The New York Public Library's Central Building, constructed just over a century ago, is in the midst of a major renovation. The Library's trustees have asked the architects at Foster + Partners to imagine the space currently occupied by the research collections' closed book stacks as a new, publicly accessible, circulating library. The administration's public relations strategy glosses over the meaning of this architectural reinterpretation, selling the renovation plan with only carefully selected historical facts and opinions that show support for the project. However, this narrative is deceiving; it oversimplifies the issues at stake. Both the broader New York Public Library system and Central Library in particular have an incredibly complex history. The influences that shaped the decision to build the 42nd Street building, its design and construction, and subsequent adaptations over the past century demonstrate an important relationship between the objectives of the institution and the Central Library's architectural form. Therefore, beneath the rhetoric of the renovation, beyond the positive inclusion of a main circulating branch in the central building, lies the decision to remove a large portion of the circulating collection from the center of the stronghold built to house it. This decision undermines the unique structure of the New York Public Library as one of the world's premier research institutions, removing the heart of the building.

Pastatų atnaujinimas (modernizavimas) yra viena iš prioritetinių ES sanglaudos politikos sričių. Augančios energinių išteklių kainos bei higienos normų netenkinanti gyvenamoji, darbo ir poilsio aplinka skatina visuomenę labiau domėtis ir aktyviau dalyvauti pastatų atnaujinimo procese. Disertacijos tikslas – sukurti teorinį pastatų atnaujinimo efektyvumo vertinimo modelį, pagrįstą daugiatiksliais sprendimo priėmimo metodais, bei jį praktiškai pritaikyti naudojant visuomeninės paskirties pastatų tyrimų, atliktų prieš ir po atnaujinimo, rezultatus. Disertaciją sudaro įvadas, trys skyriai, bendrosios išvados, literatūros ir šaltinių bei autoriaus publikacijų disertacijos tema sąrašai, santrauka anglų kalba ir trys priedai. Įvade formuluojama problema, aprašomas darbo aktualumas, tyrimų objektas, įvardijamas darbo tikslas bei uždaviniai, pateikiama tyrimų metodika, darbo mokslinis naujumas, darbo rezultatų praktinė reikšmė, ginamieji teiginiai. Įvado pabaigoje pristatomos disertacijos tema autoriaus paskelbtos publikacijos ir pranešimai konferencijose bei pateikiama disertacijos struktūra. Pirmasis skyrius yra skirtas literatūros (mokslinių publikacijų ir teisės aktų) analizei. Jame pateiktas statinių klasifikavimas pagal paskirtį ir pastatų atnaujinimą lemiantys veiksniai, atlikta visuomeninės paskirties pastatų atnaujinimo analizė, pateikta daugiatikslio sprendimo priėmimo sąvoka ir daugiatikslių sprendimo priėmimo metodų klasifikacija, aprašytas daugiatikslių metodų pritaikymas... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Renovation (modernisation) of buildings is one of the priority areas of EU cohesion policy. Growing prices for energy resources as well as living, working and leisure environments that do not conform to requirements of hygiene norms encourage the public to take more efforts towards participation in the process of building renovation. The dissertation aim to create a theoretical model for the assessment of efficiency of building renovation based on multi-attribute decision making methods and use it in practice with results of investigations made on public buildings (kindergartens) before and after renovation. The dissertation comprises an introduction, three chapters, general conclusions, lists of literature, resources and publications of the author on the topic of the dissertation, abstract in English and three annexes. The introduction specifies the problem, describes the relevance of the paper, the research object, aim and objectives as well as methodology of the research, its novelty, practical significance of results, and defended statements. Finally, it lists publications and conference presentations produced by the author on the topic of the dissertation and presents its structure. Chapter one is dedicated for literature (scientific publications and legislative acts) analysis. It provides classification of structures according to their intended use and lists factors determining renovation of buildings; describes the analysis into renovation of public buildings; presents... [to full text]

