The purpose of this study was to determine the existence and extent of the relationship of coaching styles and adolescent athletes in terms of Self Determination Theory (SDT). Specifically, this study adapted Baumrind’s parenting styles of authoritative, authoritarian, and permissiveness to coaching styles and examined the relationship between each coaching style and the tenets of SDT, namely competence, autonomy, and relatedness. This study also examined the effect of the number of years an athlete participated in a chosen sport, the number of years played on a specific team, and the number of years played for a particular coach. The sample consisted of 194 Brigham Young University students who had participated in either club or high school level sports for at least one year while in high school. Study participants completed the Basic Needs Sports Satisfaction Scale (BNSSS) and a sports-adapted version of the Parenting Authority Questionnaire (PAQ). Results from block entry method linear multi-regression analysis suggested Baumrind’s Parenting Typology could in fact be successfully applied to adolescent sports and that coaching style could impact athletes’ levels of perceived autonomy, and competence. Results revealed that an authoritative coaching style was a significant predictor of athlete autonomy and competence while an authoritarian coaching style was a significant negative predictor of athlete autonomy levels. Results hold practical implications for coaches, athletes, parents, and league administrators.

The purpose of this study was to determine if the motivational profiles of male junior high weight-training students (n = 166) differ across levels of teacher and peer relatedness (high, low). The students' contextual motivation was measured using the Sport Motivation Scale II -Physical Education (SMS II-PE) pre- and post-intervention (high vs. low teacher-to-student relatedness). Situational motivation and relatedness measurements were assessed pre- and post-intervention using the Situational Motivation Scale-Physical Education (SIMS-PE), Amotivation Inventory-Physical Education Scale (AI-PE), and the Interpersonal Behavior Scale (IBS). Results revealed that situational motivation was not affected by the intervention in either group. Significant differences were observed in student's contextual motivation. That is, both within-groups contextual motivation increased. The notion of pre-existing contextual motivation and its relationship to interpersonal behavioral support and situational motivation are presented and explored.

This study tested Self-Determination Theory as a possible explanatory framework to understand the relationship between total couple leisure satisfaction and marital satisfaction. The three psychological needs of autonomy, competence, and relatedness-fundamental components of Self-Determination Theory-were measured through the Fulfillment of Psychological Needs during Couple Leisure (FPNL) scale and were tested as mediators. The analysis of five structural equation models confirmed the relevance of the Self-Determination Theory in explaining the relationship between couple leisure satisfaction and marital satisfaction. Although autonomy and competence were significant mediators, relatedness consistently appeared as the strongest mediator suggesting that the fulfillment of this psychological need is particularly important for relationship functioning and well-being. Implications to couple leisure are discussed.

Whitin motorsport, women and men compete on equal terms with the same physical prerequisites. Despite this, the research in this field is deficient regarding female drivers’ experience of being active in a male-dominated sport (Kochanek et al., 2021; Matthews & Pike, 2016). The aim of the study was to examine how female drivers withinmotorsport in Sweden experience their well-being in relation to autonomy, competence, and relatedness from a self-determining perspective. The study was based on the Self-determination theory on how the satisfaction of the three psychological needs autonomy, competence, and relatedness contribute to perceived well-being and increased intrinsic motivation. The definition of well-being was adopted based on Giles et al. (2020) where the concept was divided into physical-, mental-, and social well-being. Nine female drivers within motorsport in Sweden participated in the study, the participants were between 19-29 years of age (M=23.44; SD=3.56). Every participant competed at either national or international championship level in at least one discipline within motorsport. The result showed that the participants’ experience of well-being within motorsport could be linked to the satisfaction of autonomy, competence, and relatedness. It emerged that the main motivating factor for the participants came from the joyfulness they experienced from practicing motorsport, which indicated that they were driven by intrinsic motivation. The conclusion drawn was that the satisfaction of all needs was important for the participants’ perceived well-being, where relatedness seemed to be the most vital factor. / Inom motorsporten tävlar kvinnor och män på lika villkor med samma fysiska förutsättningar. Trots detta är forskningen inom området bristfällig gällande kvinnliga förares upplevelser av att vara aktiv i en mansdominerad idrott (Kochanek et al., 2021; Matthews & Pike, 2016). Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur kvinnliga förare inom motorsporten i Sverige upplever sitt välbefinnande i relation till autonomi, kompetens och tillhörighet utifrån ett självbestämmande perspektiv. Studien baserades på självbestämmandeteorin om hur tillfredsställelsen av de tre psykologiska behoven autonomi, kompetens och tillhörighet bidrar till upplevt välbefinnande samt ökad inre motivation. Definitionen av välbefinnande antogs med grund i Giles et al. (2020) där begreppet delades in i fysiskt-, mentalt-, och socialt välbefinnande. Nio kvinnliga förare inom motorsporten i Sverige deltog i studien, åldern på deltagarna var mellan 19–29 år gamla (M=23.44; SD=3.56). Samtliga deltagare tävlade på antingen nationell eller internationell mästerskapsnivå i minst en disciplin inom motorsporten. Resultatet visade att deltagarnas upplevelse av välbefinnande inom motorsport kunde kopplas ihop med tillfredsställelsen av autonomi, kompetens och tillhörighet. Det framkom att deltagarnas främsta motivationsfaktor komfrån glädjen de upplevde från att utöva motorsport vilket indikerade på att de drevs av inre motivation. Slutsatsen som drogs var att tillfredsställelsen av samtliga behov var viktigt för deltagarnas upplevelse av välbefinnande där tillhörighet visade sig vara den viktigaste faktorn.

