L’achèvement du marché intérieur de l’électricité réside dans la construction effective d’un ordre concurrentiel. Le droit de la concurrence constitue, en principe, l’unique norme d’encadrement du marché. Or, les nombreux dysfonctionnements concurrentiels dévoilent un bilan contrasté de la libéralisation. Ces résultats sont imputés à l’existence et à l’introduction de règlementations nationales, à l’instar de la tarification, qui affectent la transition concurrentielle du marché. Vingt ans après la décision d’ouvrir le marché à la concurrence, il n’existe pas un marché de l’électricité mais des marchés de l’électricité. Des normes de régulation sont donc introduites, en tant que technique d’accompagnement du phénomène d’ouverture à la concurrence et instrument correctif aux différentes failles de marché. S’ensuit un droit de la régulation de l’électricité aux côtés d’un droit de la concurrence. Mais cette régulation résulte également d’impératifs exogènes et endogènes au marché. L’électricité n’est pas une marchandise comme les autres. L’essentialité du bien électrique et ses externalités environnementales induisent un encadrement spécifique du marché. La protection du consommateur, la protection de l’environnement et la sécurité d’approvisionnement sont donc régies par des normes de régulation, voire des règlementations, aux incidences sur la transition concurrentielle. Source de complexité et d’incohérences juridiques, la plurifonctionnalité de l’électricité affecte le projet d’un ordre strictement concurrentiel du marché / The completion of the internal electricity market depends on the effective construction of a competitive order. Competition law acts therefore as the sole market framework standard. However, the numerous competitive inefficiencies reveal a mixed record of liberalisation. These results are attributed to the existence and introduction of national regulations, such as pricing, which affect the competitive transition of the market. The electricity market is thus marked by a dispute between member states and the European Union. Twenty years after the decision was made to open the market to competition, there is not an electricity market but several electricity markets. Regulatory standards are therefore introduced to complement the opening to competition and fix the various market failures. Introduced ab initio as a transitional and supplementary law, the multiplication of regulatory standards and the enhancement of their scope of application give them a market framework role. This creates a regulation law alongside competition law on the electricity market. But this regulation also results from exogenous and endogenous imperatives to the market. Electricity is not a commodity like others. The essentiality of the electric good and its environmental externalities shape a specific market framework. Consumer protection, environmental protection and security of supply are therefore governed by regulatory standards, or even regulations, which have an impact on the competitive transition. The electricity market is thus confronted with many legal inconsistencies. The multifunctionality of electricity affects the project of a strictly competitive market order

Thesis (MTech (Construction Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2005. / A preliminary review of the existing public sector delivery towards sustainable employment and human resource development shows that the nature of contract awards in South Africa tends to favour more established and large enterprises. There was a need to transform the public sector procurement to respond to the changing needs of the new era in South Africa. The emergence of the affirmative procurement policy, has found a procurement environment, which does not seem to have the ability of taking the thrust of the affirmative procurement policy. Therefore there is a need to establish a system, which will provide a procurement regime, which will meet the objectives of the affirmative procurement policy. The purpose of this study is to look at the impact of the implementation of affirmative procurement policy in pre-tender stage on affirmable business enterprises within the state tender board procedures in South Africa. Implementation requires deliberate identification and removing of the structural and behavioural obstructions to change. The evidence emanating from the data obtained in the preface of the dissertation indicates very strongly that there is gap between the procurement rules of the state tender board and the developmental policies of the public sector. These findings raised concerns about the process of implementation whether will it benefit and also serve the purpose to the stakeholders such as targeted groups and small medium and micro enterprises.

