Messenger RNAs are transcribed and co-transcriptionally processed in the nucleus, and transported to the cytoplasm. In the cytoplasm, mRNAs serve as the template for protein synthesis and are eventually degraded. The removal of intron sequences from a precursor mRNA is termed splicing and is carried out by the dynamic spliceosome. In this thesis, I describe the regulated splicing of two transcripts in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. I also describe a study where the mechanisms that control the expression of magnesium transporters are elucidated. The pre-mRNA retention and splicing (RES) complex is a spliceosome-associated protein complex that promotes the splicing and nuclear retention of a subset of pre-mRNAs. The RES complex consists of three subunits, Bud13p, Snu17p and Pml1p. We show that the lack of RES factors causes a decrease in the formation of N4-acetylcytidine (ac4C) in tRNAs. This phenotype is caused by inefficient splicing of the pre-mRNA of the TAN1 gene, which is required for the formation of ac4C in tRNAs. The RES mutants also show growth defects that are exacerbated at elevated temperatures. We show that the temperature sensitive phenotype of the bud13Δ and snu17Δ cells is caused by the inefficient splicing of the MED20 pre-mRNA. The MED20 gene encodes a subunit of the Mediator complex. Unspliced pre-mRNAs that enter the cytoplasm are usually degraded by the nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) pathway, which targets transcripts that contain premature translation termination codons. Consistent with the nuclear retention function of the RES complex, we find that NMD inactivation in the RES mutants leads to the accumulation of both TAN1 and MED20 pre-mRNAs. We also show that the cis-acting elements that promote RES-dependent splicing are different between the TAN1 and MED20 pre-mRNAs. The NMD pathway also targets transcripts with upstream ORFs (uORFs) for degradation. The ALR1 gene encodes the major magnesium importer in yeast, and its expression is controlled by the NMD pathway via a uORF in the 5’ untranslated region. We show that the ribosome reaches the downstream main ORF by a translation reinitiation mechanism. The NMD pathway was shown to control cellular Mg2+ levels by regulating the expression of the ALR1 gene. We further show that the NMD pathway targets the transcripts of the vacuolar Mg2+ exporter Mnr2p and the mitochondrial Mg2+ exporter Mme1p for degradation. In summary, we conclude that the RES complex has a role in the splicing regulation of a subset of transcripts. We also suggest a regulatory role for the NMD pathway in maintaining the cellular Mg2+ concentration by controlling the expression of Mg2+ transporters.

The purpose and object of this thesis was to investigate and research the utility and effect of the application of the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur to medical negligence cases. More particularly, it was endeavoured to establish conclusively that the approach of the South African courts that the doctrine can never find application to medical negligence cases is untenable and out of touch with modern approaches adopted by other Common law countries. It was further endeavoured to provide a theoretical and practical legal framework within which the application of the doctrine to medical negligence cases and related matters can develop in South Africa, in future. The research includes a comprehensive comparative survey of the diverging approaches with regard to the application of the doctrine to medical negligence cases between the legal systems of South Africa, England and the United States of America. The most important conclusions which the investigation revealed were the following: 1. There are substantial differences with regard to the application of the doctrine between the three legal systems, with regard to the requirements for, the nature of, the procedural effect on the onus of proof and the nature of the defendant's explanation in rebuttal. These differences are further compounded by differences between the principles enunciated by the courts and the opinions of legal commentators on the subject. 2. Whereas the approach adopted by the South African courts with regard to the application of the doctrine to medical negligence cases is outdated and untenable, more legal clarity, however, exists in South Africa with regard to the application of the doctrine to personal injury cases in general, so that the existing principles which are applied provide a structure within which the extension of its application to medical accidents can be readily accommodated. 3. The current approach adopted by England, where provision is made for the application of the doctrine to obvious medical blunders as well as more complex matters, where the plaintiff is permitted to buttress evidence relating to the res with expert medical evidence, commends itself for acceptance. Such an approach not only alleviates the plaintiff's burden of proof but also provides adequate protection to the defendant by endorsing the principle of honest doubt in the form of letting the defendant prevail if he comes to court and explains that despite due care, untoward results do sometimes occur especially in the practice of medicine. 4. The approach adopted by the majority of jurisdictions in the United States of America is probably too liberal and unstructured so that it may in some instances result in the imposition of liability in medical context, in a arbitrary fashion. 