Orientador: Selma Maria de Almeida-Santos / Resumo: O conjunto de características manifestadas por uma espécie que levam ao sucesso reprodutivo pode ser chamado de estratégias reprodutivas. Isto inclui, por exemplo, o período reprodutivo, o modo reprodutivo, a sincronia reprodutiva entre machos e fêmeas, o tempo de fertilização e a frequência reprodutiva. O gênero Lachesis é composto de quatro espécies ovíparas restritas às florestas úmidas da América Central e América do Sul. Popularmente conhecidas como surucucu, são um grupo de importância médica, tal como Bothrops e Crotalus. Lachesis muta é a espécie com a maior distribuição, e ocorre na América no Sul, na Mata Atlântica e na Floresta Amazônica. Ao contrário de Bothrops e Crotalus, estudos sobre biologia reprodutiva para o gênero Lachesis são, em sua maioria, desenvolvidos em cativeiro e com foco no comportamento reprodutivo. Propomos, então, descrever em dois capítulos aspectos da biologia reprodutiva da espécie Lachesis muta investigados a partir da anatomia e morfologia de seus órgãos reprodutivos ao longo das estações do ano. No Capítulo 1, investigamos a biologia reprodutiva de L. muta da Floresta Amazônica e da Mata Atlântica brasileira a partir de dados de biometria e histologia de animais preservados em coleções biológicas e provenientes da natureza. No Capítulo 2, descrevemos o oviduto feminino em diferentes estágios do ciclo reprodutivo. Comparando tanto as duas populações quanto a espécie com outros crotalíneos neotropicais, nosso objetivo foi investigar possív... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The set of characteristics manifested by a species leading to reproductive success can be called reproductive strategies. These include, for example, the reproductive period, the reproductive mode, the reproductive synchrony between males and females, the time of fertilization, and the reproductive frequency. The genus Lachesis comprises four oviparous species restricted to Central and South American rainforests and popularly known as bushmasters, and is a group of medical importance, as are Bothrops and Crotalus. Lachesis muta is the most widely distributed and occurs in South America, at the Atlantic Forest and the Amazon Rainforest.Unlike Bothrops and Crotalus, reproductive biology studies for the genus Lachesis weremostly developed in captivity, focusing mainly on reproductive behavior. We propose to describe in two chapters aspects of the reproductive biology of the Lachesis muta species investigated from the anatomy and morphology of its reproductive organs over the seasons of the year. In Chapter 1, we investigate the reproductive biology of L. muta by biometric and histology data from biological collections, focusing on individuals collected in the wild. In Chapter 2, we describe the female oviduct at different stages of the reproductive cycle. Comparing both populations and species with the other neotropical crotalines, we aim to investigate possibles patterns for the Viperidae group, as well as the hypothesis of the influence of abiotic factors on the snake reproduc... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

<p>  </p> <p>Plant complex traits are controlled by multi-layer of dynamic and complicated gene networks regulated at different levels. To better inform crop breeding to promote desired traits, a comprehensive and fundamental understanding of their genetic basis is much needed. With the rapid developments of <em>omics</em> planforms and next generation sequencing technology, we now have large-scale data from genome, epigenome, transcriptome, metabolome, and others for the crop plants. Integration of those multiple <em>omics</em> data together with computational approaches led to the establishment of a novel science known as system biology. Research described in this thesis used system biology approaches to dissect complex crop traits such as disease response of tomato (Chapter2 and Chapter3) and the heterosis of nitrogen use efficiency of maize (Chapter4).