Submitted by Maria Magalhães de Bustamante (mariamdbustamante@gmail.com) on 2017-06-26T01:21:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 FINAL.TESE MARIA 26 06 2017.docx..pdf: 2246284 bytes, checksum: 770bb1026973839512c574f5718a8d7d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rafael Aguiar (rafael.aguiar@fgv.br) on 2017-06-30T20:26:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 FINAL.TESE MARIA 26 06 2017.docx..pdf: 2246284 bytes, checksum: 770bb1026973839512c574f5718a8d7d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-05T19:56:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FINAL.TESE MARIA 26 06 2017.docx..pdf: 2246284 bytes, checksum: 770bb1026973839512c574f5718a8d7d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-13 / Environmental licensing, in recent years in Brazil, has been the center of the great public debates, exceeding the juridical-environmental field. As a main instrument of the National Environmental Policy, responsible for making the protection of natural resources compatible with the demands imposed by the development of economic activity, the instrument assumed an excessive role in the environmental regulator sphere. However, criticism regarding the instrument is constant, especially in relation to the delay in conducting the procedure and excess of bureaucracy that might jeopardize new investments of projects that would leverage the country´s economic development. In this sense, in spite of specific problems that could compromise the effectiveness of the regulatory instrument, there are a series of structural and instrumental deadlocks that exceed its scope. Nevertheless, discussions on the subject are limited to changing the environmental licensing procedure, through reform proposals that seek to make licensing more flexible. The analysis undertaken in this dissertation intends to consider the structural aspects of the National Environmental Policy, as well as the main obstacles faced by environmental licensing procedure, in order to confirm the hypothesis of the lack of effectiveness of the regulatory instrument. The present work also intend to analyse critically the main legislative proposal regarding environmental licensing procedure, aiming to verify if this proposal has the potential to give greater effectiveness to the regulatory instrument. / O licenciamento ambiental, nos últimos anos no Brasil, vem ocupando a pauta dos grandes debates públicos, exorbitando a seara jurídica ambiental. Como instrumento principal da Política Nacional de Meio Ambiente, responsável por compatibilizar a proteção dos recursos naturais às demandas impostas pelo desenvolvimento da atividade econômica, o instrumento assumiu protagonismo excessivo na esfera regulatória ambiental. No entanto, as críticas ao instrumento revelam-se constantes, sobretudo no que se refere à morosidade e ao excesso de burocracia na condução do procedimento, inviabilizando o aporte de novos investimentos para projetos que alavancariam o desenvolvimento econômico do país. Nesse sentido, em que pese a existência de problemas específicos que comprometem a efetividade do instrumento regulatório, há uma série de impasses de ordem estrutural e instrumental que exorbitam o seu escopo. Todavia, as discussões referentes ao tema limitam-se à alteração de sua regulamentação, mediante propostas de reforma que visam flexibilizar o licenciamento sob o pretexto de solucionar o impasse ambiental. A análise empreendida na presente dissertação pretende considerar os aspectos estruturais da Política Nacional do Meio Ambiente, bem como os principais obstáculos enfrentados na condução do licenciamento ambiental, a fim de confirmar a hipótese da falta de efetividade do instrumento regulatório decorrente destes aspectos. Pretende-se ainda analisar criticamente o Substitutivo ao Projeto de Lei Geral do Licenciamento Ambiental, no objetivo de constatar se a proposta normativa confere maior efetividade ao instrumento regulatório.

Elizabeth Bath Inc. is one of the biggest spa facilities in the Czech Republic. The target of the graduation theses is the analyses, evaluation and proposal of reformative arrangements in connection with the marketing of Elizabeth Bath, especially with the focus on communication in marketing. Within the instrument of the marketing mix is the detailed focus orientated on advertising and its importance for the Elizabeth Bath. The end of the graduation theses is composed of a chapter related to the advertising of the Elizabeth Bath including the company's marketing plan and the medial plan for the year 2011. There is a possibility to meet with the new products, prepared events or the communication resources of the company in the year 2011.