5. Constitutional principles such as procedural equality, policy and other considerations support the extension of the application of the doctrine to medical negligence cases in South Africa. There are also substantial grounds for advancing a persuasive argument that the majority judgment in the Van Wyk v Lewis case should be overruled and that the general application of the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur should not only be extended to cases of medical negligence, but also to related legal procedures which follow a medical accident such as medical inquests, criminal prosecutions and disciplinary inquiries instituted by the Health Professions Council of South Africa. / Thesis (LLD)--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Public Law / LLD / unrestricted

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:18:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_francisco.pdf: 839747 bytes, checksum: 2fab615b5424bfa998239cc5dbd090c2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-01 / Despite the importance of the Institute judged thing, we cannot forget that the very reason to exist in any legal system has increased the scope of effective justice. For this reason, there's not as if admitting that an Institute, even if it takes into account the nobility of its purpose, will accommodate, procedurally, the perpetuation of the effects of judgments unequivocally incompatible with the real truth of the case put before the State. Under this premise, the advent of DNA examination brought to light a myriad of judged that depict this hypothesis, behold, the absence of certain scientific test alluded had decision-making by assigning paternity short, in fact, not the features. Coupled to this problematic retro, we cannot lose sight of that recognition of fatherhood inherent law reflects a human person, perhaps the first law whose guardianship if can think plead. Thus, this study draws a parallel between the institutes of judicata and the right to paternity, completing the need that the first be relativized to avoid westernization of unjust sentences. On the other hand, it is suggested that careful strokes are parameters so that it cannot be not construction prolatadas sentences in research processes with same paternity judicata, rescuing the legal certainty / Não obstante a importância do instituto da coisa julgada, não se pode olvidar que a própria razão de existir de qualquer ordenamento jurídico tem como maior escopo a efetivação da justiça. Por essa razão, não há como se admitir que um instituto, mesmo que se leve em conta a nobreza de sua finalidade, venha a albergar, processualmente, a perpetuação dos efeitos de sentenças inequivocamente incompatíveis com a verdade real do caso posto à apreciação estatal. Sob essa premissa, o advento do exame do DNA trouxe à tona uma infinidade de julgados que retratam essa hipótese, eis que, ante a ausência do aludido teste científico, determinados decisórios acabavam por atribuir a paternidade a quem, de fato, não a possui. A par dessa problemática, não se pode perder de vista que o reconhecimento da paternidade reflete um direito inerente à pessoa humana, quiçá, o primeiro direito cuja tutela se pode pensar em pleitear. Assim, o presente estudo traça um paralelo entre o instituto da coisa julgada e o direito à paternidade, concluindo pela necessidade de que o primeiro seja relativizado, de modo a evitar a eternização de sentenças injustas. Em contrapartida, sugere-se que sejam traçados cuidadosos parâmetros de modo que não se possa desconstituir sentenças prolatadas em processos de investigação de paternidade, mesmo com trânsito em julgado, resgatando-se a segurança jurídica

The dissertation work deals with the issue of water treatment and possibilities of energy savings during the operation of sewage treatment plants. The aim of the work is to find the potential of alternative energy use, economical consumption, improvement of the facility system management and quality improvement of the wastewater treatment process. In the first part of the work, operating processes, energy flows and energy savings are discussed. To analyze the problematics, larger sewage treatment plants were chosen. Thanks to their size, it was easier to find critical points and test the usage of renewable sources in operation. After the energy audit, the individual processes were assessed and real operation pitfalls were determined. Further steps led to focusing on smaller facilities up to 2 000 PE. This step was carried out with the intention of preparing these plants for the planned legislative change and helping to create or modernize more energy-efficient solutions. Thanks to the establishment of consortium of Brno University of Technology, the Department of Electric Power Engineering and a company dealing with water treatment and automation control, a solution was created that modernize the electrical, automation and water treatment part of the plant operation. This innovative application was installed in the sewage treatment plant, where the issues were debugged, control algorithms were tested and the entire operation was launched in automatic mode. At the end of the wastewater treatment plant modernization, PV panels were installed on the roof, thus partially suppling the object with renewable energy.

