Práce se zabývá problematikou dobývání renty. Konkrétně vymezuje teoretická východiska dobývání renty a analyzuje jednotlivé způsoby ovlivňování vládních představitelů, převážně lobbying a korupci. Odpovídá na otázku, v čem spočívají neefektivnosti při ovlivňování vládních představitelů zájmovými skupinami a jak je možné tyto činnosti eliminovat nebo minimalizovat jejich negativní dopad na společnost. Analytická část práce vymezuje hlavní příčiny odlišných měr korupce v České republice a na Slovensku na počátku 90. let a porovnává úspěšnost provádění antikorupčních politik v těchto zemích.

A presente dissertação traz reflexões sobre os processos de gentrificação combinando argumentações teóricas baseadas em modelos teóricos que preveem analises fundamentadas em oferta e demanda, e através da renda diferencial que possibilita a analise de um potencial de renda, unindose a teorias de deslocamento, teoria de filtragem e teoria do ciclo de vida familiar, assim como atrair para discussão teorias sobre centro e subcentros. Com esses conceitos sugere-se uma analise que transpasse o processo de gentrificação, observando qual a consequência do processo efetivado e com quais fenômenos ele pode vir a contribuir , assim como também, se observa quais fenômenos podem contribuir para que o processo de gentrificação ocorra. Após essas conceituações, apresentar-se-ão exemplos de processos de gentrificação, apresentados sobre a perspectiva de seus pesquisadores contribuindo, para uma compreensão mais abrangente sobre as causas e efeitos abordados no processo de gentrificação, através da percepção de suas características expostas em diversos casos que possuem espaços constituídos de forma única. Para assim conseguir-se uma base substancial na procura por indícios de processos da primeira e da segunda onda do processo de gentrifcação no município de São Paulo. / The present dissertation brings reflections on the processes of gentrification combining theoretical arguments based on theoretical models that foresee analyzes based on supply and demand, and through rent gap that allows the analysis of an income potential, joining theories of displacement, theory Filtering and family life cycle theory, as well as to attract theories about the center and subcenters for discussion. With these concepts, it is suggested an analysis that transcends the process of gentrification, observing the consequences of the actual process and with which phenomena it may contribute, as well as observing which phenomena may contribute to the process of gentrification occurring. After these conceptualizations, we will present examples of gentrification processes, presented on the perspective of their researchers, contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of the causes and effects addressed in the gentrification process, through the perception of their characteristics exposed in several cases which have uniquely shaped spaces. In order to obtain a substantial base in the search for indications of processes of the first and second waves of the process of gentrification in the city of São Paulo.

Casual empiricism suggests that the arrival of a major technology company into an area has the ability to transform the local economy. I examine the economic impact on residential real estate rental prices by the opening of offices by four of the top technology companies—Apple, Facebook, Google, and Microsoft. Rents are about 2.8% lower in metropolitan areas with top technology company presence compared to metropolitan areas without top technology company presence. Taking this economic outcome into account may influence the public and policymakers’ willingness to give tax breaks and other incentives to attract major technology companies.

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國家的強制權力創造了龐大的租利(rent)。個人或團體往往投入時間、金 錢或其他努力以獲取這些租利；這些追逐爭利的過程，稱為「競租活動 」。研究這些租利的形成、尋求、防禦、規避及它對社會產生的成本、效 益的一些理論及實證分析，統稱為「競租理論」(theory of rent-seek- ing)。本文將運用「利益團體模型」及「競租理論模型」將利益團體－管 制政策－社會福利成本三者之間的關係串聯起來。最後以Mohammad與 Walley對印度競租成本估計模式為架構，以台灣現有資料做一估計，探究 台灣因管制活動造成社會福利成本究竟有多大。本文共分五章。第一章緒 論；第二章為政治決策與競租活動；第三章為競租理論與福利成本之估計 （一）；第四章為競租成本的衡量（二）；第五章為結論及建議。