</p> <p>Plant disease response is an elaborate, multilayered complex trait involving several lines of defense signaling. In the past decades, progress in molecular analyses of plant immune system has revealed key elements of a complex response network in Arabidopsis, a model species. Histone modifications, a type of epigenetic regulation, have emerged as key modulators that regulate defense responses, while our understanding of the role of histone-modifying enzymes in this process is still in its infancy. Here, we described the immune function of two histone methyltransferases SDG33 and SDG34 in tomato. We found the single mutants in <em>sdg33</em> and <em>sdg34</em> showed increased susceptibility to hemibiotrophic bacterial pathogen <em>Pseudomonas syringae</em> whereas the double mutant <em>sdg33sdg34</em> is comparable to wild type. Using RNA-seq and histone ChIP-seq approaches, we investigated the possible underlying mechanisms and found that the expression of a set of immune-related genes is misregulated by <em>P. syringae</em> only in the single mutants but not in the double mutant. Integrating with epigenomic data, we found that the misexpression of those SDG33/SDG34 dependent immune-response genes was associated with altered histone methylation status in the single mutant. Intriguingly, the double mutant also showed altered histone methylation but unaffected gene expression, suggesting a compensating regulatory mechanism at play. The function of SDG33 and SDG34 in immune response seems to be specific for the pathogen, as the double mutants exhibited enhanced resistance the single mutants showed no altered responses when treated with necrotrophic fungal pathogen <em>Botrytis cinerea</em>. Network analysis found the most regulatory gene by <em>B. cinerea</em> in a SDG33/SDG34 dependent manner have been implicated in biotic stress response such as <em>ERF4, TOPLESS, PUB23 </em>and<em> RCD1</em>. Comparing the immune response of double mutant against <em>P. syringae</em> and <em>B. cinerea</em>, we found that the disease related genes are only mis-regulated in the interaction of <em>B. cinerea</em> treatment not in the <em>P. syringae</em> treatment, which could be the reason of enhanced resistance to <em>B. cinerea</em> but not for <em>P. syringae</em> in the double mutants. In summary, we found the histone methyltransferases SDG33 and SDG34 has different functions in the immune response against <em>P. syringae</em> and <em>B. cinerea</em>, which might be direct or indirect relevant to the histone methylation level of the expression of downstream immune related gene.</p> <p>In addition to biotic stress, another complex trait studied in this thesis is the heterosis of nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in Maize. NUE is another complex trait associated with multiple physiological processes including N sensing, uptake, assimilation, transport, and storage. Heterosis refers to a phenomenon where the progeny generated by crossing two different cultivars of the same species exhibit superior fitness than the inbred parents. Even though, heterosis has been exploited to improve complex traits including NUE, the underlying molecular mechanisms is not completely understood. Here, we analyzed N-responsive transcriptomes and physiological traits of a panel of six maize hybrids and their corresponding inbreds grown in the field at two different N levels. We observed diverse levels of trait heterosis that are dependent on the N conditions and organ types. We discovered dramatic pattern shift of beyond-parental-range gene expression in hybrids in response to varying N levels. We identified through integrative analyses a set of genes whose expression heterosis are quantitatively correlated to trait heterosis. These genes are involved in response to stimulus, photosynthesis, and N metabolism, and likely mediate the heterosis phenotype of N-use and growth traits in maize. In summary, our integrated analysis provided insights into the mechanistic basis of the heterosis of NUE. </p> <p>Together, applying systems and functional genomics approaches to investigate important agricultural traits could lead to a comprehensive understanding of plant complex traits to inform future engineering and breeding for better crops.</p>

Le but de cette étude était d'utiliser les techniques moléculaires dans deux populations de chevreuil, pour estimer la variance du succès reproducteur des mâles et identifier les principaux déterminants de cette variance.<br /> Comme attendu du fait de son faible dimorphisme sexuel, la variance dans le succès reproducteur à vie des mâles, et donc l'opportunité pour la sélection sexuelle, sont faibles chez le chevreuil, suggérant un faible degré de polygynie.<br /> Les mâles peuvent se reproduire dès 2 ans, mais avec un succès reproducteur inférieur à celui des mâles plus âgés.<br /> Le succès reproducteur tend aussi à décroître après 8 ans.<br /> La masse corporelle, la taille des bois, et la taille du territoire des mâles, affectent positivement leur succès reproducteur, mais pas la qualité de l'habitat dans leur territoire.<br /> Cette étude apporte de nouveaux éléments sur l'évolution de la territorialité et la sélection sexuelle chez les ongulés sauvages.

