Die Chanten leben als Rentierzüchter in der Taiga Westsibiriens – eine Lebensweise, die durch die Erdölförderung verdrängt wird. Ihr Leben verläuft heute räumlich und sozial im Wechsel zwischen Wald und Stadt. Ihre Strategien, kulturelle Differenz und Autonomie durch Grenzziehungen mit Hilfe religiöser Praktiken und sozialer Normen aufrechtzuerhalten, werden am Beispiel des Festes zum „Tag des Rentierzüchters“ verdeutlicht. Der Autor zeigt, wie Menschen der Taiga in dieser Situation eigene Praktiken des Verbergens und Vermeidens, aber auch neue Wege der öffentlichen Repräsentation nutzen. / The Khanty live as reindeer herders in the Western Siberian Taiga but their lifestyle is endangered by crude oil extraction on their land. Today their lives are divided socially as well as spatially between the town and the forest. By taking the celebration of the Day of the Reindeer Herder as an example, the book describes the indigenous strategies to keep cultural difference and autonomy alive by drawing boundaries and maintaining religious practices and social norms. The author shows how the people of the Taiga use their traditions of hiding and avoiding as well as new ways of public representation to cope with the changes. / Оленеводы-ханты живут в Западносибирской тайге, на этой же территории ведется добыча нефти, которая ставить их образ жизни под угрозу. Их жизнь сегодня связана одновременно и с тайгой и с городом, между которыми они постоянно перемещаются и пространственно и социально. На примере празднования Дня Оленевода автор пассматривает существующие у жителей тайги стратегии сохранения культурного своеобразия и культурной автономии, связанные с проведением социальных границ при помощи культурных практик и социальных норм. Автор показывает, что в этой ситуации ханты используют как традиционные практики избегания и скрывания, так и новые способы публичной репрезентации.

Collagen fibres from reindeer tendons can be used to create threads. These threads have traditionally been used in Sápmi crafts. Due to the high cost of manual extraction, tendon-based threads have been replaced with cheaper synthetic threads. However environmental concerns have been raised within the Sápmi crafts communities regarding the synthetic threads. To mitigate the impacts of synthetic threads and to better utilize the reindeer after slaughter a more efficient fibre extraction process has been sought after. In this study two venues have been investigated, softening and retting. In this study softening will refer to the breaking of bonds through the use of a liquid. Retting will refer to a controlled degradation of a material through biological processes. Softening and retting aided mechanical extraction of collagen fibres. The softening, using water and in some cases polyethylene glycol, reduced entanglement and friction. The retting can be divided into short term retting and long-term retting, up to six weeks. Neither the short-term retting nor the long-term retting did facilitate the extraction significantly compared to a simpler softening treatment. Softening on the other hand made extraction easier. A 70 hour softening with water at room temperature had the largest impact. The extraction became slightly easier when the samples were further softened with polyethylene glycol. This was compared to a reference sample where water was used for further softening. Mechanical fibre extraction methods were also evaluated. The softened tendon samples were calendered between two rollers at 1.2 bar and 5.0 bar. The samples using the higher pressure were easier to separate. The samples were then manually torn apart into fine fibre bundles. Many of the manual methods used can be automated but they would need specialized equipment. The mechanically extracted fibres were then spun into yarns through hand spinning with moistened fingers. The tensile properties of the fibres and the yarns were determined. The fibres and the yarns were also evaluated through light microscopy. Both the yarns and fibres showed a high degree of variation in the tensile tests. The use of manual methods likely contributed to the high variation. The yarns slipped which caused a lower tenacity compared to the fibres. The mean fibre tenacities were between 17-20 cN/tex, depending on factor. Neither of the factors were significantly different. The elasticity of the fibres varied to a large extent. The fibres exhibited an almost fully elastic deformation until break. The fibres were white to cream and slightly translucent when viewed in a light microscope. The yarns were uneven and glossy.