Housing renovation is a major activity for many consumers in Australia, and its growing popularity in recent years has been reflected not only by it share in GDP but also by publicity it receives via home exhibitions and numerous TV renovation shows. Despite this, and despite similar experiences in other countries, research on how decisions in this sector are made is still quite sparse, a major restraint being the limitation of secondary data. This thesis attempts to improve knowledge in this area while at the same time exploring the feasibility and benefits of doing applied economic research in a pluralistic manner. From the perspective of mainstream economics, individuals’ decision-making in the context of renovation can be modelled in terms of utility/profit maximization subject to a budget constraint. The literature that has attempted to follow this research strategy is reviewed in Chapter 2, as is research undertaken in sociology that has been partly informed by behavioural economics. The economic literature fails to recognize the possible importance of social influence and psychological factors in this context. This could be unfortunate, as these factors, which are seen as important in some other economic paradigms, may explain how some renovators get derailed from rational decision-making. The methodology of pluralism offers a way to bridge between these divergent arguments by keeping mainstream insights in mind whilst at the same time adopting an ‘open-minded’ rather than ‘autistic’ attitudes towards different paradigms and embracing ‘realistic’ aspects (e.g. limits to individuals’ rational behaviours) rather than assuming them away. Chapter 3 examines the case for pluralism and shows that although debate in economics is often couched in terms of a battle between fundamentally opposed ‘mainstream’ and ‘heterodox’ views, a deeper analysis of sub-paradigms reveals a complex web of partially overlapping core ideas. Once this richer view of schools of thought in economics is recognized, orthodox economics and heterodox economics are not necessarily incompatible but rather seem potentially complementary. Despite renovation being a popular topic in Australia, relevant micro-data regarding individuals’ choices and their social and psychological attitudes towards renovation are in short supply. Therefore, unlike most previous renovation studies using published secondary data, this study involved the collection of primary data by a survey mailed to a sample of Brisbane residents in late 2006 and early 2007. Chapter 4 explains this choice of method, which provided data on respondents’ decision-making regarding renovation, their demographics, and social and psychological factors. This data set was used to analyse the following four topics: individuals’ decision to renovate or not (Chapter 5); renovators’ choice between using their own labour (DIY) or outsourcing the work (Chapter 6); psychographic segments of ‘non-renovators’, ‘DIY-renovators’ and ‘Hire-renovators’ (renovators who outsource the work) (Chapter 7); and factors shaping renovators’ tendencies to engage in overcapitalization and cost escalation in their renovation projects (Chapter 8). The pluralistic philosophy is applied in an addition way to analyse these issues, since the study used a variety of statistical techniques. The empirical results reveal that this dual form of pluralism—involving theoretical inputs from a variety of paradigms (including both ‘old’ and ‘new’ behavioural economics, socio-economics and others) and a variety of analytical techniques (cluster analysis, logistic regression and others)—does indeed widen our understanding of this topic. Generally speaking, the empirical finding stresses the importance of psychological factors in the context of individuals’ decision-making on renovation. In analysing individuals’ decisions to renovate or not, it is shown that, besides conventional factors (such as age of respondents), the psychological factor ‘perceived self-performance in renovation’ is crucial: individuals are more likely to embrace renovation if they perceive highly their ability to handle the renovation process. In exploring renovators’ decisions to engage in do-it-yourself (DIY) or hire others to do the work in their latest renovation projects, besides factors such as the scope of the project and renovators’ capabilities, the psychological factor ‘trust in contractors’ plays an important role: renovators are more likely to choose to use their own labour if they are uncertain about contractors’ reliability while those who outsource renovation works are in general more trusting than those who engage in DIY. The exploratory psychographic analysis of heterogeneous groups within each of the three groups (non-renovators, DIY-renovators and Hire-renovators) indicates the necessity of recognizing the heterogeneity the population when designing policies to improve the efficiency of the renovation market. In the investigation of renovators’ mistakes that lead to overcapitalization and cost escalation, psychological factors did not show their expected strong influences on either of these phenomena. However, it was found that the factors related to the project itself, especially the scope of the project (approximated by ‘time spent on preparation’) and the age of house, influence renovators’ overcapitalized spending and the extent of their cost escalation.