L’environnement façonne la physiologie, la morphologie et le comportement des organismes par l’entremise de processus écologiques et évolutifs complexes et multidimensionnels. Le succès reproducteur des animaux est déterminé par la valeur adaptative d’un phénotype dans un environnement en modification constante selon une échelle temporelle d’une à plusieurs générations. De plus, les phénotypes sont façonnés par l’environnement, ce qui entraine des modifications adaptatives des stratégies de reproduction tout en imposant des contraintes. Dans cette thèse, considérant des punaises et leurs parasitoïdes comme organismes modèles, j’ai investigué comment plusieurs types de plasticité peuvent interagir pour influencer la valeur adaptative, et comment la plasticité des stratégies de reproduction répond à plusieurs composantes des changements environnementaux (qualité de l’hôte, radiation ultraviolette, température, invasion biologique). Premièrement, j’ai comparé la réponse comportementale et de traits d’histoire de vie à la variation de taille corporelle chez le parasitoïde Telenomus podisi Ashmead (Hymenoptera : Platygastridae), démontrant que les normes de réaction des comportements étaient plus souvent positives que celles des traits d’histoires de vie. Ensuite, j’ai démontré que la punaise prédatrice Podisus maculiventris Say (Hemiptera : Pentatomidae) peut contrôler la couleur de ses œufs, et que la pigmentation des œufs protège les embryons du rayonnement ultraviolet; une composante d’une stratégie complexe de ponte qui a évoluée en réponse à une multitude de facteurs environnementaux. Puis, j’ai testé comment le stress thermique affectait la dynamique de la mémoire du parasitoïde Trissolcus basalis (Wollaston) (Hymenoptera : Platygastridae) lors de l’apprentissage de la fiabilité des traces chimiques laissées par son hôte. Ces expériences ont révélé que des températures hautes et basses prévenaient l’oubli, affectant ainsi l’allocation du temps passé par les parasitoïdes dans des agrégats d’hôtes contenant des traces chimiques. J’ai aussi développé un cadre théorique général pour classifier les effets de la température sur l’ensemble des aspects comportementaux des ectothermes, distinguant les contraintes des adaptations. Finalement, j’ai testé l’habileté d’un parasitoïde indigène (T. podisi) à exploiter les œufs d’un nouveau ravageur invasif en agriculture, Halyomorpha halys Stål (Hemiptera : Pentatomidae). Les résultats ont montré que T. podisi attaque les œufs de H. halys, mais qu’il ne peut s’y développer, indiquant que le ravageur invasif s’avère un « piège évolutif » pour ce parasitoïde. Cela pourrait indirectement bénéficier aux espèces indigènes de punaises en agissant comme un puits écologique de ressources (œufs) et de temps pour le parasitoïde. Ces résultats ont des implications importantes sur la réponse des insectes, incluant ceux impliqués dans les programmes de lutte biologique, face aux changements environnementaux. / The environment shapes the physiology, morphology, and behaviour of organisms through complex, multidimensional ecological and evolutionary processes. The reproductive success of individual animals is determined by how well their phenotype is suited to an environment that is constantly changing over single and multi-generational time scales. At the same time, phenotypes are shaped by the environment, which triggers adaptive modifications of animal reproductive strategies while also imposing important constraints. In this thesis, using stink bugs and their parasitoids as model organisms, I considered how several types of plasticity can interact to influence biological fitness, and how plasticity in reproductive strategies responds to several important components of environmental change (host quality, ultraviolet radiation, temperature, biological invasions). Firstly, I compared the response of behavioural and life history traits to body size variation in the parasitoid Telenomus podisi Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae), finding that reaction norms of behavioural traits more often had positive slopes than life history traits. Next, I found that the predatory stink bug Podisus maculiventris Say (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) can selectively control the colouration of its eggs. Egg pigmentation in this species protects embryos against ultraviolet radiation as part of a complex oviposition strategy that evolved in response to a suite of environmental factors. Then, I tested how thermal stress affects the memory dynamics of the parasitoid Trissolcus basalis (Wollaston) (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) learning the reliability of chemical traces left by its host. These experiments revealed that both high and low stressful temperatures prevented forgetting, affecting the time allocation of parasitoids on patches of host chemical traces. I also developed a general framework to classify temperature’s effects on all aspects of ectotherm behaviour, distinguishing constraints from adaptive behavioural adjustments. Finally, I tested the ability of an indigenous parasitoid (T. podisi) to attack the eggs of a new invasive pest of agriculture, Halyomorpha halys Stål (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). The results showed that T. podisi attacks the eggs of H. halys but cannot develop, demonstrating that the invasive pest is an “evolutionary trap” for indigenous parasitoids, which could indirectly benefit native stink bug species by acting as an egg and time sink for the parasitoid. These findings have important implications for how insects, including those involved in biological control programs, respond to environmental change.

