La stimulation du récepteur de la rénine/prorénine [(P) RR], un membre récemment découvert du système rénine-angiotensine (SRA), augmente l'activité du SRA et des voies de signalisation angiotensine II-indépendante. Pour étudier l'impact potentiel du (P)RR dans le développement de l`obésité, nous avons émis l'hypothèse que les souris déficientes en (P)RR uniquement dans le tissus adipeux (KO) auront une diminution du poids corporel en ciblant le métabolisme du tissu adipeux, l'activité locomoteur et/ou la prise alimentaire. Ainsi, des souris KO ont été générées en utilisant la technologie Cre/Lox. Le gain de poids et la prise alimentaire ont été évalués hebdomadairement dans les mâles et femelles KO et de type sauvage (WT) pendant 4 semaines alors qu’ils étaient maintenu sur une diète normal. De plus, un groupe de femelles a été placé pour 6 semaines sur une diète riche en gras et en glucides (HF/HC). La composition corporelle et l'activité ambulatoire ont été évaluées par l’EchoMRI et à l’aide de cages Physioscan, respectivement. Les tissus adipeux ont été prélevés et pesés. De plus, les gras péri-gonadaux ont été utilisés pour le microarray. Finalement, le niveaux d'expression d'ARNm du (P)RR ont été évalués. Comme le gène du (P)RR est situé sur le chromosome X, les mâles étaient des KOs complets et les femelles étaient des KOs partielles. Les souris KO avaient un poids corporel significativement plus petit par rapport à WT, les différences étant plus prononcées chez les mâles. De plus, les femelles KOs étaient résistantes à l'obésité lorsqu'elles ont été placées sur la diète HF/HC et donc elles avaient significativement moins de masse grasse par rapport aux WTs. L’analyse histologique des gras péri-gonadaux des KOs nous ont dévoilés qu’il avait une réduction du nombre d'adipocytes mais de plus grande taille. Bien qu'il n'y ait eu aucun changement dans la consommation alimentaire, une augmentation de près de 3 fois de l'activité ambulatoire a été détectée chez les mâles. De plus, nous avons observé que leurs tibias étaient de longueur réduite ce qui suggère fortement l'affection de leur développement. Les gras péri-gonadaux des souris KO avaient une expression réduite de l`ABLIM2 (Actin binding LIM protein family, member 2) qui est associé avec le diabète de type II chez l'humain. Ainsi, les données recueillies suggèrent fortement que le (P)RR est impliquée dans la régulation du poids corporelle. / Stimulation of the (pro)renin receptor [(P)RR], a recently discovered member of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), increases the activity of the RAS and stimulates angiotensin II-independent signaling pathways. To investigate the possible impact of the (P)RR on obesity development, we hypothesized that mice deficient in the (P)RR specifically in their adipose tissue (KO) would have a decrease in body weight by targeting adipose tissue metabolism, locomotor activity and/or food intake. As such, KO mice were generated using the Cre/Lox technology. Weekly weight gain and food intake were assessed in both male and female KO and wild-type (WT) littermates for 4 weeks on a normal diet. A group of females were also placed for an additional 6 weeks on a high-fat/high-carbohydrate diet (HF/HC). Body composition and physical activity were evaluated using EchoMRI and Physioscan cages, respectively. Adipose tissues were collected and weighed at sacrifice. Moreover, perigonadal fat was used for Gene assay and histological analysis. (P)RR mRNA expression levels were evaluated using real-time PCR. Different circulating metabolites and proteinuria were measured by ELISA kits. As the (P)RR gene is located on the X chromosome, males were complete KOs and females were partial KOs. KO body weights were significantly lower compared to WTs, the differences being more pronounced in males. Female KOs were resistant to obesity development when placed on a HF/HC diet and as such, had significantly smaller fat mass as well as lower circulating leptin levels compared to WTs. All KO perigonadal fat had a reduced number of adipocytes but of bigger size. Although there were no changes in food intake, an almost 3-fold increase in activity was detected in males. Moreover, they presented with shorter tibial length which strongly suggests that they may have developmental issues. Gonadal fat of KO mice showed a reduced expression of ABLIM2 gene (Actin binding LIM protein family, member 2) which is associated with type II diabetes in humans. Conversely, no obvious changes in glycemia were detected while tendencies for lower proteinuria could be observed. The data collected thus strongly suggests that the (P)RR is implicated in body weight regulation.