Housing renovation is a major activity for many consumers in Australia, and its growing popularity in recent years has been reflected not only by it share in GDP but also by publicity it receives via home exhibitions and numerous TV renovation shows. Despite this, and despite similar experiences in other countries, research on how decisions in this sector are made is still quite sparse, a major restraint being the limitation of secondary data. This thesis attempts to improve knowledge in this area while at the same time exploring the feasibility and benefits of doing applied economic research in a pluralistic manner. From the perspective of mainstream economics, individuals’ decision-making in the context of renovation can be modelled in terms of utility/profit maximization subject to a budget constraint. The literature that has attempted to follow this research strategy is reviewed in Chapter 2, as is research undertaken in sociology that has been partly informed by behavioural economics. The economic literature fails to recognize the possible importance of social influence and psychological factors in this context. This could be unfortunate, as these factors, which are seen as important in some other economic paradigms, may explain how some renovators get derailed from rational decision-making. The methodology of pluralism offers a way to bridge between these divergent arguments by keeping mainstream insights in mind whilst at the same time adopting an ‘open-minded’ rather than ‘autistic’ attitudes towards different paradigms and embracing ‘realistic’ aspects (e.g. limits to individuals’ rational behaviours) rather than assuming them away. Chapter 3 examines the case for pluralism and shows that although debate in economics is often couched in terms of a battle between fundamentally opposed ‘mainstream’ and ‘heterodox’ views, a deeper analysis of sub-paradigms reveals a complex web of partially overlapping core ideas. Once this richer view of schools of thought in economics is recognized, orthodox economics and heterodox economics are not necessarily incompatible but rather seem potentially complementary. Despite renovation being a popular topic in Australia, relevant micro-data regarding individuals’ choices and their social and psychological attitudes towards renovation are in short supply. Therefore, unlike most previous renovation studies using published secondary data, this study involved the collection of primary data by a survey mailed to a sample of Brisbane residents in late 2006 and early 2007. Chapter 4 explains this choice of method, which provided data on respondents’ decision-making regarding renovation, their demographics, and social and psychological factors. This data set was used to analyse the following four topics: individuals’ decision to renovate or not (Chapter 5); renovators’ choice between using their own labour (DIY) or outsourcing the work (Chapter 6); psychographic segments of ‘non-renovators’, ‘DIY-renovators’ and ‘Hire-renovators’ (renovators who outsource the work) (Chapter 7); and factors shaping renovators’ tendencies to engage in overcapitalization and cost escalation in their renovation projects (Chapter 8). The pluralistic philosophy is applied in an addition way to analyse these issues, since the study used a variety of statistical techniques. The empirical results reveal that this dual form of pluralism—involving theoretical inputs from a variety of paradigms (including both ‘old’ and ‘new’ behavioural economics, socio-economics and others) and a variety of analytical techniques (cluster analysis, logistic regression and others)—does indeed widen our understanding of this topic. Generally speaking, the empirical finding stresses the importance of psychological factors in the context of individuals’ decision-making on renovation. In analysing individuals’ decisions to renovate or not, it is shown that, besides conventional factors (such as age of respondents), the psychological factor ‘perceived self-performance in renovation’ is crucial: individuals are more likely to embrace renovation if they perceive highly their ability to handle the renovation process. In exploring renovators’ decisions to engage in do-it-yourself (DIY) or hire others to do the work in their latest renovation projects, besides factors such as the scope of the project and renovators’ capabilities, the psychological factor ‘trust in contractors’ plays an important role: renovators are more likely to choose to use their own labour if they are uncertain about contractors’ reliability while those who outsource renovation works are in general more trusting than those who engage in DIY. The exploratory psychographic analysis of heterogeneous groups within each of the three groups (non-renovators, DIY-renovators and Hire-renovators) indicates the necessity of recognizing the heterogeneity the population when designing policies to improve the efficiency of the renovation market. In the investigation of renovators’ mistakes that lead to overcapitalization and cost escalation, psychological factors did not show their expected strong influences on either of these phenomena. However, it was found that the factors related to the project itself, especially the scope of the project (approximated by ‘time spent on preparation’) and the age of house, influence renovators’ overcapitalized spending and the extent of their cost escalation.