<p>The actin cytoskeleton is required for cell expansion and is implicated in cellular responses to the plant growth hormone auxin. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms that coordinate auxin signaling, cytoskeletal remodeling, and cell expansion are poorly understood. Previous studies have examined actin cytoskeleton responses to long-term auxin treatment, but plants respond to auxin over short timeframes, and growth changes within minutes of exposure to the hormone. To correlate actin arrays with degree of cell expansion, we used quantitative imaging tools to establish a baseline of actin organization, as well as of individual filament behaviors in root epidermal cells under control conditions and after treatment with a known inhibitor of root growth, the auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). We found that cell length was highly predictive of actin array in control roots, and that short-term IAA treatment stimulated denser, more longitudinal, and more parallel arrays by inducing filament unbundling within minutes. By demonstrating that actin filaments were more “organized” after a treatment that stopped elongation, we show there is no direct relationship between actin organization and cell expansion and refute the hypothesis that “more organized” actin universally correlates with more rapidly growing root cells. The plasma membrane-bound auxin transporter AUXIN RESISTANT 1 (AUX1) has previously been shown necessary for archetypal short-term root growth inhibition in the presence of IAA. Although AUX1 was not previously suspected of being upstream of cytoskeletal responses to IAA, we used <i>aux1</i>mutants to demonstrate that AUX1 is necessary for the full complement of actin rearrangements in response to auxin, and that cytoplasmic auxin in the form of the membrane permeable auxin 1‑naphthylacetic acid (NAA) is sufficient to stimulate a partial actin response. Together, these results are the first to quantitate actin cytoskeleton response to short-term auxin treatments and demonstrate that AUX1 is necessary for short-term actin remodeling.</p>

A produção de linhagens completamente homozigotas em programas de melhoramento genético de citros é difícil e demorada, e a obtenção de plantas duplo-haplóides pode ser utilizada para aumentar a eficiência de programas de melhoramento. No entanto, muitos são os fatores associados ao sucesso na regeneração de plantas haploides e/ou duplo-haplóides. Os objetivos deste projeto foram a obtenção de plantas haploides e/ou duplo-haplóides de laranja doce (Citrus sinensis) utilizando as técnicas de cultura de anteras e partenogênese in situ e in vitro, que consistem na obtenção e regeneração de embriões gaméticos a partir do desenvolvimento dos micrósporos e óvulos, respectivamente. Para tal, foram realizados estudos preliminares de biologia reprodutiva de C. sinensis, bem como a realização de trabalhos de cultura de anteras de laranja-doce, foram conduzidos testando-se aproximadamente 100 genótipos, além dos efeitos de tratamentos térmicos aplicados as anteras de laranja doce. Para os experimentos de partenogênese in situ foram testados os efeitos das doses de radiação aplicadas aos grãos de polens utilizados para a polinização e do uso de pólens de espécies consideradas distantes na obtenção de embriões e plantas haploides e duplo-haplóides de C. sinensis. Para a partenogênese in vitro foram testados os efeitos de meios de cultura na indução de embriogênese a partir de calos provenientes dos ovários. Os resultados obtidos permitiram a indução de calos, calos embriogênicos, e a regeneração de embriões a partir do cultivo in vitro de anteras. Também foi possível a seleção de genótipos mais responsivos a essa técnica e que permitirão a realização de trabalhos futuros para o processo de obtenção de plantas haploides e duplo-haplóides em laranja doce. Na maioria dos casos, os calos embriogênicos, embriões e plântulas obtidas da cultura de anteras foram diploides (2n) e molecularmente similares às plantas doadoras dos explantes. No entanto, houve a obtenção de um calo embriogênico, proveniente do cultivo de anteras de um híbrido (Citrus clementina x C. sinensis ,,Hamlin\"), que até o momento demonstrou um padrão de bandamento diferente e em homozigose para quatro conjuntos de primers microssatélites testados. A confirmação da ploidia e da origem gamética desse calo ainda é dependente da realização de análises com os embriões provenientes desses calos e de um maior número de marcadores moleculares. Nos experimentos de partenogênese in situ foram obtidos embriões e plântulas provenientes da polinização com polens irradiados, sendo identificadas plântulas com grande variação no nível de ploidia e com diferenças moleculares entre as progênies e os parentais, porém heterozigotas. A realização de cruzamentos com espécies distantes permitiram a obtenção de embriões e plântulas que apresentavam alta taxa de genes em homozigose, porém não em sua totalidade. Nas técnicas de partenogênese in vitro foi possível a obtenção de um protocolo para regeneração de embriões somáticos a