Preeclampsia is among the leading causes of perinatal mortality and morbidity, affecting 2-7% of pregnancies. Its incidence increases to 10-25% in already hypertensive women. To date, no treatment, aside from delivery, is known. Interestingly, several studies have reported that exercise training (ExT) can reduce preeclampsia prevalence although the available studies are considered insufficient. Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine the impact of ExT when practiced before and during gestation on pregnancy outcome in a mouse model of preeclampsia superimposed on chronic hypertension (SPE). To do so, mice overexpressing both human angiotensinogen and renin (R+A+) were used because they are hypertensive at baseline and they develop many hallmark features of SPE. Mice were trained by placing them in a cage with access to a running wheel 4 weeks before and during gestation. ExT in this study prevented the rise in blood pressure at term observed in the sedentary transgenic mothers. This may be realized through an increased activity of the angiotensin-(1-7) axis in the aorta. In addition, ExT prevented the increase in albumin/creatinine ratio. Moreover, placental alterations were prevented with training in transgenic mice, leading to improvements in placental and fetal development. Placental mRNA and circulating levels of sFlt-1 were normalized with training. Additionally, the increase in angiotensin II type I receptor and the decrease in Mas receptor protein were reversed with training. ExT appears to prevent many SPE-like features that develop in this animal model and may be of use in the prevention of preeclampsia in women. / La prééclampsie est l’une des causes primaires de mortalité et morbidité périnatales, touchant 2-7% des grossesses. Sa prévalence augmente à 10-25% chez les femmes hypertendues. Jusqu’à maintenant, aucun traitement, mis à part l’accouchement précoce, n’est connu. Néanmoins, plusieurs études épidémiologiques suggèrent une diminution de l’incidence de la prééclampsie chez les femmes entraînées quoique, ces études sont considérées insuffisantes. Ainsi, le but de cette étude est de déterminer si l’entraînement avant et pendant la grossesse prévient la maladie dans un modèle animal de prééclampsie superposée à de l’hypertension chronique (SPE). Nous avons utilisé des souris double transgéniques, surexpirmant la rénine et l’angiotensinogène humaines (R+A+), puisqu'elles sont hypertensives à la base, et développent plusieurs symptômes de la prééclampsie. Pour l'entraînement, les souris ont été mises dans des cages d’exercice 4 semaines avant leur grossesse et y sont restées jusqu’au sacrifice. L'entraînement physique a prévenu la hausse de pression artérielle en fin de gestation présente chez les souris R+A+ sédentaires, possiblement via l’axe de l’angiotensine-(1-7). Le rapport entre l’albumine: créatinine a également été réduit avec l’entraînement. Les altérations placentaires ont été prévenues chez les souris entraînées, améliorant le développement placentaire et fœtal. Ceci était accompagné d'une normalisation de sFlt-1 circulant et placentaire. De plus, l’augmentation du récepteur à l’angiotensine II de type 1 et la diminution du récepteur Mas dans le placenta étaient renversées. L’entraînement semble prévenir plusieurs symptômes de la SPE dans un modèle animal suggérant qu'il pourrait être d'une grande utilité dans la prévention de la maladie chez la femme.

O hipertireoidismo é uma patologia epidemiologicamente importante, que afeta o sistema cardiovascular de forma proeminente. O estado hipertireoideo pode afetar o metabolismo basal, consumo de O2 celular, sistema renina angiotensina, assim como, estimular a produção de espécies ativas de oxigênio. Estas alterações produzem consequências morfológicas, funcionais, bioquímicas e moleculares no tecido cardíaco. A hipertrofia cardíaca, decorrente do hipertireoidismo, instala-se devido a uma série de eventos que sinalizam à proliferação e sobrevivência celular, envolvendo as espécies ativas de oxigênio, a ativação do sistema renina angiotensina cardíaco e o sistema nervoso autonômico. Neste estudo, bloqueamos o receptor AT1 da angiotensina II para avaliarmos a influência do sistema renina angiotensina cardíaco sobre o desenvolvimento da hipertrofia cardíaca, a participação do balanço autonômico sobre o coração e o papel das espécies ativas de oxigênio neste processo, em modelo experimental de hipertireoidismo. Para isto, foram utilizados ratos Wistar machos, pesando cerca de 220g, divididos em 4 grupos experimentais: Controle (C), Losartan (L) (10 mg/Kg de peso corporal/dia, 28 dias, sonda intragástrica) , T4 (12mg/L água de beber, 28 dias), e T4+L. Foram avaliados a massa cardíaca, análise espectral do balanço simpato-vagal, a expressão protéica do receptor AT1 da Angiotensina II e da gp91phox, peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2), Nrf-2 e Heme-oxigenase-1 (HO-1) no tecido cardíaco. A hipertrofia cardíaca e o desequilíbrio autonômico induzidos pelo hipertireoidismo foram atenuados no grupo T4+L. Os níveis de H2O2, Nrf-2, gp91phox e HO-1 foram elevados no grupo T4, e significativamente reduzidos no grupo T4+L, quando comparados ao grupo Controle. A expressão protéica do receptor AT1 esteve elevada nos dois grupos hipertireoideos. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que o bloqueio do receptor AT1 promove importante impacto sobre o balanço simpato-vagal e a hipertrofia cardíaca, no hipertireoidismo, sendo as espécies ativas de oxigênio e o sistema Nrf-2/HO-1 possíveis mediadores destas alterações. / Hyperthyroidism is an epidemiologic relevant pathology, which substantially affects the cardiovascular system. The hyperthyroid state may affect basal metabolism, O2 cell consumption, renin-angiotensin system, and increase reactive oxygen species production. Those alterations produce morphological, biochemical, functional and molecular consequences in cardiac tissue. Hyperthyroidism induced cardiac hypertrophy develops due to a set of events, which signals cell survival and proliferation, including reactive oxygen species, cardiac rennin-angiotensin system, and autonomic nervous system. In the present study, the role of cardiac renin-angiotensin system on development of hyperthyroidism induced cardiac hypertrophy, and the involvement of autonomic nervous system and reactive oxygen species, were assessed trough blockade of angiotensin II receptor AT1. For that, were used male Wistar rats, weighting about 220g, divided in 4 experimental groups,: Control (C), Losartan (L) (10mg/Kg body weight/day, 28 days, intragastric probe), T4 (12mg/L L-thyroxin in drinking water, 28 days), and T4+L. Cardiac mass, spectral analysis (autonomic balance), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and myocardial protein expression of angiotensin II receptor (AT1), NADPH oxidase, Nrf-2, and heme-oxygenase-1 (HO-1), were quantified. Cardiac hypertrophy and autonomic umbalance induced by thyroid hormones were attenuated in the T4+losartan group. The H2O2, as well as Nrf-2, gp91phox, AT1 and HO-1 immunocontent were elevated in T4 group. All these effects were attenuated by losartan, except AT1 levels. The overall results suggest that blockade of AT1 receptor lead to relevant impact on autonomic balance and cardiac hypertrophy, being ROS and Nrf-2/ HO-1 system possible mediators in this alterations in experimental hyperthyroidism.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-22T20:50:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-08-26 / Obesidade, hipertensão, dislipidemia e diabetes tipo 2 são os principais fatores de risco que caracterizam a síndrome metabólica quando presentes simultaneamente. Com o aumento dos níveis de leptina em quadros de obesidade e a correlação desta patologia com a hipertensão, objetivou-se neste trabalho o estudo das possíveis implicações do hormônio leptina na hipertensão de forma central e periférica e a interação com o principal sistema no controle da pressão arterial (PA), o sistema renina-angiotensina (SRA). Neste trabalho nós mostramos que camundongos com mutação espontânea no gene da leptina, ob/ob, ou no receptor de leptina, db/db apresentam deficiências no controle da PA e ritmo circadiano, alterações no SRA e disfunção autonômica. Em camundongos ob/ob, a atividade da ECA, uma das principais enzimas do SRA, apresentou-se reduzida em condições basais e foi restabelecida após o tratamento agudo com leptina. Cronicamente, a administração de leptina aumentou a atividade dessa enzima e a concentração de fatores que compõem o SRA, como o peptídeo vasoconstritor angiotensina II em camundongos ob/ob. No entanto, não houve aumento da PA. Os camundongos ob/ob apresentaram menor baroreflexo, diminuição da ativação parassimpática e aumento da ativação simpática. Os camundongos db/db também apresentaram o mesmo fenótipo. O tratamento com leptina provocou diminuição do peso e restabeleceu a disfunção autonômica em camundongos ob/ob. Surpreendentemente, o tratamento com enalapril também restabeleceu o tônus autônomo, simpático e parassimpático, assim como o baroreflexo em ob/ob e db/db sugerindo a importância da angiotensina II no controle autônomo concomitante com a ausência na sinalização de leptina. Nossos dados sugerem uma nova interação da via de leptina com o SRA, sendo a angiotensina II um possível fator necessário para a manutenção da ativação autonômica e sobrevivência desses camundongos. / The leptin deficient ob/ob mice are insulin resistant and obese. However, the control of blood pressure in this model is not well defined. The goal of this study was to evaluate the role of leptin and the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in the cardiovascular abnormalities observed in obesity using a model lacking leptin. Leptin is a hormone related to metabolism. It also influences blood pressure, but the mechanisms triggered in this process are not yet elucidated. Angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) regulates cardiovascular functions and recently has been associated with metabolism control and obesity. Here we tried to answer the question whether ACE and leptin could influence blood pressure control being a link between renin-angiotensin system and obesity in ob/ob mice, a model lacking leptin. These mice are obese and diabetic, but have