<p>Syftet med denna uppsats var att undersöka om och vilka faktorer som motverkar demokratisering inom oljeexporterande rentierstater. Med stöd av moderniseringsteorin och teorin om rentierstater har tre hypoteser formulerats som sammanlagt innehållit tre oberoende och elva beroende variabler vilka kodades som tidsserier i paneldata. Tjugo ett rentierland har identifierats vilket omfattar hela populationen. Hypotesen har sedan testats med hjälp av en OLS regressionsanalys med panelspecifika standardavvikelser. Hypotesen om att det uppstår en rentiereffekt kunnat bekräftas med två av totalt tre variabler. Hypotesen om att det uppstår en repressionseffekt har bekräftats med höga signifikansnivåer hos bägge oberoende variabler. Däremot kunde hypotesen om att det uppstår en moderniseringseffekt varken bekräftas eller avfärdas. Av de sex förklarandevariabler har tre exkluderats pga. låga signifikansnivåer samt en av de signifikanta variabler uppvisade en motsatt relation med demokrati än den som antogs av hypotesen. De erhållna resultaten måste ses i ljuset av ett bristande statistisk underlag, av vilket endast ett fåtal observationer kunnat användas i de olika regressionsanalyserna.</p>

Detta examensarbete handlar om miljöcertifiering i skolan. Syftet med mitt arbete har varit att ta reda på hur miljöcertifiering av skolor går till. En specifik skola har studerats och jag har undersökt om den specifika skolan når upp till målet med miljöcertifieringen, att skapa en bättre miljö genom att skapa aktiva och deltagande samhällsmedborgare. Arbetet består av en litteraturstudie och en intervjustudie. För att erhålla utmärkelsen Grön Flagg, att bli miljöcertifierad, krävs att skolan gör en anmälan till organisationen Håll Sverige Rent, arbetar för att förbättra miljön genom att följa vissa riktlinjer och principer och slutligen lämnar in en rapport där resultaten redovisas. Resultatet av min intervjustudie visade att skolan som jag undersökte nådde upp till målet med Grön Flagg-arbetet, som innebär att skapa en bättre miljö genom att skapa aktiva och deltagande samhällsmedborgare.

Background The Swedish economy is currently in a boom and due to the fact that the commercial rental market is closely correlated with the development in the Swedish economy and its economic indicators, commercial real estate companies are successful. Commercial real estate companies generate their main revenue out of rents from their tenants, therefore the set-ting of rent and the factors affecting the procedure are of great importance. The report will not only examine the commercial rental market but also the composition of the lease con-tracts, factors affecting the rent setting and risks associated with commercial leases. Purpose To analyze the commercial rental market comprising of several different lease contracts. The focus will be to analyze the setting of rents and the factors affecting the procedure. Method A deductive approach and a qualitative research method is used in order to get reliable and valid data to be able to fulfill our purpose. The data is collected from interviews done with three different real estate companies, situated in Stockholm and Gothenburg. The sample include Håkan Hellström representing Castellum, Lovisa Lindberg representing Landic Property and Roddy Carlsson representing Vasakronan. Conclusion As could be expected, the commercial rental market is closely correlated with supply and demand in the Swedish economy. Currently, demand is increasing due to a growing employment rate and a strong GDP growth. Market rents are increasing, since the demand is continuing to accelerate and vacancy rates are falling. The vacancy rates are currently below the natural level since rents are increasing in both Stockholm and Gothenburg. It is shown that the vacancy level is lower in Gothenburg compared to Stockholm. Location is the most important factor affecting the setting of rents apart from supply and demand. Rent for office space is highest in the cities’ Central Business District. Additional factors are attributes that make the premises more attractive and client care that enables for satisfied tenants and long lasting tenant relationships. / Bakgrund Den svenska ekonomin är idag i en högkonjunktur och på grund av att den kommersiella hyresmarkanden är starkt korrelerad med utvecklingen i den svenska ekonomin och dess ekonomiska indikatorer, är kommersiella fastighetsbolag framgångsrika. Kommersiella fastighetsbolags intäkter består till största del av hyror från deras hyresgäster. Därför är hyres-sättningen och dess påverkande faktorer av stor vikt. Rapporten kommer inte enbart undersöka den kommersiella hyresmarkanden, utan även komponenter i kommersiella hyreskontrakt, faktorer som påverkar hyressättning och risker associerade med kommersiella hyreskontrakt. Syfte Att analysera den kommersiella hyresmarknaden bestående av flera hyreskontrakt, med fokusering på hyressättning och dess påverkande faktorer. Metod För att kunna uppfylla vårt syfte och för att få så tillförlitlig och giltig information som möjligt används ett deduktivt synsätt och en kvalitativ forsknings metod. Informationen tillförskaffas genom intervjuer med tre fastighetsbolag, i Stockholm och Göteborg. Urvalet består av Håkan Hellström som representerar Castellum, Lovisa Lindberg som representerar Landic Property and Roddy Carlsson som representerar Vasakronan. Slutsats Den kommersiella hyresmarknaden är som väntat, starkt korrelerad med den svenska ekonomins utbud och efterfrågan. Efterfrågan ökar idag på grund av en ökad sysselsättningsgrad och en stark tillväxt av BNP. Marknadshyrorna stiger eftersom efterfrågan ökar och vakansgraden minskar. Vakanserna är i nuläget lägre än normalt eftersom hyresnivåerna ökar i både Stockholm och Göteborg. Det visade sig att vakansgraden är lägre i Göteborg jämfört med Stockholm. Hyressättningens viktigaste faktor som påverkar hyresnivån förutom utbud och efterfrågan, är läge. Hyran för kontorslokaler är som högst i städernas Central Business District. Hyressättningen påverkas av ytterligare faktorer som gör kontorslokalen mer attraktiv och kundvård som möjliggör långa kund relationer med nöjda kunder.