Against a background of ongoing and predicted climatic and environmental change facing humans on a global level, this thesis combines historical perspectives with theories of social resilience in a study of reindeer husbandry in Swedish Sápmi, from the late 18th century to the early 20th century. The thesis includes four individual studies that examine the topic from different angles, connected together by reoccurring elements of social resilience. The first paper analyses the adaptive capacity of reindeer husbandry communities in the northernmost part of Swedish Sápmi during the 19th to early 20th century, using materials from the Sami bailiffs’ archives, governors’ reports and documentation from official committees. The second paper is based on similar materials and explores livelihood diversity of reindeer husbandry in southern and northern regions of Swedish Sápmi from 1860 to 1920. The third paper examines the social networks of reindeer husbandry and includes an analysis on how these are represented in demographic sources at the turn of the 20th century. The fourth and final paper examines taxation lands as objects of place-attachment in a south Sami reindeer husbandry context from 1740 to 1870. The thesis demonstrates that communities and families practiced highly flexible herding in terms of what pasture area they used, when and how they used it and with whom. In order to maintain this flexibility, communities needed authority to manage their own livelihoods and a diverse and interconnected landscape. The results further show that reindeer husbandry was a dynamic and diverse livelihood, well into the 20th century. Fishing, hunting, trapping or farming was part of many reindeer herding families’ livelihoods. By tethering aspects of diversity to norms and ideals within the communities included in the study, I argue that farming can be understood as both an enforced adaptation and as an adaptive capacity depending on the ideals within the community in question. The thesis supports the notions that reindeer husbandry since long has faced many challenges, including: border closings; competing land uses; disturbance from settlers; enforced regulations and laws concerning reindeer husbandry; and restrictions of livelihood diversity. Furthermore, these challenges were not only sources of disturbances in their own right, but they also restricted the adaptive capacity of reindeer herding communities.

Estimating herbivore density is an important part of understanding their impact on vegetation.  Many studies have been carried out on the impact of reindeer and other herbivores on arctic and sub-arctic vegetation, but they are difficult to compare as they typically use different methods to estimate herbivore activities.  The aim of this study was to compare three methods that were based on the recent International Tundra Experiment herbivory protocol to measure the activities of three herbivore groups: reindeer, rodents and invertebrates. The robustness of the methods themselves was then evaluated.  Fieldwork was carried out at 12 sites in the Fennoscandian mountain area, with controls inside reindeer exclosures.  The results showed that the methods were the most robust when measuring reindeer activities.  The reindeer measurements were also well correlated with a reindeer-density estimate calculated from official reindeer population data.  This study recommends considering the use of photographs to increase the time-efficiency of pellet-counts.  The rodent activity estimates were good, but the patterns inside exclosures differed to the patterns outside exclosures.  The results for invertebrates were deemed to be less reliable as the measurements for one method were not recorded at an appropriate scale.  In conclusion, the findings of this study will help improve the comparability of future studies on the impact of reindeer herbivory and other herbivores, and gives suggestions for more accurate ways of measuring herbivore pressure in arctic and sub-arctic vegetation.

This dissertation is a contribution to the ethnography of contemporary indigenous reindeer pastoralism in Norway: specifically, to the study of the neglected fields of reindeer killing and slaughtering practice. Its central contention is that in recent decades, the proliferation of human powers vested in the conduct of reindeer slaughter has created new conditions for practice, placing the identities of reindeer and herders at stake in new and still only dimly conceptualized ways. By exploring these, the dissertation aims to broaden existing debates concerning the so-called modernization of pastoral practice in Norway, drawing attention to some of its neglected aspects and inscribing them in a new register. Two principal strands inform the theoretical framework: one, approaches to the social study of knowledge that emphasise its practical, non-verbal and material aspects; and two, Foucauldian concepts of biopower as these may or may not be applicable to the human management of animal life. Individual chapters examine, in turn: the local politics of space on the Varanger peninsula, focusing particularly on links between the spatial management and the killing of reindeer; the practices and social relations of slaughter as it is conducted at the round-up corral; the social effects of the introduction of slaughterhouses, and of the regime of which they form a part; controversies surrounding specific slaughtering techniques and instruments, particularly the curved knife; and the politics of animal welfare discourse and practices in their application to reindeer herding. Finally, using the figure of animal sacrifice as a guiding trope, the concluding chapter attempts to situate some key aspects of the modernization of reindeer slaughter in relation to the operation of broader sacrificial economies that regulate the destruction of life at aggregate or populational levels.