partir de calos de ovários, no entanto, também não foram observadas a obtenção de plantas haploides e/ou duplo-haplóides. Os resultados obtidos confirmam a genótipo-dependência das respostas relacionadas à embriogênese gamética em Citrus, bem como do melhor entendimento dos aspectos reprodutivos de laranja doce / The production of completely homozygous lines in citrus breeding program is hard, and double-haploid plantlets (completely homozygous lines) can be used to improve these breeding programs. However, many factors are associated with the success of the regeneration of haploid or double-haploid plants. The aim of this study was the induction and regeneration of haploid and double-haploid plantlets from sweet oranges (Citrus sinensis) using the techniques of anther culture and in situ and in vitro parthenogenesis, that can result in the production of gametic embryos from microspores and ovules, respectively. To this, there were conducted preliminary studies with reproductive biology of C. sinensis, as well as, experiments with anther culture of more than 100 genotypes of sweet orange and the effects temperature treatments. To experiments of in situ parthenogenesis there were tested the effects of genotype, doses of radiation applied to the pollen grains, and also the use of pollen grains from distant species used in crossings with the aim of obtaining haploid and double-haploid embryos from sweet oranges. To in vitro parthenogenesis there was tested the effects of culture media in induction of embryogenesis from ovaries. The results showed the induction of callus and regeneration of embryos from in vitro anther culture and obtaining some responsive genotypes to anther culture, which will be useful in future works with induction and regeneration of haploid and double-haploid plants in sweet orange. The most of embryogenic callus and embryos obtained from anther culture were diploids (2n) and molecularly similar to the donor plants. However, one embryogenic callus obtained from anther culture of a hybrid (Citrus clementina x C. sinensis ,,Hamlin\") showed be different from donor plants and homozygous to four pair of microsatellite primers tested. Ploidy and the gametic origin confirmation of this embryogenic callus are still dependent of the analysis of a larger number of primers and the development and regeneration of embryos. In the in situ parthenogenesis experiments, the embryos and seedlings obtained from the pollination with irradiated pollen grains showed a larger variation of ploidy, determined by flow cytometric analysis. The analysis with molecular markers showed that these plantlets were different from the donor plants, but were heterozygous. The performance of crossings with distant species from Citrus sinensis results in production of embryos with a high rate of homozygosis, but not for all primers tested. In vitro parthenogenesis techniques shows be interesting to obtaining somatic embryos from ovary culture, however, no haploid or double-haploid embryos were obtained. The results confirm the genotype-dependent responses related to the gametic embryogenesis in Citrus, as well as, improve the knowledge about reproductive biology of sweet orange

A produção de linhagens completamente homozigotas em programas de melhoramento genético de citros é difícil e demorada, e a obtenção de plantas duplo-haplóides pode ser utilizada para aumentar a eficiência de programas de melhoramento. No entanto, muitos são os fatores associados ao sucesso na regeneração de plantas haploides e/ou duplo-haplóides. Os objetivos deste projeto foram a obtenção de plantas haploides e/ou duplo-haplóides de laranja doce (Citrus sinensis) utilizando as técnicas de cultura de anteras e partenogênese in situ e in vitro, que consistem na obtenção e regeneração de embriões gaméticos a partir do desenvolvimento dos micrósporos e óvulos, respectivamente. Para tal, foram realizados estudos preliminares de biologia reprodutiva de C. sinensis, bem como a realização de trabalhos de cultura de anteras de laranja-doce, foram conduzidos testando-se aproximadamente 100 genótipos, além dos efeitos de tratamentos térmicos aplicados as anteras de laranja doce. Para os experimentos de partenogênese in situ foram testados os efeitos das doses de radiação aplicadas aos grãos de polens utilizados para a polinização e do uso de pólens de espécies consideradas distantes na obtenção de embriões e plantas haploides e duplo-haplóides de C. sinensis. Para a partenogênese in vitro foram testados os efeitos de meios de cultura na indução de embriogênese a partir de calos provenientes dos ovários. Os resultados obtidos permitiram a indução de calos, calos embriogênicos, e a regeneração de embriões a partir do cultivo in vitro de anteras. Também foi possível a seleção de genótipos mais responsivos a essa técnica e que permitirão a realização de trabalhos futuros para o processo de obtenção de plantas haploides e duplo-haplóides em laranja doce. Na maioria dos casos, os calos embriogênicos, embriões e plântulas obtidas da cultura de anteras foram diploides (2n) e molecularmente similares