abstract: Mid-Century ranch house architecture and design is significant to the architectural landscape of the Phoenix Metropolitan Area. The increasing age of the city's post-WWII properties is creating a need for renovation and rehabilitation, and new technologies have created modern conveniences for today's homeowners, changing interior space plan requirements. These homeowners will need guidance to alter these properties correctly and to preserve the home's essential features. This thesis analyzes the design trends and materials used during the mid-twentieth century, and demonstrates methods for applying them to a current renovation project. The research outlined in this document proves that it is possible to maintain historic integrity, include "Green" design strategies, and apply contemporary technology to a modern ranch renovation. / M.S.D. Architecture 2010

A presente dissertação tem como objetivo comparar os critérios da tomada de decisão dos administradores de hotéis em manter ou renovar seus hotéis, este estudo de caso exploratório observou os hotéis operados por cadeias hoteleiras e os hotéis administrados de forma independente. Através da revisão da literatura se estabeleceu que o produto hoteleiro é composto pelo prédio do hotel: suas instalações físicas, suas facilidades e pelos serviços prestados aos seus hóspedes. Abordou a possibilidade do negócio hoteleiro ser observado por duas óticas distintas, uma do investidor imobiliário e outra do operador hoteleiro, que buscam diferentes formas de remunerar o capital investido. As experiências vivenciadas pelos hóspedes, quando da utilização do hotel, podem ser positivas ou negativas e se observa que a manutenção hoteleira somente é percebida por sensações negativas, ou seja, quando o hóspede percebe a falha de algum equipamento. Para evitar estes momentos e manter o padrão de qualidade de seus empreendimentos, os hoteleiros precisam reinvestir continuamente em seu hotel, por isso estes gastos podem ocorrer tanto na conservação quanto na renovação do produto hoteleiro. A previsão financeira, para realização destas necessidades foram definidas como fundo de reposição de ativo, também conhecido como custo de manutenção da competitividade. A pesquisa analisou quatro hotéis executivos, da cidade de Porto de Alegre, no segundo semestre de 2013. Foram entrevistados os administradores dos hotéis que obtiveram o melhor e o pior desempenho de cada tipo de administração hoteleira, definidos através da média aritmética de dois sites de avaliação de hotéis. O estudo de caso comparativo teve duas etapas, na primeira foram comparados os hotéis do mesmo tipo de administração e na segunda foi realizado o estudo de caso comparativo entre os dois tipos de administração, hotel de rede e hotel independente, através do qual se constatou que o maior problema enfrentado pelos administradores é a execução do planejamento da manutenção do padrão de qualidade. Também foi verificada a dificuldade de integrar as ações de preservação do hotel ao planejamento do padrão, mas a deficiência presente em todos os hotéis participantes foi a tomada de decisão de quando se deve iniciar a modernização do hotel. / The present research aimed to compare the criteria used by the hotel managers to decide between keeping or renewing their hotels. This exploratory case study observed the hotels operated by hotel chains and hotels operated independently. The literature review established that the hotel service is compounded by the physical installation and facilities of the hotel and by the services provided to guests. Furthermore, it approached two views of the hotel business, one from the real estate investor and another by the hotel operator, who are both seeking different ways to profit from the invested capital. The experiences lived by the guests in the hotel can be negative or