normal 24h mean arterial pressure. Our results show that plasma and lung ACE activities as well as ACE mRNA expression were significantly decreased in ob/ob mice. In agreement with these findings, the hypotensive effect produced by enalapril administration was attenuated in the obese mice. Plasma renin, angiotensinogen, angiotensin I, bradykinin and angiotensin 1-7 were increased, whereas plasma angiotensin II concentration was unchanged in obese mice. Leptin chronic infusion increased renin activity and angiotensin II concentration in both groups and increased ACE activity in ob/ob mice. Acute leptin infusion could restore ACE activity in leptin deficient mice. Moreover, the effect of ACE inhibitor on blood pressure during leptin treatment was not changed in lean, but increased four times in obese mice. In a second part of the study we measured blood pressure in ob/ob and control animals by radiotelemetry combined with fast Fourier transformation before and after both leptin and enalapril treatment. Autonomic function was assessed pharmacologically. Blood pressure during daytime was slightly higher in the ob/ob compared to control mice while no difference in heart rate was observed. Blood pressure response to trimetaphane and heart rate response to metoprolol were greater in ob/ob mice than in control littermates indicating an activated sympathetic nervous system. Heart rate response to atropine was attenuated. Baroreflex sensitivity and heart rate variability were blunted in ob/ob mice, while low frequency of systolic blood pressure variability was found increased. Chronic leptin replacement reduced blood pressure and reversed the impaired autonomic function observed in ob/ob mice. Inhibition of ACE by enalapril treatment had similar effects prior loss of weight. These findings suggest that the RAS is involved in the autonomic dysfunction caused by the lack of leptin in ob/ob mice. In summary, our findings show that the RAS is altered in ob/ob mice, with markedly reduced ACE activity, which suggests a possible correlation between RAS and leptin. These results point to an important interplay between the angiotensinergic and the leptinergic systems and may contribute to clarify the role played by these systems in the pathogenesis of obesity, hypertension, and metabolic syndrome. / TEDE / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / As associações entre obesidade, doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica (NAFLD) e diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) são bem estabelecidas, e o sistema renina-angiotensina (SRA) pode proporcionar uma ligação entre eles. O bloqueio do SRA em diferentes níveis pode estar relacionado a respostas na resistência à insulina, remodelagem do pâncreas e do fígado em um modelo de obesidade induzida por dieta. Camundongos C57BL/6 foram alimentados com uma dieta hiperlipídica (HF) durante oito semanas e depois tratados com alisquireno (50 mg/kg/dia), enalapril (30 mg/kg/dia) ou losartana (10 mg/kg/dia) por um período adicional de seis semanas. As drogas foram incorporadas na dieta. Avaliou-se a massa corporal (MC), pressão arterial, consumo e gasto energético (GE), metabolismo da glicose e lipídico, histopatologia pancreática e hepática, análise hormonal, imunohistoquímica, perfil gênico e/ou proteico do SRA no pâncreas, gliconeogênese hepática, sinalização da insulina, oxidação e acúmulo lipídico. Todos os inibidores do SRA reduziram significativamente o aumento da pressão arterial nos camundongos alimentados com dieta HF. O tratamento com enalapril, mas não alisquireno ou losartana, reduziu o ganho de MC e a ingestão alimentar; aumentou o GE; amenizou a intolerância à glicose e resistência à insulina; melhorou a massa de células alfa e beta; impediu a redução da adiponectina plasmática e restaurou a sensibilidade à leptina. Além disso, o tratamento com enalapril melhorou a expressão proteica nas ilhotas pancreáticas de Pdx1, GLUT2, ECA2 e do receptor Mas. O tratamento com losartana apresentou uma elevação na expressão proteica de AT2R no pâncreas. No fígado, a administração de enalapril atenuou a esteatose hepática, o acúmulo de triglicerídeos e preveniu o aumento dos níveis de PEPCK, G6Pase e do GLUT2. Do mesmo modo, o enalapril melhorou a transdução dos sinais da insulina através da via IRS-1/Akt, bem como reduziu os níveis de expressão gênica e/ou proteica de PPAR-gama, SREBP-1c e FAS. Esses resultados sugerem que a inibição da ECA com enalapril atenuou muitos efeitos deletérios provocados pelo consumo da dieta HF, incluindo: normalização da morfologia e função das ilhotas pancreáticas, proteção contra a resistência à insulina e acúmulo de lipídios no fígado. Estes efeitos protetores do enalapril podem ser atribuídos, principalmente, à redução no ganho de MC e ingestão alimentar, aumento do GE, ativação do eixo ECA2/Ang(1-7)/receptor Mas e dos níveis de adiponectina, o que promove uma melhora na ação hepática da insulina e leptina, normalização da gliconeogênese, amenizando a NAFLD. / The associations between obesity, NAFLD (non-alcoholic fatty liver disease) and diabetes are well established, and the reninangiotensin system (RAS) may