Continuous advancements in technology have led to increasingly comprehensive and distributed product development processes while in pursuit of improved products at reduced costs. Information associated with these products is ever changing, and structured frameworks have become integral to managing such fluid information. Ontologies and the Semantic Web have emerged as key alternatives for capturing product knowledge in both a human-readable and computable manner. The primary and conclusive focus of this research is to characterize relationships formed within methodically developed distributed design knowledge frameworks to ultimately provide a pervasive real-time awareness in distributed design processes. Utilizing formal logics in the form of the Semantic Web’s OWL and SWRL, causal relationships are expressed to guide and facilitate knowledge acquisition as well as identify contradictions between knowledge in a knowledge base. To improve the efficiency during both the development and operational phases of these “intelligent” frameworks, a semantic relatedness algorithm is designed specifically to identify and rank underlying relationships within product development processes. After reviewing several semantic relatedness measures, three techniques, including a novel meronomic technique, are combined to create AIERO, the Algorithm for Identifying Engineering Relationships in Ontologies. In determining its applicability and accuracy, AIERO was applied to three separate, independently developed ontologies. The results indicate AIERO is capable of consistently returning relatedness values one would intuitively expect. To assess the effectiveness of AIERO in exposing underlying causal relationships across product development platforms, a case study involving the development of an industry-inspired printed circuit board (PCB) is presented. After instantiating the PCB knowledge base and developing an initial set of rules, FIDOE, the Framework for Intelligent Distributed Ontologies in Engineering, was employed to identify additional causal relationships through extensional relatedness measurements. In a conclusive PCB redesign, the resulting “intelligent” framework demonstrates its ability to pass values between instances, identify inconsistencies amongst instantiated knowledge, and identify conflicting values within product development frameworks. The results highlight how the introduced semantic methods can enhance the current knowledge acquisition, knowledge management, and knowledge validation capabilities of traditional knowledge bases.

Literature suggests that secondary choral educators can and should strive to meet their students’ basic psychological needs for relatedness, autonomy, and competence during choral rehearsals. Music education researchers have given much attention to outcomes correlated with basic psychological needs fulfillment, such as well-being, motivation, and persistence intentions (Bonneville-Roussy et al., 2013; Evans et al., 2013; Freer & Evans, 2017, 2019; Legutki, 2010; Liu, 2016); however, researchers have paid little attention to comparing music teacher and student perceptions of teachers’ success at supporting the fulfillment of students’ basic psychological needs. Using Basic Psychological Needs Theory (Deci & Ryan, 2000) as the framework for my study, I examined teachers’ and students’ perceptions of teachers’ provision of basic psychological needs support in high school choral classrooms. Adapting the previously developed Perceived Teacher Needs Support scale (Freer & Evans, 2019) for use by both teachers and students, I surveyed 26 choral teachers and 1,082 high school choral students within a single district of a state music educators association in a suburban region of the Northeast United States, with a response rate of 68.09%. Survey responses indicated that high school choral teachers and students do perceive teachers as providing support for the fulfillment of students’ basic psychological needs within the choral rehearsal environment; however, teachers’ self-perceptions of their support-provision exceeded students’ perceptions of that support. Correlational analyses and z tests comparing mean differences between student and teacher scores revealed differences between students’ and teachers’ perceptions of basic psychological needs support for competence (z = 2.36, p = .018, d = 0.46), autonomy (z = 2.2, p = .028, d = 0.43), and relatedness (z = 1.21, p = .225, d = 0.24) (overall z = 2.1, p = .036, d = 0.41). Analyses of variance (ANOVA) among students’ scores indicated that a student’s school (each with a unique choral director) exhibited a greater effect (ACR ƞ2 = .19, autonomy ƞ2 = .2, competence ƞ2 = .2, and relatedness ƞ2 = .15) than a student’s ensemble level, grade level, or pronouns, in relation to a student’s perceptions of their teacher’s support-provision for autonomy, competence, and relatedness. This study extends existing BPNT research by comparing student and teacher perceptions of basic psychological needs support within a music ensemble rehearsal setting. Recommendations for teachers include offering students greater challenges, more individualized feedback, and opportunities for democratic decision-making and student leadership. Recommendations for further study are provided.