positive. Hotel maintenance is only noticed by the guests as a negative experience since it is only seen in correlation with flaws from some equipment. To avoid these moments and to keep the quality of the enterprise, the hotel manager needs to continually reinvest in the hotel, and these expenses happen both in maintenance and in hotel product renovation. The financial prediction for the achievement of these necessities was defined as asset replacement fund, also known as cost of competitiveness maintenance. The research analyzed four executive hotels from the city of Porto Alegre, in the second semester of 2013. Interviews were made with the managers from the hotels that obtained the best and the worst performance in each type of hotel management, according to the arythmetic averages of two hotel evaluation websites. The comparative case study had two stages and approached two types of hotel management – hotel chain and independent hotel. On the first stage, the hotels with the same kind of management were compared. On the second stage, hotels with different types of management were compared. It was found that the greatest problem faced by the managers is to execute the plan of quality standard maintenance. It was also observed the difficulty of integrating the hotel maintenance actions to the standard planning. However, the deficiency presented in all the interviewed hotels was the decision making about when the hotel upgrading should be initiated.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-02-15Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:54:46Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 gonzales_kp_me_assis.pdf: 605834 bytes, checksum: 35aec44467477d343ace273659dd711a (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / O objetivo do presente trabalho foi compreender a trajetória histórica das práticas da Renovação Carismática Católica (RCC) no Brasil. Para tanto abordamos a relação entre a RCC e a hierarquia católica brasileira, focalizando nas práticas carismáticas os elementos que geraram tensão e os que possibilitaram a acomodação desse movimento no corpo eclesiástico. Também procuramos situar as práticas carismáticas no campo religioso para mapear as continuidades e as rupturas que têm instaurado no catolicismo brasileiro. Elas rompem com a tolerância católica em relação à vivência simultânea das práticas do catolicismo e das práticas de outras religiões, exigindo do adepto uma adesão exclusiva; mas continuam apresentando em sua constituição a possessão e o transe, recorrentes no campo religioso brasileiro. Este estudo aborda ainda as estratégias da RCC na televisão, que se contrapõem aos valores seculares transmitidos pelas emissoras de televisão comerciais e à ofensiva eletrônica das igrejas pentecostais. / This study aim was to comprehend the historical trajectory of the Catholic Charismatic Renovation (RCC) in Brazil. It was analyzed the relation between the RCC and the catholic Brazilian hierarchy, focusing in the charismatic practices the elements that promoted tension and the ones that made possible the accommodation of this movement in the ecclesiastic body. It was also intended to locate the charismatic practices in the religion field to catalogue he continuities and the ruptures that they have established in the Brazilian Catholicism. The charismatic practices violate with the catholic tolerance related to the simultaneous existence of the Catholicism and other religious practices, demanding of the disciple an exclusive adhesion; but they continue showing in their constitution the possession and the transe, extremely usual in the religious Brazilian field. It was also examined the strategies of he RCC in television, which opposed to the secular values broadcasted by merchandise television channels and the Pentecostal Churches electronics offensive.