provide a link among them. . The blocking of the RAS at different levels may be related to responses on insulin resistance, remodeling of the pancreas and liver in a model of diet-induced obesity. Mice (C57BL/6) were fed on a high-fat (HF) diet for 8 weeks and then treated with aliskiren (50 mg/kg/day), enalapril (30 mg/kg/day) or losartan (10 mg/kg/day) for an additional 6 weeks. The drugs were incorporated into the diet. We assessed body mass (BM), blood pressure, energy intake and expenditure (EE), glucose and lipid metabolism, pancreatic and hepatic histopathology, hormonal analysis, immunohistochemistry, the expression profile of genes and/or proteins affecting pancreas RAS, hepatic gluconeogenesis, insulin signaling and lipid oxidation and accumulation. All RAS inhibitors significantly attenuated the increased blood pressure in mice fed a HF diet. Treatment with enalapril, but not aliskiren or losartan, significantly attenuated BM gain, increased EE, enhanced the glucose intolerance and insulin resistance; improved the alpha and beta cell mass; prevented the reduction of plasma adiponectin and restored leptin sensibility. Furthermore, enalapril treatment improved the protein expression of the pancreatic islet Pdx1, GLUT2, ACE2 and Mas receptors. Losartan treatment showed the greatest AT2R expression in the pancreas. In the liver, the enalapril administration improved hepatic steatosis, triglycerides and prevented the increase hepatic protein levels of PEPCK, G6Pase and GLUT2. Additionally, enalapril improved the deleterious effects on the HF diet by upregulating the signal transduction through the IRS-1/Akt pathway, as well as downregulatin the protein levels and mRNA expression of PPAR-gamma, SREBP-1c and FAS. Our findings indicate that ACE inhibition with enalapril attenuated several of the deleterious effects of the HF diet. In summary, enalapril appears to be responsible for the normalization of islet morphology and function, a protective role against hepatic insulin resistance and lipid accumulation in the liver. These protective effects of enalapril were attributed, primarily, to the reduction in body mass gain and food intake, increasing EE, the enhancement of the ACE2/Ang (1-7)/Mas receptor axis and adiponectin levels, enhancing hepatic insulin action, leptin and gluconeogenesis, and attenuating NAFLD.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / As associações entre obesidade, doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica (NAFLD) e diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) são bem estabelecidas, e o sistema renina-angiotensina (SRA) pode proporcionar uma ligação entre eles. O bloqueio do SRA em diferentes níveis pode estar relacionado a respostas na resistência à insulina, remodelagem do pâncreas e do fígado em um modelo de obesidade induzida por dieta. Camundongos C57BL/6 foram alimentados com uma dieta hiperlipídica (HF) durante oito semanas e depois tratados com alisquireno (50 mg/kg/dia), enalapril (30 mg/kg/dia) ou losartana (10 mg/kg/dia) por um período adicional de seis semanas. As drogas foram incorporadas na dieta. Avaliou-se a massa corporal (MC), pressão arterial, consumo e gasto energético (GE), metabolismo da glicose e lipídico, histopatologia pancreática e hepática, análise hormonal, imunohistoquímica, perfil gênico e/ou proteico do SRA no pâncreas, gliconeogênese hepática, sinalização da insulina, oxidação e acúmulo lipídico. Todos os inibidores do SRA reduziram significativamente o aumento da pressão arterial nos camundongos alimentados com dieta HF. O tratamento com enalapril, mas não alisquireno ou losartana, reduziu o ganho de MC e a ingestão alimentar; aumentou o GE; amenizou a intolerância à glicose e resistência à insulina; melhorou a massa de células alfa e beta; impediu a redução da adiponectina plasmática e restaurou a sensibilidade à leptina. Além disso, o tratamento com enalapril melhorou a expressão proteica nas ilhotas pancreáticas de Pdx1, GLUT2, ECA2 e do receptor Mas. O tratamento com losartana apresentou uma elevação na expressão proteica de AT2R no pâncreas. No fígado, a administração de enalapril atenuou a esteatose hepática, o acúmulo de triglicerídeos e preveniu o aumento dos níveis de PEPCK, G6Pase e do GLUT2. Do mesmo modo, o enalapril melhorou a transdução dos sinais da insulina através da via IRS-1/Akt, bem como reduziu os níveis de expressão gênica e/ou proteica de PPAR-gama, SREBP-1c e FAS. Esses resultados sugerem que a inibição da ECA com enalapril atenuou muitos efeitos deletérios provocados pelo consumo da dieta HF, incluindo: normalização da morfologia e função das ilhotas pancreáticas, proteção contra a resistência à insulina e acúmulo de lipídios no fígado. Estes efeitos protetores do enalapril podem ser atribuídos, principalmente, à redução no ganho de MC e ingestão alimentar, aumento do GE, ativação do eixo ECA2/Ang(1-7)/receptor Mas e dos níveis de adiponectina, o que promove uma melhora na ação hepática da insulina e leptina, normalização da gliconeogênese, amenizando a NAFLD. / The associations between obesity, NAFLD (non-alcoholic fatty liver disease) and diabetes are well established, and the reninangiotensin