No description available.

The objective was to design a new city hall for the biggest district of Brno: Brno-sever. The site determined for the new city hall is a brownfield of old barracks in Brno - Černá Pole. An important part of the task was to decide what to do with the whole area, and to find the ideal position for the nex city hall within this site. In my design, the hall is situated at the crossroad oh the Provazníkova, Jugoslávká and Mathonova street. The goal was not to overwhelm the environment, but to integrate this new building between the old and the new structure. The new city hall is remarkable by its size, mass and dark basalt facade. It is not much higher than the surrounding buildings and has only four floors. Groundfloor is dedicated to public acitivities (library, post office, community center) while the city hall itself occupies the three remaining floors.

The theme of this essay arises from problematic pictures which travel journalism can bring about foreign countries, and in this specific case Mexico. These pictures can be problematic in the way that they can carry colonial elements and form colonial discourses. The main purpose of this study is therefore to investigate the Swedish travel magazines, Vagabond, RES and Allt om resor, and how they portray places and people in the written texts and photographs. This was done with a postcolonial and discourse theoretical framework, whereas empowerment of certain pictures can lead to formation of discourses, myths and stereotypes about places and people in Mexico. The method used to reveal different aspects of the travel reports was semiotic analysis, Norman Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis and critical linguistics. These together allowed a closer reading of the texts and the photographs, with regards to the context of the text and the magazine’s development. The analysis was conducted with help of linguistic tools such as transitivity and lexical structure, and a thematic structure consisting of themes such as metropolis Mexico city, Mexico’s hinterland and Mexico’s coast. The result showed on many differences and similarities in the nine travel reports which have been studied, depending on the theme, magazine and publication year. The articles published in the 1980’s and 1990’s focused more on people as Indians and Mexicans which mostly were described by their attributes rather than their actions, and therefore objectified and stereotyped as Indians and cowboys, poor and childish. In articles from the 20th century there has been a shift in focus from people to places, these places were often beaches and the sea, constructing the myth of the relaxing paradise. Sometimes these pictures were combined with the Mayan culture to show a variation of destinations, and to meet new tourism trends such as ethnic and culture tourism.

L’autorité de la chose interprétée des arrêts de la Cour EDH est un concept avec une double signification. Il désigne à la fois l’autorité jurisprudentielle et l’autorité interprétative de la Cour EDH. Ces deux aspects interconnectés témoignent du caractère propre de sa jurisprudence. Ainsi, la force obligatoire que revêt par hypothèse la décision rendue n’est pas isolée à l’espèce mais elle peut être étendue aux États tiers au litige dans la mesure où la Cour EDH est expressément investie du pouvoir d’énoncer des interprétations authentiques qui font corps à la Convention. Certains arrêts de la Cour EDH ont donc une force référentielle obligatoire et sont, de ce fait, opposables à l’ensemble de la communauté des États contractants. Complètement dissociée de l’obligation qui concerne l’État défendeur au titre de l’article 46 de la Convention, l’obligation de tenir compte de la jurisprudence européenne implique l’intervention proactive de l’État pour mettre en conformité son système national sans attendre la condamnation de la Cour EDH. Les juridictions nationales ont progressivement reconnu cet effet dissuasif de la jurisprudence de la Cour de Strasbourg en contribuant au développement d’un partenariat inter-juridictionnel puisque la mise en oeuvre des arrêts de la Cour EDH est une responsabilité judiciaire partagée. / The Res interpretata effect of the ECtHRs’ judgments is a concept with double significance. It designates both the authority of the ECtHR’s case-law and its interpretative authority. These two interconnected aspects demonstrate the special nature of the Court's jurisdiction. Therefore, the binding force of the Court's judgment is not restricted in the case at hand, but it can be extended to the States that were not a party to the proceedings insofar as the ECtHR has the power to enunciate the authentic interpretations of the Convention. Certain judgments of the ECtHR have, thus, an obligatory referential force and are, as a consequence, binding on the entire community of the Contracting States. Entirely separated from the obligation that concerns the defendant State under Article 46 of the Convention, the obligation to take into account the ECtHR’s case-law involves the State’s proactive intervention to bring its national system in conformity with the ECtHR’s standards. The national jurisdictions have progressively accepted the dissuasive effect of the ECtHR’s case-law by contributing to the development of an inter-jurisdictional partnership since the implementation of the ECtHR’s judgments is a shared judicial responsibility.