Le secteur tertiaire représente une source potentielle d'économie incontournable pour parvenir à réduire la dépendance énergétique de la France. Le taux de renouvellement du parc immobilier Français étant relativement faible, un effort doit être porté sur l'existant. Dans ces travaux, nous étudions un procédé innovant de rénovation par l'intérieur, dont l'élément principal est une paroi ventilée multifonctionnelle, assurant l'isolation, l'émission de chaleur basse température ainsi que la finition des surfaces murales. Les premiers travaux sur cette paroi ventilée furent menés sur un prototype dimensionné _a l'aide d'un modèle numérique simplifié. Deux séries d'expériences menées dans une cellule climatique nous ont permis de quantifier les flux de chaleur à travers le système. Le bon fonctionnement de la paroi ventilée repose sur les mécanismes de convection naturelle dans un canal vertical. Les résultats issus du prototype ont montré la présence de phénomènes complexes intervenant au sein de l'écoulement. Nous avons donc choisi d'étudier plus en détails les phénomènes thermoconvectifs dans un système du type source chaude/cheminée avant de poursuivre l'étude sur le système global. Une étude théorique et une expérience ont été menées sur un cas académique du problème. A l'issue des résultats expérimentaux, nous avons observé plusieurs régimes d'écoulements, dépendants du rapport de forme du canal et du nombre de Richardson en sortie. Enfin, nous proposons un modèle analytique de la paroi ventilée comprenant l'ensemble des variables géométriques influentes. Ce modèle a été implémenté dans l'environnement de simulation Trnsys, dans la perspective d'effectuer des simulations annuelles à l'échelle du bâtiment. / In France, energy consumption due to buildings heating is an important part of the global primary energy consumption. The tertiary sector represents an unavoidable source of economy in order to reduce energy dependency of France. The turnover of French real estate being relatively low, an effort must be focused on the existing. In this work, we investigate on an innovative process of internal thermal renovation, whose main element is a multifunctional ventilated wall, providing insulation, low temperature heat emission and the wall surfaces finishing. The first works on this ventilated wall were conducted on a prototype designed using a simplified numerical model. Two series of experiments conducted in a climatic cell allowed us to quantify the heat flow through the system. The smooth functioning of the ventilated wall is based on the natural convection in a vertical channel and the results from the prototype showed the presence of complex phenomena within the flow. We therefore chose to study in detail the thermoconvective phenomena in a chimney-like system before continuing the study of the overall component. A theoretical study and PIV experiment were conducted on an academic case of the problem. At the end of the experimental results, we observed several flow regimes, depending on the channel aspect ratio and the outlet Richardson number. Finally, we propose an analytical model of the ventilated wall including all influential geometrical variables. This model has been implemented in the simulation environment Trnsys with the perspective to make annual simulations on a building scale.

Nous passons la majeure partie de notre vie dans des bâtiments. Ces derniers ont été construits, pour la plupart, avant les chocs pétroliers de 1974 et 1979, et offrent une performance énergétique médiocre ainsi que des conditions de confort (thermique, acoustique, éclairement naturel) largement améliorables. En France, avec 32 millions de logements et un taux de renouvellement annuel du parc existant inférieur à 1 %, la rénovation énergétique des logements devient une nécessité. Cela, autant pour des raisons politiques (indépendances énergétiques), économiques (relance des emplois de la construction, valorisation du patrimoine), sociales (bien-être des occupants, lutte contre la précarité), qu'environnementales (diminutions des émissions des gaz à effet de serre). Ce travail de thèse vise à proposer des connaissances ainsi qu'une méthodologie afin de contribuer à l'aide à la décision pour la prescription de scénarios d'amélioration énergétique efficaces des maisons individuelles construites durant la période 1945-1974. Trois problématiques sont mises en avant dans cette recherche. 