system (RAS) may provide a link among them. . The blocking of the RAS at different levels may be related to responses on insulin resistance, remodeling of the pancreas and liver in a model of diet-induced obesity. Mice (C57BL/6) were fed on a high-fat (HF) diet for 8 weeks and then treated with aliskiren (50 mg/kg/day), enalapril (30 mg/kg/day) or losartan (10 mg/kg/day) for an additional 6 weeks. The drugs were incorporated into the diet. We assessed body mass (BM), blood pressure, energy intake and expenditure (EE), glucose and lipid metabolism, pancreatic and hepatic histopathology, hormonal analysis, immunohistochemistry, the expression profile of genes and/or proteins affecting pancreas RAS, hepatic gluconeogenesis, insulin signaling and lipid oxidation and accumulation. All RAS inhibitors significantly attenuated the increased blood pressure in mice fed a HF diet. Treatment with enalapril, but not aliskiren or losartan, significantly attenuated BM gain, increased EE, enhanced the glucose intolerance and insulin resistance; improved the alpha and beta cell mass; prevented the reduction of plasma adiponectin and restored leptin sensibility. Furthermore, enalapril treatment improved the protein expression of the pancreatic islet Pdx1, GLUT2, ACE2 and Mas receptors. Losartan treatment showed the greatest AT2R expression in the pancreas. In the liver, the enalapril administration improved hepatic steatosis, triglycerides and prevented the increase hepatic protein levels of PEPCK, G6Pase and GLUT2. Additionally, enalapril improved the deleterious effects on the HF diet by upregulating the signal transduction through the IRS-1/Akt pathway, as well as downregulatin the protein levels and mRNA expression of PPAR-gamma, SREBP-1c and FAS. Our findings indicate that ACE inhibition with enalapril attenuated several of the deleterious effects of the HF diet. In summary, enalapril appears to be responsible for the normalization of islet morphology and function, a protective role against hepatic insulin resistance and lipid accumulation in the liver. These protective effects of enalapril were attributed, primarily, to the reduction in body mass gain and food intake, increasing EE, the enhancement of the ACE2/Ang (1-7)/Mas receptor axis and adiponectin levels, enhancing hepatic insulin action, leptin and gluconeogenesis, and attenuating NAFLD.

O hipertireoidismo é uma patologia epidemiologicamente importante, que afeta o sistema cardiovascular de forma proeminente. O estado hipertireoideo pode afetar o metabolismo basal, consumo de O2 celular, sistema renina angiotensina, assim como, estimular a produção de espécies ativas de oxigênio. Estas alterações produzem consequências morfológicas, funcionais, bioquímicas e moleculares no tecido cardíaco. A hipertrofia cardíaca, decorrente do hipertireoidismo, instala-se devido a uma série de eventos que sinalizam à proliferação e sobrevivência celular, envolvendo as espécies ativas de oxigênio, a ativação do sistema renina angiotensina cardíaco e o sistema nervoso autonômico. Neste estudo, bloqueamos o receptor AT1 da angiotensina II para avaliarmos a influência do sistema renina angiotensina cardíaco sobre o desenvolvimento da hipertrofia cardíaca, a participação do balanço autonômico sobre o coração e o papel das espécies ativas de oxigênio neste processo, em modelo experimental de hipertireoidismo. Para isto, foram utilizados ratos Wistar machos, pesando cerca de 220g, divididos em 4 grupos experimentais: Controle (C), Losartan (L) (10 mg/Kg de peso corporal/dia, 28 dias, sonda intragástrica) , T4 (12mg/L água de beber, 28 dias), e T4+L. Foram avaliados a massa cardíaca, análise espectral do balanço simpato-vagal, a expressão protéica do receptor AT1 da Angiotensina II e da gp91phox, peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2), Nrf-2 e Heme-oxigenase-1 (HO-1) no tecido cardíaco. A hipertrofia cardíaca e o desequilíbrio autonômico induzidos pelo hipertireoidismo foram atenuados no grupo T4+L. Os níveis de H2O2, Nrf-2, gp91phox e HO-1 foram elevados no grupo T4, e significativamente reduzidos no grupo T4+L, quando comparados ao grupo Controle. A expressão protéica do receptor AT1 esteve elevada nos dois grupos hipertireoideos. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que o bloqueio do receptor AT1 promove importante impacto sobre o balanço simpato-vagal e a hipertrofia cardíaca, no hipertireoidismo, sendo as espécies ativas de oxigênio e o sistema Nrf-2/HO-1 possíveis mediadores destas alterações. / Hyperthyroidism is an epidemiologic relevant pathology, which substantially affects the cardiovascular system. The hyperthyroid state may affect basal metabolism, O2 cell consumption, renin-angiotensin system, and increase reactive oxygen species production. Those alterations produce morphological, biochemical, functional and molecular consequences in cardiac tissue. Hyperthyroidism induced cardiac hypertrophy develops due to a set of events, which signals cell survival and proliferation, including reactive oxygen species, cardiac rennin-angiotensin system, and autonomic nervous system. In the present study, the role of cardiac renin-angiotensin