Submitted by Rachel Lopes Telésforo (rachel@tclaw.adv.br) on 2017-03-15T19:58:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RLT - DISSERTACAO MESTRADO - 2017.docx: 1963235 bytes, checksum: 3dcbac03c54376081f5116490cd805fa (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Publicação Direito Rio (publicacao.direitorio@fgv.br) on 2017-03-16T13:47:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 RLT - DISSERTACAO MESTRADO - 2017.docx: 1963235 bytes, checksum: 3dcbac03c54376081f5116490cd805fa (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-22T19:56:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RLT - DISSERTACAO MESTRADO - 2017.docx: 1963235 bytes, checksum: 3dcbac03c54376081f5116490cd805fa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / Technologic innovation is inevitable. Regulation, optional. All over the world, economic trends emerge every moment. Regarding the individual transport system of passengers, focus of this work, sharing economy brought paradigmatic disruptions, as occurred with the arrival of Uber device that offers similar services to taxis and promises to reduce ― or even eliminate ― existing market failures for years. Taxi Market is known for taxis upregulation, and until then, little competition and low consumer satisfaction index. Uber´s presence brought greater expectations of quality, but in the opposite direction of the success with users, the regulator follow the following cycle of intervention all over the world: (i) Immediate app’s prohibition; (ii) Uber’s indirect prohibition, according regulation in accordance with the traditional system/ 'a la taxi' (planning permissions and other mechanisms) and (iii) studies to introduction of a specific regulation, that put together technologic benefices and real attendance to public interest. To look more closely to the cycles, this paper analyzed the regulator’s posture in 23 megacities all over the world, according definition of United Nations – UN, that exemplified agent´s conduct in the cities with more than seven million habitants. Faced with said interventions, this paper has concluded that there is a strong regulatory capture in the transport of passenger’s market ― and there was made a theoretical approach of the Public Choice Theory ― since the first and second cycles evidence benefices of small groups of interest in the sector, rather than the mass. Besides that, since technology can reduce problems involving situations of monopolies, asymmetric information and negative externalities, there is no reason to justify the necessity of maintenance of the regulation, already considered excessive in said market. Also, it is worth mentioning that the regulatory actions were directly countered not only by the popular opinion, but mainly by force of judicial decisions all over the world, that by means of preliminary injunctions prevented abrasive reactions of those agents, and that indicates that judiciary sector is not captured. The third cycle of regulatory intervention indicates a way of interconnection between collaborative economies and urban solutions with the objective of the collective benefice. Studies all over the world points the necessity of regulatory alternatives that can conciliate the public interest with the comprehension of the technologic progress. However, to achieve the third cycle of regulation, it is necessary that the regulator abandon the character merely supervisory and assumes a behavior more analytical and proactive, with the objective of finding regulatory alternatives able to bring gains in infrastructure and urbanization. / A inovação tecnológica é inevitável. A regulação, opcional. Ao redor do mundo, tendências econômicas surgem a cada instante. No que tange ao sistema de transporte individual de passageiros, foco do presente trabalho, a economia de compartilhamento trouxe rompimentos paradigmáticos, como o que ocorreu com a chegada do dispositivo Uber, que oferece serviços semelhantes ao de táxis e reduz ― chegando em alguns casos, a eliminar ― falhas de mercado existentes há anos. O mercado de táxis é conhecido pela alta regulação, tendo até então, pouca concorrência e baixo índice de satisfação do consumidor. A presença do Uber trouxe maior expectativa de qualidade, mas em contramão ao sucesso junto aos usuários, o regulador segue o seguinte ciclo de intervenção reguladora, ao redor do mundo: (i) proibição imediata do aplicativo; (ii) proibição indireta do Uber, por meio de regulação feita de acordo com o sistema tradicional/ 'a la táxi' (concessão de alvarás, dentre outros mecanismos) e (iii) estudos para implementação de uma regulação específica, que une os benefícios tecnológicos ao real atendimento do interesse público. Para analisar mais profundamente esses ciclos, estudou-se a postura do regulador em 23 megacidades ao redor do mundo, conforme padrão definido pelas Organização das Nações Unidas – ONU, o que exemplificou a conduta dos agentes em cidades com mais de sete milhões de habitantes. Diante de tais intervenções, chegou-se à conclusão de que existe forte captura regulatória no sistema de transporte de passageiros ― tendo sido feita uma abordagem da Teoria da Escolha Pública ― já que os dois primeiros ciclos apontam benefícios de pequenos grupos de interesse no setor, em detrimento do coletivo. Além disso, se a tecnologia é capaz de reduzir falhas envolvendo situações de monopólios situacionais, assimetrias de informação e externalidades negativas, não haveria outro motivo que justificasse a necessidade na manutenção da regulação, já tida como excedente no mercado em apreço. Válido mencionar que as ações regulatórias foram prontamente combatidas não apenas pela opinião popular, mas principalmente por meio de decisões judiciais ao redor do mundo, que por meio de liminares impediram reações mais abrasivas de tais agentes, e o que aponta que tal setor não se encontra capturado. O terceiro ciclo de intervenção regulatória indica um caminho de interconexão entre as economias de colaboração com medidas urbanas que busquem beneficiar o coletivo. Estudos ao redor do mundo evidenciam a necessidade de alternativas regulatórias que possam conciliar o interesse público com a compreensão da natureza do progresso tecnológico. No entanto, para que se chegue a tal ciclo interventivo, é necessário que o regulador abandone o caráter meramente fiscalizatório e assuma comportamento mais analítico e proativo, no sentido de aplicar alternativas regulatórias que impliquem em medidas que representem ganhos em infraestrutura e urbanização.