às plantas doadoras dos explantes. No entanto, houve a obtenção de um calo embriogênico, proveniente do cultivo de anteras de um híbrido (Citrus clementina x C. sinensis ,,Hamlin\"), que até o momento demonstrou um padrão de bandamento diferente e em homozigose para quatro conjuntos de primers microssatélites testados. A confirmação da ploidia e da origem gamética desse calo ainda é dependente da realização de análises com os embriões provenientes desses calos e de um maior número de marcadores moleculares. Nos experimentos de partenogênese in situ foram obtidos embriões e plântulas provenientes da polinização com polens irradiados, sendo identificadas plântulas com grande variação no nível de ploidia e com diferenças moleculares entre as progênies e os parentais, porém heterozigotas. A realização de cruzamentos com espécies distantes permitiram a obtenção de embriões e plântulas que apresentavam alta taxa de genes em homozigose, porém não em sua totalidade. Nas técnicas de partenogênese in vitro foi possível a obtenção de um protocolo para regeneração de embriões somáticos a partir de calos de ovários, no entanto, também não foram observadas a obtenção de plantas haploides e/ou duplo-haplóides. Os resultados obtidos confirmam a genótipo-dependência das respostas relacionadas à embriogênese gamética em Citrus, bem como do melhor entendimento dos aspectos reprodutivos de laranja doce / The production of completely homozygous lines in citrus breeding program is hard, and double-haploid plantlets (completely homozygous lines) can be used to improve these breeding programs. However, many factors are associated with the success of the regeneration of haploid or double-haploid plants. The aim of this study was the induction and regeneration of haploid and double-haploid plantlets from sweet oranges (Citrus sinensis) using the techniques of anther culture and in situ and in vitro parthenogenesis, that can result in the production of gametic embryos from microspores and ovules, respectively. To this, there were conducted preliminary studies with reproductive biology of C. sinensis, as well as, experiments with anther culture of more than 100 genotypes of sweet orange and the effects temperature treatments. To experiments of in situ parthenogenesis there were tested the effects of genotype, doses of radiation applied to the pollen grains, and also the use of pollen grains from distant species used in crossings with the aim of obtaining haploid and double-haploid embryos from sweet oranges. To in vitro parthenogenesis there was tested the effects of culture media in induction of embryogenesis from ovaries. The results showed the induction of callus and regeneration of embryos from in vitro anther culture and obtaining some responsive genotypes to anther culture, which will be useful in future works with induction and regeneration of haploid and double-haploid plants in sweet orange. The most of embryogenic callus and embryos obtained from anther culture were diploids (2n) and molecularly similar to the donor plants. However, one embryogenic callus obtained from anther culture of a hybrid (Citrus clementina x C. sinensis ,,Hamlin\") showed be different from donor plants and homozygous to four pair of microsatellite primers tested. Ploidy and the gametic origin confirmation of this embryogenic callus are still dependent of the analysis of a larger number of primers and the development and regeneration of embryos. In the in situ parthenogenesis experiments, the embryos and seedlings obtained from the pollination with irradiated pollen grains showed a larger variation of ploidy, determined by flow cytometric analysis. The analysis with molecular markers showed that these plantlets were different from the donor plants, but were heterozygous. The performance of crossings with distant species from Citrus sinensis results in production of embryos with a high rate of homozygosis, but not for all primers tested. In vitro parthenogenesis techniques shows be interesting to obtaining somatic embryos from ovary culture, however, no haploid or double-haploid embryos were obtained. The results confirm the genotype-dependent responses related to the gametic embryogenesis in Citrus, as well as, improve the knowledge about reproductive biology of sweet orange

O principal objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a dinâmica populacional dos cladóceros e apendiculários em uma estação fixa ao largo de Ubatuba (SP, Brasil). As amostras de zooplâncton foram coletadas mensalmente, de julho de 2005 a dezembro de 2008, com uma rede de malha de 200 ?m. Os apendiculários e os cladóceros foram identificados, classificados em estágios, contados e medidos. Ambos os grupos taxonômicos tiveram maiores densidades nas camadas superficiais, principalmente quando a coluna de água estava estratificada devido às intrusões de fundo da Água Central do Atlântico Sul (ACAS). A temperatura foi a principal variável influenciando na distribuição de Penilia avirostris e dos apendiculários, enquanto para Pseudevadne tergestina e Evadne spinifera a salinidade foi um melhor indicador