1) l'intégration de l'approche globale (systémique et multicritère) de la rénovation afin d'éviter des contre-performances collatérales dues à des mauvais choix ; 2) l'aide à la formalisation des préférences des propriétaires-occupants (notre maîtrise d'ouvrage) dans un format interprétable par des outils d'analyses multicritères ; 3) l'intégration des incertitudes liées à la caractérisation des bâtiments existants dans le processus d'élaboration des scénarios et d'aide à la décision. À travers une description systémique des bâtiments et une évaluation multicritères des performances des actions d'amélioration retenues, nous proposons une méthodologie innovante, constituée de 6 sous-modèles techniques modulables et interchangeables, qui vise à automatiser le processus de construction, d'évaluation et de hiérarchisation performantielle de scénarios de rénovation. Le cœur de notre méthodologie est basé sur la formalisation de l'expertise métier des spécialistes du bâtiment dans deux de nos 6 sous-modèles. Le premier est une matrice d'influence permettant de passer des enjeux de rénovation les plus courants (équivalent aux préférences exprimées par la maîtrise d'ouvrage) en profil de poids relatifs et profil de niveaux-cibles de performance sur les indicateurs modélisés. Le second, est un outil d'inférence probabiliste (utilisant la technologie des réseaux bayésiens) permettant à la fois d'optimiser les assemblages d'actions d'amélioration (programmation par contraintes successives) et de réaliser une évaluation multicritère de ces assemblages (par l'usage de fonctions d'agrégation de performances locales). Un sixième et dernier sous-modèle utilise les méthodes de surclassement ELECTRE pour trier et classer les alternatives de rénovation préalablement générées par ordre de préférence. Notre méthodologie offre enfin la possibilité de laisser l'utilisateur tester ses propres scénarios d'amélioration énergétique afin d'analyser leurs performances multicritères et leur compatibilité avec les caractéristiques de l'existant capitalisées lors du diagnostic technique d'une opération. La méthodologie développée se veut pédagogique et transposable dans un prototype d'outil informatique fonctionnel. Une première version a été développée et utilisée pour appliquer notre processus d'aide à la décision à un cas réel de maison individuelle à rénover. Les premiers résultats obtenus sont cohérents et permettent de valider la démarche. Néanmoins, il faut garder à l'esprit que comme tout modèle utilisant des connaissances expertes, sa robustesse et la limite de validité de son périmètre d'application dépendent de la qualité du savoir métier capitalisé. / We spend most of our lives in buildings. These were built mostly before the oil shocks of 1974 and 1979 and offer both poor energy performances and improvable comfort conditions (thermal, acoustic, natural lighting). In France, with 32 million units and an annual turnover of less than 1% of the existing building stock, the energy renovation of housing becomes a necessity. This, as much for political ends (energy dependence), economic reasons (revival of construction jobs, real-estate valorisation), social reasons (wellbeing of occupants), as environmental reasons (reduction of greenhouse gas emissions). This thesis aims to provide knowledge and a methodology to contribute to the decision support for prescribing efficient energy renovation scenarios of houses built during the 1945-1974 period. Three issues are highlighted in this research work: 1) the integration of an holistic approach of renovation process (systemic and multi-criteria) to avoid not foreseen collateral effects due to bad choices; 2) help formalize the preferences of decision-takers (homeowners) in a format interpretable by multi-criteria analysis tools; 3) integration of uncertainties related to the characterization of existing buildings in the process of scenarios generation and decision support. Through a systemic description of buildings and a multi-criteria performance assessment of formerly identified renovation actions, we propose an innovative methodology, consisted of 6 modular and interchangeable technical sub-models, which aims to automate the generation, assessment, optimization and performance-based ranking of renovation scenarios. The heart of the methodology is based on the formalization of renovation knowledge from construction specialists in two of our six sub-models. The first one is an influence matrix that we use to translate most common renovation goals (equivalent to the wishes expressed by homeowners) into a profile of relative weights and a profile of targeted-levels of performance on indicators modelled. The second one is a probabilistic inference tool (using the technology of bayesian networks) to both optimize assemblies of renovation actions (programming by successive constraints) and achieve multi-criteria evaluation of these assemblies (by the use of aggregation functions of local performances). A sixth and final sub-model uses the ELECTRE outranking methods to sort and classify, by preference order, renovation scenarios previously generated. At last, our methodology provides the ability to let users test their own energy renovation scenarios in order to analyze their multi-criteria performances and compatibility with the characteristics of the existing capitalized during the technical diagnosis of their building. The methodology proposed is intended to be educational and transposable into a functional computer system prototype. A first version was developed and used to apply our decision process to a real case of individual house to renovate. First results obtained are consistent and allow validating the approach. However, keep in mind that like any model using expert knowledge, robustness and validity limit of its scope of application depend on the quality of knowledge work capitalized.