Purpose: This paper aims to shed light on the process involved in acquiring and integrating complementary knowledge. The process model is based on a theoretical review of literature on complementarity in M&A’s, firm relatedness and knowledge integration. This literature acts as a foundation to construct the proposed model combined with a process oriented semi-structured interview based on a single case where we found complementary knowledge was integrated under conditions that would be challenging in this regard. The literature review provides the theoretical foundation and the process-oriented interview provides the process of implementing and understanding the theory. Therefore the following study should be considered a contribution to guide further research into this phenomena, which is currently underexplored especially from a qualitative point of view.  Method: The theoretical study utilizes a synthesizing approach in connecting the literature findings and the empirical study adopts a qualitative lens by conducting three phases of study: pre-study,single case study and expert interviews. The primary data was collected through semi-structured interviews with M&A managers, and the sampling method is purposive.  Findings: On a theoretical perspective we found that low external relatedness acts as a source of complementarity and low internal relatedness creates inefficiency in exploiting those complementary differences within knowledge. Allowing autonomy to the acquired firm is best when external relatedness is low as to maintain the differences that contribute to complementarity. On the contrary, if internal relatedness is low we find that high integration is recommended to ensure that internal relatedness is increased and efficiency issues are limited. When internal relatedness and external relatedness are both low, the required approach is a balance between autonomy and integration, described as symbiosis.  From the empirical study, we conclude that the integration approach becomes an iterative process where the knowledge integration process plays an important role in learning to understand the acquired firm. In short, symbiosis requires close interaction and observation and an established process of integrating new knowledge to get familiar with the acquired firm.

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In a series of studies using semantic relatedness judgment response times, Jiang (2000, 2002, 2004a) has claimed that L2 lexical entries fossilize with their equivalent L1 content or something very close to it. In another study using a more productive test of lexical knowledge (Jiang 2004b), however, the evidence for this conclusion was less clear. The present study is a partial replication of Jiang (2004b) with Japanese learners of English. The aims of the study are to investigate the influence of the first language (L1) on second language (L2) lexical knowledge, to investigate whether lexical knowledge displays frequency-related, emergent properties, and to investigate the influence of the L1 on the acquisition of L2 word pairs that have a common L1 equivalent. Data from a sentence completion task was completed by 244 participants, who were shown sentence contexts in which they chose between L2 word pairs sharing a common equivalent in the students' first language, Japanese. The data were analyzed using the statistical analyses available in the programming environment R to quantify the participants' ability to discriminate between synonymous and non-synonymous use of these L2 word pairs. The results showed a strong bias against synonymy for all word pairs; the participants tended to make a distinction between the two synonymous items by assigning each word a distinct meaning. With the non-synonymous items, lemma frequency was closely related to the participants' success in choosing the correct word in the word pair. In addition, lemma frequency and the degree of similarity between the words in the word pair were closely related to the participants' overall knowledge of the non-synonymous meanings of the vocabulary items. The results suggest that the participants had a stronger preference for non-synonymous options than for the synonymous option. This suggests that the learners might have adopted a one-word, one-meaning learning strategy (Willis, 1998). The reasonably strong relationship between several of the usage-based statistics and the item measures from R suggest that with exposure learners are better able to use words in ways that are similar to native speakers of English, to differentiate between appropriate and inappropriate contexts and to recognize the boundary separating semantic overlap and semantic uniqueness. Lexical similarity appears to play a secondary role, in combination with frequency, in learners' ability to differentiate between appropriate and inappropriate contexts when using L2 word pairs that have a single translation in the L1. / CITE/Language Arts

Central to the application of genomics to animal agriculture are DNA markers, especially microsatellites and single nucleotide polymorphisms. These markers are the resources necessary for constructing genetic maps and for determining how improved and unimproved animal breeds are related. Here, DNA markers were developed for two avian species, the turkey, Meleagris gallopavo, and the budgerigar (budgie), Melopsittacus undulatus. Genomic libraries enriched for simple sequence repeats were used to generate about 70 budgie sequences of a total length of 38 kb. From these sequences, 9 primer pairs were designed and used to screen for informativeness in a panel of DNA samples from unrelated budgie samples. All but one of the nine primers evaluated were polymorphic with the number of alleles ranging from two to four. Comparative analysis involving the use of these budgie primers showed moderate sequence similarity to turkey and chicken. The genomic libraries and the comparative sequences provide useful genomic reagents that could be used to construct a budgie genome map. In the turkey, ten previously described microsatellites and a gene-based single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) were used to evaluate the relatedness of heritage varieties to a commercial strain. Estimates of Nei's genetic distance (D) and genetic differentiation (Rst) between populations using microsatellite markers showed that the commercial strain is genetically more closely related to the Bourbon Red and Narragansett and least related to the Royal palm and Spanish Black. Gene flow (Nm) level was highest between the commercial and Bourbon Red populations. The SNP analysis by PCR-RFLP revealed that the commercial strain was more closely related to the Spanish black and Narragansett and least related to the Bourbon red and Blue slate. Though results of the two marker systems, microsatellite and SNP, were inconsistent, they provide insights into using heritage turkeys to genetically improve commercial populations by introgression. The present thesis investigation showed that DNA markers provide a strong opportunity to develop genomic reagents needed to test hypotheses in little-studied agriculturally important and model avian species. / Master of Science