da variabilidade temporal. A pressão de predação e o alimento disponível também pareceram controlar a distribuição dos apendiculários e dos cladóceros. Indivíduos gamogênicos ocorreram associados aos máximos de abundância; eles foram raros e pouco abundantes, indicando que na costa de Ubatuba os cladóceros podem se propagar apenas por partenogênese durante todo o ano. Os apendiculários tiveram uma produção anual média de ~70% em relação à dos copépodes, confirmando a importância dos apendiculários no fluxo de carbono em regiões costeiras tropicais e subtropicais. / This work aimed to evaluate the population dynamics of cladocerans and appendicularians at a fixed station off Ubatuba (state of São Paulo, Brazil). Zooplankton samples were monthly collected, from July 2005 through December 2008, with a 200 ?m mesh net. Appendicularians and cladocerans were identified, classified into stages, counted and measured. Both taxonomic groups had higher densities at upper layers, especially when the water column was stratified due to bottom intrusions of the South Atlantic Central Water (SACW). Temperature was the main parameter influencing on the distribution of Penilia avirostris and appendicularians, whereas salinity was the principal regulating parameter of Pseudevadne tergestina and Evadne spinifera population dynamics. Predation pressure and avaiable food also seemed to control the distribution of appendicularians and cladocerans. Gamogenic individuals occurred associated with abundance maxima; they were rare and had low abundances, which indicates that in Ubatuba cladocerans may propagate only through parthenogenesis during the entire year. Appendicularians had an annual mean production ~70% of that of copepods, which confirms that appendicularians play a key role in the carbon flow in coastal subtropical and tropical regions

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2017-02-21T16:22:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ruy Albuquerque Tenorio.pdf: 1252954 bytes, checksum: 22102b0108c4a2924fe2415bbb661ee6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-21T16:22:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ruy Albuquerque Tenorio.pdf: 1252954 bytes, checksum: 22102b0108c4a2924fe2415bbb661ee6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-02-20 / This work was accomplished at Estação de Piscicultura de Paulo Afonso, belonging to the Hidro-Electric Company of San Francisco (CHESF) (09o 22’38 S and 38o13’58 W), Paulo Afonso, BA, in the period from fevereiro/2001 to fevereiro/2002. It had the objective to study the aspects of reproductive biology of the niquim Lophiosilurus alexandri Steindachner, 1876 and to evaluate the growth performance of its offspring, during the early life phases under different environmental conditions. This work offers subsidies for the propagation of the species in the natural environment, i.e dams and rivers and for the commercial pond-net culture in the reservoirs of CHESF. The growth of the niquim was investigated during the early life phases under different conditions of lightness (100, 50 and 0% of light). In each condition two alimentary approaches were used: plankton + balanced food and branconeta (Dendrocephalus brasiliensis) + food (in the ration of 1:1, in volume), each one with two replications. In the first experimental trials twelve incubators were used (capacity of 80 liters), for the photoperiod treatments associated to the diet type. Each incubator receaved 200 offsprings. Soon after, the growth was evaluated in pond-nets, with those fingerlings that presented better growth in the in the previous experimental conditions. One treatment was done with three repetitions. Here, it were used three pond-nets of 1m3, in which each were placed l30 juveniles, for 248 days of cultivation. In order to verify the statistical difference among the growth of the niquins in the different conditions of brightness and food, it was used the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), with the significance level of 5%. Informations on the aspects of the reproductive biology of the niquim were obtained from bibliographical references and from the experimental results caried out along the present work. The results indicate that the mainly period of reproductive activity of the niquim happens between September to March (83,24% of the spawnings total number). In SL treatment (without light) it was observed the best length performance, with averages of 71.25 + 8.10 mm and 74.70+5.95 mm, for the alimentary approaches plankton+food and (food+branconeta), respectively. In the present work, niquim reached the average weight of 101.77+ 20.70 g, in248 culture days. According to the results, it was concluded that the brightness influences the growth of the niquim during the embryological early phases, and with 10 cm of length , (around 20 grams), it can be realeased safely in large reservoirs and starting hight densities cultivation in pond-net, with meshes up to 12 mm. / O presente trabalho foi realizado na Estação de Piscicultura de Paulo Afonso da Companhia Hidro-Elétrica do