection, des données quantitatives socio-économiques, des données qualitatives sur la perception des habitants locaux, l’analyse institutionnelle des règles autour de la dynamique régionale, les réseaux d’usage du territoire et les gouvernances locales. Les résultats montrent que la dynamique régionale dans la frontière franco-brésilienne se présente en tant qu’un complexe géographique qui articule la tension entre les intérêts de différents acteurs, groupes sociaux et échelles. Ils sont aussi révélateurs sur la puissance de la Géographie Régionale pour établir des dialogues contemporains entre l’épistémologie de la science géographique et l’expérience de terrain, mettant en rapport les dimensions physiques, humaines, historiques, politiques et quotidiennes qui sont présentes dans les multiples relations hommes-milieux. / The Franco-Brazilian border of Oyapock is a symbol of political contact between Europe and Latin America, also representing strong social and environmental dynamics. Subject to various challenges and opportunities, this border reveals the tension between regional and global forces in different scales. This implies a crisis that leads to the reconfiguration of the "Oyapockoise Region" and the reorganization of bilateral space. This thesis is interested, particularly, in the existence and transformation of regional relations between the territories of the Oyapock Basin, discussing the opportunities and challenges in thinking about Regional Geography in the context of strong global pressure and the influence of different scales. The research presents data of physical geography, landscape analysis by remote sensing, quantitative socio-economic data, qualitative data based on the perceptions of local populations, institutional analysis of the regional dynamic flow rules, and the use of network planning and local governances. The results show that regional relations in the Franco-Brazilian border are present like a "geographical complex" that articulates the interests of different players, social groups and scales. They also reveal the power appointed by the Regional Geography to establish contemporary dialogues between the epistemology of geographical science and fieldwork, putting into relation the physical, human, historical, political and everyday dimensions that are present in the multiplicity of socio-spatial relations.