Le mos maiorum est fondé sur la mémoire et a une nature orale. Le droit Quiritaire était essentiellement fondé sur les mores. Ceux-ci règlent les vies des familiae et des gentes patriciennes. Jusqu’à la rédaction des Douze Tables, le droit était oral et la connaissance et l’interprétation du droit étaient les prérogatives des pontifes. La nature orale de la tradition rend possible sa manipulation politique de la part des patriciens et, dans un deuxième temps, de la noblesse patricio-plébéienne. Ensuite, nous éclairons le passage du droit pontifical à la iurisprudentia laïque qui apparaît vers le IIIe siècle. Nous étudions aussi l’évolution des rapports entre l’auctoritas de la classe dirigeante et la revendication d’équité dans le domaine juridique adressée par le peuple. Nous mettons en lumière la crise de la tradition à l’époque tardo-républicaine. L’appel au mos maiorum par Cicéron et Salluste s’inscrit dans le projet de mettre en œuvre un renouvellement politique de la res publica sur un fondement moral. Le mos maiorum est évoqué dans l’espoir de revenir à la res publica des maiores. Toutefois, à cette époque, l’État s’est effondré et les citoyens ne sont pas à la hauteur de leurs ancêtres. Aussi bien Cicéron que Salluste sont conscients que la tradition ne peut pas constituer un modèle à leur époque. En effet, cette dernière a profondément changé au fil du temps. D’ailleurs, l’évocation du mos maiorum, est mise place aussi bien par les optimates que par les populares dans des buts politiques opposés. La tendance à l’individualisme répandue dans la société tardo-républicaine est la cause de l’effondrement de la res publica. / Mos maiorum is based on memory and it has an oral nature. The Quiritary Law was primarily based on mores. They regulated the the way of living both of familiae and patrician gentes. Prior to the writing of Twelve Tables, the law was oral and the knowledge as well as the interpretation of the law were the prerogatives of the pontiffs. The oral nature of the tradition makes it possible for the patricians and, then, for the patrician-plebeian nobility to provoke its political manipulation. Thereafter, we will enlighten the transition from the Pontifical Law to secular iurisprudentia, which appears approximately at the 3rd century BC. We will also clarify the evolution of relations between the auctoritas of the ruling class and the claim for equity in the legal area appealed by the people. We will shed light on the crisis of tradition in the late republican era. The calling to the mos maiorum by Cicero and Sallust is a part of the project to implement a political renewal of the res publica on a moral basis. Mos maiorum is mentioned in the hope of returning to the res publica of maiores. However, at that time, the state collapses and citizens are not equal to their ancestors. Both Cicero and Sallust are aware that tradition can not be a model in their time. Indeed, the latter has changed profoundly over time. Moreover, the evocation of the mos maiorum is put both by the optimates and by the populares for opposite political purposes. A tendency to widespread individualism in the late-republican society is the cause of the collapse of the res publica.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:23:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Thais Matallo Cordeiro Gomes.pdf: 1126309 bytes, checksum: c93fe6fd448e6260f03c6668751a0870 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-16 / This dissertation has as its aim the study of the possibility of filing an action for the reversal of res judicata based on a Brazilian Superior Court of Justice (STJ) precedent, which may be binding or merely persuasive. The current position of the STJ is in the sense that precedents are not equivalent to legal statutes and, therefore, may not serve as grounds for the action to reverse res judicata, based on article 485, V, of the Brazilian Procedural Law Code (CPC). This paper analyses the aforementioned court position, in