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<p>Assessment of impacts on nature and reindeer husbandry by the considered mountain road between Borgafjäll and Saxnäs- Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institutes method for assessment of damage to heritage assets</p><p>There are plans regarding the building of a new road from Borgafjäll/Båtas to Saxnäs, and two road alternatives have been presented. The road has been localized to an area which is protected as a nature reserve and listed as a Nature 2000 area. This report aims to determine the effects on the Nature 2000 area and reindeer husbandry, and to be a source of knowledge for future environmental impact assessment in that project. In order to assess the impact on nature values and reindeer husbandry a method from the Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI) has been used. A literature review has been made to prescribe the effects and consequences. Interviews and geographical information system analysis compliments the report. Both alternatives are going to affect arctic birch forests and specially protected mires. Almost one fifth of the protected arctic birch forest in Gitsfjällets nature reserve will be affected by the alternatives. The distribution and reproduction of arctic fox and wolverine will also be complicated and inhibited. The alternatives are going to create a barrier and fragment the area for reindeer husbandry. This will disturb the reindeer’s mating and calving. On the basis of VTI’s method for the assessment of damage to heritage assets the conclusion is that both road alternatives will affect the nature value and reindeer husbandry negatively. The prerequisite to build the road depends on whether the community</p>

Assessment of impacts on nature and reindeer husbandry by the considered mountain road between Borgafjäll and Saxnäs- Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institutes method for assessment of damage to heritage assets There are plans regarding the building of a new road from Borgafjäll/Båtas to Saxnäs, and two road alternatives have been presented. The road has been localized to an area which is protected as a nature reserve and listed as a Nature 2000 area. This report aims to determine the effects on the Nature 2000 area and reindeer husbandry, and to be a source of knowledge for future environmental impact assessment in that project. In order to assess the impact on nature values and reindeer husbandry a method from the Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI) has been used. A literature review has been made to prescribe the effects and consequences. Interviews and geographical information system analysis compliments the report. Both alternatives are going to affect arctic birch forests and specially protected mires. Almost one fifth of the protected arctic birch forest in Gitsfjällets nature reserve will be affected by the alternatives. The distribution and reproduction of arctic fox and wolverine will also be complicated and inhibited. The alternatives are going to create a barrier and fragment the area for reindeer husbandry. This will disturb the reindeer’s mating and calving. On the basis of VTI’s method for the assessment of damage to heritage assets the conclusion is that both road alternatives will affect the nature value and reindeer husbandry negatively. The prerequisite to build the road depends on whether the community

Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2009. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Effects of stand type on ground lichen height and species richness in boreal forests.   P. contorta as an alternative to P. sylvestris in terms of providing a suitable habitat   Maria Johansson     Abstract     Lichen-rich forests are essential to reindeer but up to 50 % of the lichen-rich areas in Sweden have been lost since the 1950s. Ground lichens thrive in pine-heaths and with an increasing area of plantations of the non-native tree species Pinus contorta, as an alternative to the native P. sylvestris, it is important to investigate if P. contorta can provide such an optimal habitat to ground lichens. The purpose of this study was to assess if forest characteristics, such as tree density, canopy cover and production capacity, affect the abundance and growth of five lichen species (Cladonia rangiferina, C. arbuscula/mitis, C. stygia, C. stellaris and Cetraria islandica) and whether these characteristics differ between forests dominated by P. contorta and forests dominated by P. sylvestris. Fieldwork was conducted in Norrbotten and Västerbotten on sample plots previously used by the Swedish National Forest Inventory (SNFI). The statistical analysis was based on data collected from 22 sample plots, 11 of each forest type, visited during July and September 2015. No statistical significant differences were found between forest characteristics of the two forest types, and none of the forest characteristics were found to relate to lichen height. Forest age did not seem to have an effect on ground lichens, while both canopy cover and production capacity were found to negatively relate to the proxy for lichen biomass as well as the abundance of the most common lichen species, C. rangiferina and C. arbuscula/mitis. The result suggests that a shadier canopy as well as a higher production capacity contributes to a reduced distribution of ground lichens.   Keywords: Ground lichens, Pinus contorta, Pinus sylvestris, forest characteristics, forestry, reindeer husbandry