system on development of hyperthyroidism induced cardiac hypertrophy, and the involvement of autonomic nervous system and reactive oxygen species, were assessed trough blockade of angiotensin II receptor AT1. For that, were used male Wistar rats, weighting about 220g, divided in 4 experimental groups,: Control (C), Losartan (L) (10mg/Kg body weight/day, 28 days, intragastric probe), T4 (12mg/L L-thyroxin in drinking water, 28 days), and T4+L. Cardiac mass, spectral analysis (autonomic balance), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and myocardial protein expression of angiotensin II receptor (AT1), NADPH oxidase, Nrf-2, and heme-oxygenase-1 (HO-1), were quantified. Cardiac hypertrophy and autonomic umbalance induced by thyroid hormones were attenuated in the T4+losartan group. The H2O2, as well as Nrf-2, gp91phox, AT1 and HO-1 immunocontent were elevated in T4 group. All these effects were attenuated by losartan, except AT1 levels. The overall results suggest that blockade of AT1 receptor lead to relevant impact on autonomic balance and cardiac hypertrophy, being ROS and Nrf-2/ HO-1 system possible mediators in this alterations in experimental hyperthyroidism.

O hipertireoidismo é uma patologia epidemiologicamente importante, que afeta o sistema cardiovascular de forma proeminente. O estado hipertireoideo pode afetar o metabolismo basal, consumo de O2 celular, sistema renina angiotensina, assim como, estimular a produção de espécies ativas de oxigênio. Estas alterações produzem consequências morfológicas, funcionais, bioquímicas e moleculares no tecido cardíaco. A hipertrofia cardíaca, decorrente do hipertireoidismo, instala-se devido a uma série de eventos que sinalizam à proliferação e sobrevivência celular, envolvendo as espécies ativas de oxigênio, a ativação do sistema renina angiotensina cardíaco e o sistema nervoso autonômico. Neste estudo, bloqueamos o receptor AT1 da angiotensina II para avaliarmos a influência do sistema renina angiotensina cardíaco sobre o desenvolvimento da hipertrofia cardíaca, a participação do balanço autonômico sobre o coração e o papel das espécies ativas de oxigênio neste processo, em modelo experimental de hipertireoidismo. Para isto, foram utilizados ratos Wistar machos, pesando cerca de 220g, divididos em 4 grupos experimentais: Controle (C), Losartan (L) (10 mg/Kg de peso corporal/dia, 28 dias, sonda intragástrica) , T4 (12mg/L água de beber, 28 dias), e T4+L. Foram avaliados a massa cardíaca, análise espectral do balanço simpato-vagal, a expressão protéica do receptor AT1 da Angiotensina II e da gp91phox, peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2), Nrf-2 e Heme-oxigenase-1 (HO-1) no tecido cardíaco. A hipertrofia cardíaca e o desequilíbrio autonômico induzidos pelo hipertireoidismo foram atenuados no grupo T4+L. Os níveis de H2O2, Nrf-2, gp91phox e HO-1 foram elevados no grupo T4, e significativamente reduzidos no grupo T4+L, quando comparados ao grupo Controle. A expressão protéica do receptor AT1 esteve elevada nos dois grupos hipertireoideos. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que o bloqueio do receptor AT1 promove importante impacto sobre o balanço simpato-vagal e a hipertrofia cardíaca, no hipertireoidismo, sendo as espécies ativas de oxigênio e o sistema Nrf-2/HO-1 possíveis mediadores destas alterações. / Hyperthyroidism is an epidemiologic relevant pathology, which substantially affects the cardiovascular system. The hyperthyroid state may affect basal metabolism, O2 cell consumption, renin-angiotensin system, and increase reactive oxygen species production. Those alterations produce morphological, biochemical, functional and molecular consequences in cardiac tissue. Hyperthyroidism induced cardiac hypertrophy develops due to a set of events, which signals cell survival and proliferation, including reactive oxygen species, cardiac rennin-angiotensin system, and autonomic nervous system. In the present study, the role of cardiac renin-angiotensin system on development of hyperthyroidism induced cardiac hypertrophy, and the involvement of autonomic nervous system and reactive oxygen species, were assessed trough blockade of angiotensin II receptor AT1. For that, were used male Wistar rats, weighting about 220g, divided in 4 experimental groups,: Control (C), Losartan (L) (10mg/Kg body weight/day, 28 days, intragastric probe), T4 (12mg/L L-thyroxin in drinking water, 28 days), and T4+L. Cardiac mass, spectral analysis (autonomic balance), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and myocardial protein expression of angiotensin II receptor (AT1), NADPH oxidase, Nrf-2, and heme-oxygenase-1 (HO-1), were quantified. Cardiac hypertrophy and autonomic umbalance induced by thyroid hormones were attenuated in the T4+losartan group. The H2O2, as well as Nrf-2, gp91phox, AT1 and HO-1 immunocontent were elevated in T4 group. All these effects were attenuated by losartan, except AT1 levels. The overall results suggest that blockade of AT1 receptor lead to relevant impact on autonomic balance and cardiac hypertrophy, being ROS and Nrf-2/ HO-1 system possible mediators in this alterations in experimental hyperthyroidism.