order to reach a conclusion (de lege lata) on whether there are grounds for an action to reverse res judicata based on the violation of a binding and/or persuasive precedents. For this purpose, the author opted to initiate the dissertation with a brief study of the main features of the action to reverse res judicata. Emphasis will be given to article 485, V, of CPC, specially to the definition and interpretation of the said "literal violation of the Law" (among others). Subsequently, the precedents (binding and persuasive) will be analysed. The author starts from general aspects towards polemical and practical questions related to the matter under study, e.g., the effects and reach of the precedents, as well as the possible and questionable interference of the Judiciary in the constitutional competence of the Legislature. At this time, the legal nature of the precedents and its possible equivalence to statutory law will be also evaluated under the light of the general law principles. Finally, as a result of the argumentative line developed on the previous chapters, the dissertation will state whether the Brazilian legal system allows an action to reverse res judicata based on binding and persuasive precedents. Procedural aspects of the action will be also tackled (e.g. time limitation and first day of the term to file the action). After the study, precisely on the basis of art. 485, inc. V, of the CPC code, the conclusion is by the possibility of filing a rescission action when observed violation of binding and persuasive precedents / O objeto deste trabalho é o estudo da possibilidade de ajuizamento de ação rescisória com fundamento na violação de súmula, seja ela vinculante ou persuasiva. O atual entendimento do Superior Tribunal de Justiça é o de que as súmulas não podem ser equiparadas à lei e, portanto, não podem ser base de ação rescisória, com fundamento no inciso V do art. 485 do CPC. Neste trabalho, que terá como suporte metodológico a técnica de pesquisa bibliográfica, será feita uma análise acerca desse entendimento para, ao final, concluir, de lege lata, se é ou não possível o ajuizamento de ação rescisória por violação de súmula vinculante e/ou persuasiva, tendo como fundamento justamente o inciso V do art. 485 do CPC. Para tanto, optou-se por iniciar a presente dissertação a partir de um breve estudo acerca das principais características da ação rescisória. Como se pretende analisar a possibilidade do ajuizamento de referida ação por violação de súmula vinculante e/ou persuasiva tendo como fundamento legal o inciso V do art. 485 do CPC, no primeiro capítulo será dado um enfoque mais detalhado de referido inciso. Estudos como, por exemplo, envolvendo o sentido de violação a literal dispositivo de lei (entre outros) serão amplamente abordados nesta parte do trabalho. Em seguida, as súmulas (tanto as vinculantes como as persuasivas) também serão objeto de análise. Inicialmente, serão estudados aspectos gerais de cada uma das súmulas para, posteriormente, enfrentar temas polêmicos que apresentam relação com o assunto tratado. É o caso, por exemplo, da eficácia e do alcance das súmulas, bem como a polêmica envolvendo eventual usurpação, pelo Poder Judiciário, de poderes que, a princípio, seriam restritos ao Poder Legislativo. Neste ponto do trabalho também será analisada a natureza jurídica das súmulas e a eventual possibilidade de sua equiparação à lei, tudo com base na teoria geral do Direito. Ao final, com esteio em toda a linha argumentativa realizada nos capítulos anteriores, será abordada a possibilidade de ação rescisória por violação de súmula vinculante e persuasiva, e analisados alguns aspectos procedimentais (por exemplo: prazo e termo a quo para o ajuizamento da ação rescisória), necessários à plena compreensão do assunto. Findo o estudo, justamente com fundamento no art. 485, inc. V, do CPC, conclui-se pela possibilidade de ajuizamento de ação rescisória quando constatada violação de súmula vinculante e persuasiva