The first two papers in this dissertation discuss a fairly recently developed research field, Space Syntax, and how the findings in this field may be used to understand spatial economic patterns such as geographic distribution of market rents. Both papers use standard econometric methods to investigate the relationship between rents and the so called integration value developed within Space Syntax. The integration value may be understood as a measure of the accessibility of a certain location in a street network. The measure is constructed using tools from graph theory and uses the shape of the street network as its only input. The papers estimate hedonic models of office and retail leases from central Stockholm to test whether the integration value can help explain rents. A statistically significant effect of integration value on both office and retail rent is found. It appears as if Space Syntax adds important information to the understanding of intraurban rent patterns. Illiquidity is a main feature of most property markets and market participants are therefore directed to property appraisals to obtain information about market values. The reliability of property appraisals is therefore an important research topic. The third paper studies the “rationality” of valuations by testing if capitalisation (cap) rates from individual discounted cash-flow (DCF) valuations are consistent with economic theory. Standard econometrics is used to study the variation in cap rates. For the most part the results support the hypothesis that appraisers are “rational” in the above mentioned sense. Illiquidity of direct property also poses a problem when constructing property price indices.  Lack of price observations and heterogeneity among the few observations available is likely to introduce noise in price indices based on transactions. Valuations are therefore often used instead to construct indices. These indices however suffer from a bias due to so called “appraisal smoothing”. In the fourth paper it is shown that, given certain assumptions, one may filter out noise in a transaction-based price index by regressing it on a valuation-based index (contemporaneous and lagged one period). The procedure may in some circumstances improve pure valuation- or transaction-based indices. / QC 20101201

With issues such as energy crises, climate change and environmental degradation becoming evermore prevalent on national and international levels, industrialized societies are beginning to take heed of the impact they are having on the natural environment and we are beginning to see movements towards socially and environmentally responsible decision-making. With the impact that buildings have on the environment, it is important to understand what barriers are preventing or slowing investment in socially and environmentally responsible property. The present study was conducted to determine whether LEED certification has a significant impact on the market value of office buildings in Toronto, Ontario – value determined by the average net asking rent for each building. For some 68 subject and control buildings, we matched information on the net asking rent for 16 LEED certified (subject) buildings to 52 otherwise comparable properties (control buildings). Using ordinary least squares (OLS) analysis, we looked to find what relationship exists between net asking rent and the LEED label. Controlling for other variables historically shown to have an impact on property value, we expected the results of this study to determine whether there is a business case for LEED certification in the downtown Toronto office market. The results of the study have shown that LEED certification has had no impact on the market value of the sample of office buildings in Toronto. This is a surprising result, given the growth in the number of LEED buildings in Canada, but interviews with three senior executives in the industry have helped to provide insight into this trend. It seems that with time LEED will likely have an impact in this market, but it hasn‘t arrived yet.