A vasodilatação promovida pela triiodotironina (T3) ocorre por sua ação direta sobre o relaxamento das células musculares lisas vasculares (CMLV), porém os mecanismos envolvidos são desconhecidos. Neste estudo mostramos que o T3 rapidamente relaxa as CMLV através da geração de óxido nítrico (NO), via óxido nítrico sintase neuronal e induzível (nNOS e iNOS), efeitos mediados pela sinalização PI3K/Akt. Ensaios funcionais em aortas sem endotélio, incubados com T3, mostraram menor resposta contrátil a Fenilefrina (FE), efeito este revertido pelo L-NAME, inibidor da NOS. Aortas de ratos hipertiroideos apresentaram aumento do receptor de Angiotensina II (AngII) do tipo 2 (AT2), acompanhado de diminuição de proteínas contráteis. In vitro o T3 diminui estas proteínas contráteis via AT2. Aortas sem endotélio dos ratos hipertiroideos apresentaram menor reatividade a AngII e maior relaxamento ao nitroprussiato de sódio (NPS), efeitos estes mediados via AT2. Por fim, observamos que o T3 é capaz de induzir produção de NO nas CMLV via PI3K/Akt, a qual é ativada pelo AT2 / 3,3\',5-triiodo-l-thyronine (T3) has been shown to induce vasodilation by its direct effect on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). However, the mechanism by which T3 causes VSMC relaxation is still unknown. Here, we have shown that T3 causes rapid relaxation of VSMC via increased NO production from inducible and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS). We further showed that these effects were mediated by PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Vascular reactivity studies showed that endothelium-denuded aortas treated with T3 had a decreased response to phenylephrine which was reserved by L-NAME, NOS inhibitors. Aortas from hyperthyroid rats showed an upregulation of AT2 accompanied by decreased of contractile proteins. In vitro we observed that T3 decreases contractile proteins via AT2. Furthermore, endothelium-denuded aortas from hyperthyroid rats showed a decreased response to angiotensinII and augmented relaxation to sodium nitroprusside (SNP) via AT2 participation. Our data also suggests that PI3K/Akt signaling pathway is involved in T3-induced NO production in VSMC via AT2.

Estudamos se a sobrecarga salina leva ao aumento de neoíntima em vasos submetidos à lesão e avaliamos a participação do sistema renina-angiotensina neste processo. Usamos camundongos C57Bl6 machos tratados por 2 ou 12 semanas com NaCl 1% para beber ou água (grupos cont, sal2 e sal12), submetidos à lesão vascular. O grupo sal12 aumentou a lesão vascular e alterou a relação de fibras colágenas, com exacerbação de deposição colágena na lesão vascular, e a relação entre as angiotensinas II e (1-7) vasculares, com aumento de Ang (1-7) e sem redução de ang II após a lesão. Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que a sobrecarga salina aumenta a neoíntima nas artérias com lesão e altera a relação entre angiotensinas II e (1-7) de forma possivelmente propiciar o aumento de relação íntima/média observado. / We studied if salt overload leads to an increase in neointima in injured arteries, and evaluate the involvement of the renin-angiotensin in this process. Were used C57Bl6 male mice treated for 2 or 12 weeks with 1% NaCl to drink or water (cont, sal2 sal12 groups) submitted to vascular injury. The group sal12 increased vascular injury and altered the relationship of collagen fibers, with exacerbation of collagen deposition in the vascular injury, and the relationship between vascular angiotensin II and (1-7), with an increase of Ang (1-7) and no reduction of Ang II after injury. The results indicate that salt overload increases neointima in injured arteries, and modifies the relationship between angiotensin II and (1-7), possibly providing the increase in intima/media ratio observed.