São Francisco (CHESF) (09o 22’38’’S e 38o13’58’’W), Paulo Afonso, BA, no período de fevereiro/2001 a fevereiro/2002, e teve como objetivo estudar aspectos da biologia reprodutiva e avaliar o crescimento da progênie durante as fases ontogênicas iniciail do niquim Lophiosilurus alexandri Steindachner, 1876, em diferentes condições ambientais.Esse trabalho oferece subsídios que viabilizam a sua propagação no ambiente natural, ou seja, nos reservatórios das hidrelétricas do rio São Francisco e na piscicultura comercial.Investigou-se o crescimento do niquim durante as fases ontogênicas iniciais, em diferentes condições de luminosidade (100, 50 e 0% de luz). Em cada condição, utilizaram-se dois critérios alimentares: plâncton + ração balanceada e branconeta (Dendrocephalus brasiliensis) + ração (na proporção de 1:1, em volume), com duas réplicas, cada uma. Nessa primeira etapa experimental, foram utilizadas 12 incubadoras (com capacidade de 80 litros), para os tratamentos com fotoperíodo associado ao tipo de dieta. Cada incubadora foi estocada com 200 larvas. Em seguida, avaliou-se em tanques-rede o crescimento (mm) e o peso (g), dos alevinos que obtiveram melhor desempenho na etapa anterior. Nessa etapa, utilizaram-se três tanques-rede de 1m3, cada um deles contendo l30 alevinos, durante o período de 248 dias de cultivo. Para avaliar o crescimento dos niquins nas diferentes condições de luminosidade e alimento, utilizou-se a Análise de Variância (ANOVA) ao nível de significancia de 5%. Os dados sobre aspectos da biologia reprodutiva do niquim foram obtidos por meio de levantamentos bibliográficos e dos resultados experimentais realizados ao longo do presente trabalho. Os resultados indicam que o período de maior atividade reprodutiva do niquim ocorre entre setembro e março (83,24% das desovas). No tratamento “SL” (0% de luminosidade), houve a melhor performance de comprimento, com médias de 71,25±8,10 mme 74,70±5,95 mm, para os critérios alimentares 1 (plâncton+ração) e (ração+braconeta), respectivamente. No presente trabalho, o niquim alcançou o peso médio de 101,77+ 20,70 g, em 248 dias de cultivo. De acordo com os resultados, conclui-se que a luminosidade influencia o crescimento do niquim durante as fases ontogênicas iniciais, e que com 10 cm de comprimento (aprox. 20g), pode-se com segurança realizar o peixamento nos reservatórios e iniciar o cultivo em tanques-rede com malhas de até 12 mm, em densidades maiores.

O principal objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a dinâmica populacional dos cladóceros e apendiculários em uma estação fixa ao largo de Ubatuba (SP, Brasil). As amostras de zooplâncton foram coletadas mensalmente, de julho de 2005 a dezembro de 2008, com uma rede de malha de 200 ?m. Os apendiculários e os cladóceros foram identificados, classificados em estágios, contados e medidos. Ambos os grupos taxonômicos tiveram maiores densidades nas camadas superficiais, principalmente quando a coluna de água estava estratificada devido às intrusões de fundo da Água Central do Atlântico Sul (ACAS). A temperatura foi a principal variável influenciando na distribuição de Penilia avirostris e dos apendiculários, enquanto para Pseudevadne tergestina e Evadne spinifera a salinidade foi um melhor indicador da variabilidade temporal. A pressão de predação e o alimento disponível também pareceram controlar a distribuição dos apendiculários e dos cladóceros. Indivíduos gamogênicos ocorreram associados aos máximos de abundância; eles foram raros e pouco abundantes, indicando que na costa de Ubatuba os cladóceros podem se propagar apenas por partenogênese durante todo o ano. Os apendiculários tiveram uma produção anual média de ~70% em relação à dos copépodes, confirmando a importância dos apendiculários no fluxo de carbono em regiões costeiras tropicais e subtropicais. / This work aimed to evaluate the population dynamics of cladocerans and appendicularians at a fixed station off Ubatuba (state of São Paulo, Brazil). Zooplankton samples were monthly collected, from July 2005 through December 2008, with a 200 ?m mesh net. Appendicularians and cladocerans were identified, classified into stages, counted and measured. Both taxonomic groups had higher densities at upper layers, especially when the water column was stratified due to bottom intrusions of the South Atlantic Central Water (SACW). Temperature was the main parameter influencing on the distribution of Penilia avirostris and appendicularians, whereas salinity was the principal regulating parameter of Pseudevadne tergestina and Evadne spinifera population dynamics. Predation pressure and avaiable food also seemed to control the distribution of appendicularians and cladocerans. Gamogenic individuals occurred associated with abundance maxima; they were rare and had low abundances, which indicates that in Ubatuba cladocerans may propagate only through parthenogenesis during the entire year. Appendicularians had an annual mean production ~70% of that of copepods, which confirms that appendicularians play a key role in the carbon flow in coastal subtropical and tropical regions