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:39:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 235164 bytes, checksum: 4dd67df30c30ad3b3aa5a522b1503c77 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-18 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The integrated crop livestock farming system is an important training and renovation of degraded pastures. However, lack technical information about physiological and sanitary quality of the forage seeds and sowing methods have been suggested as causes of failure in some fields. This work aimed to evaluate the effects of treatment of seeds of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandú with the insecticide fipronil (with and without treatment) associated with plant densities (2.0, 4.0, 6.0 and 8.0 kg ha-1 seed) in three tillage systems. Each cropping system was an experiment. In the first experiment was sown with Brachiaria drill multiple, specific for planting small seeds in the rows of corn at depths of two to three inches. In experiment II, the seeds of Brachiaria were mixed with fertilizer used in corn planting, they were deposited at a depth of four inches, distributed along the profile of the furrow. In experiment III, Brachiaria was sown broadcast on the plot after corn sowing. The variables evaluated were dry plants of B. brizantha and maize, the forage ground cover, plant height and number of spikes per plant and grain yield of maize. After the corn harvest the entire experimental area was grazed by cattle until the end of September (beginning of rains), becoming then cleared to a uniform cutting height of Brachiaria. Twenty days after this mowing evaluated the production of herbage and soil cover by B. brizantha. It was concluded that treatment of the forage seeds as fipronil was important only for the seeding set. Seeder for planting with multiple or mixed with seed to fertilizer, the highest forage yield occurred at 365 days after planting, using a 2.0 kg ha-1 seed. While in most broadcast seeding forage yield occurred with 8.0 kg ha-1. However it is noteworthy that all seeding rates Brachiaria above 2 kg ha-1 in the three tillage systems, negatively affecting the productivity of maize. / A integração lavoura pecuária é um sistema de cultivo importante na formação e na renovação das pastagens degradadas. No entanto, a falta informações técnicas sobre qualidade fisiológica e sanitária das sementes da forrageira e dos métodos de semeadura têm sido apontados como causas do insucesso em algumas lavouras. Neste trabalho objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos do tratamento das sementes da Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandú com o inseticida fipronil (com e sem tratamento) associado a densidades de semeadura (2,0; 4,0; 6,0 e 8,0 kg ha-1 de sementes), em três sistemas de plantio. Cada sistema de plantio constituiu um experimento. No experimento I, a braquiária foi semeada com semeadora múltipla, específica para plantio de sementes pequenas na linha do milho nas profundidades de dois a três centímetros. No experimento II, as sementes de braquiária foram misturadas ao fertilizante usado no plantio do milho, elas foram depositadas na profundidade de até dez centímetros, distribuídas ao longo do perfil do sulco de plantio. No experimento III, a braquiária foi semeada a lanço na parcela após a semeadura do milho. As variáveis avaliadas foram matéria seca de plantas de B. brizantha e de milho, cobertura do solo pela forrageira, altura plantas e número de espigas por planta e produtividade de grãos do milho. Após a colheita do milho toda a área experimental foi pastoreada por bovinos até final de setembro (início das chuvas), fazendo-se em seguida uma roçada para uniformização da altura de corte da braquiária. Vinte dias após essa roçada avaliou-se a produção de matéria seca de forragem e a cobertura do solo pela B. brizantha. Concluiu-se que o tratamento das sementes da forrageira como fipronil foi importante somente para o semeio a lanço. Para o plantio com semeadora múltipla ou com sementes misturadas ao fertilizante, a maior produtividade de forragem ocorreu aos 365 dias após o plantio, com uso de 2,0 kg ha-1 de sementes. Enquanto que na semeadura a lanço a maior produtividade de forragem ocorreu com 8,0 kg ha-1. Todavia é importante salientar que todas as densidades de semeadura de braquiária acima de 2 kg ha-1, nos três sistemas de plantio, afetaram negativamente a produtividade de milho.