Thesis (Ph.D. (Estate Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.

The Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act 28 of 2002 (MPRDA} is premised on the principle that minerals are part of the natural heritage of all South Africans. Section 3 of the MPRDA articulates the core of the new mineral law dispensation. Through the provisions of the said section, new concepts are introduced to the field of mineral law previously governed by the South African common law system of private ownership, based on Roman-Dutch principles. The study focused on section 3 of the MPRDA and the consequences ensuing from its implementation. Consequently, a historical overview of the development of South African mineral law was followed by an exposition of the development of the constitutional property concept. It was concluded that mineral rights from the previous dispensation constitute property protected by section 25 of the Constitution. It was also found that the development encapsulated in the MPRDA in respect of the ownership of the country's unsevered minerals, is indicative of the decline of private property. It is substituted by a line of thought which recognises that certain interests 'are held in common' by the nation. This idea is also found in inter alia the National Water Act 36 of 1998 and the National Environmental Management Act 107 of 1998. This led to the next section of the research where the concept of custodial sovereignty as manifested in the Anglo-American public trust doctrine was studied. It was apparent that the public trust doctrine is a legal construct whereby ownership of certain assets vests in the state, to be administered on behalf of the nation and generations yet to come. The historical survey of the Roman concepts of res publicae and res omnium communes indicated that although this doctrine is not part of South Africa's common law heritage, principles underlying the doctrine found application in South African law in respect of the seashore. The conclusion was reached that the doctrine has indeed been incorporated in South African mineral law by the MPRDA, constituting a new mineral law regime in the country. Due to the fact that a new mineral law dispensation was introduced, mineral rights as they existed in the previous mineral law dispensation were annihilated. It was, therefore, necessary to determine whether this annihilation resulted in the expropriation of property. Consequently the content of the concept 'expropriation' was studied in order to determine whether the previously held mineral rights were expropriated. The study indicated that expropriation entails the acquisition of property by the state, but that ample room exists for the development of the concept of constructive expropriation. Based on the information gained on the concept of expropriation, the consequences ensuing from the MPRDA for the holders of common law mineral rights and old order rights and the impact of the MPRDA on ownership of landowners were analysed. It was indicated that the extent of the deprivation brought about by the MPRDA varies between expropriation and the regulation of mining activities. The significance of section 3 of the MPRDA for the people of South Africa was analysed and it was found that the newly introduced doctrine can be applied to the advantage of the nation as a whole. A separate section of the research entailed a limited comparative analysis of Canadian mining law that focused on constitutional jurisdiction over minerals in the Canadian mining regime and the taking of property interests in minerals. It is proposed that the South African expropriation concept should develop along the lines followed in Canadian jurisprudence. After considering the abovementioned aspects, the final conclusion of the study is that the concepts introduced by and the consequences emanating from the implementation of section 3 of the MPRDA are constitutionally justifiable. / Thesis (LL.D (Indigenous Law)) -- North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.

The Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act 28 of 2002 (MPRDA} is premised on the principle that minerals are part of the natural heritage of all South Africans. Section 3 of the MPRDA articulates the core of the new mineral law dispensation. Through the provisions of the said section, new concepts are introduced to the field of mineral law previously governed by the South African common law system of private ownership, based on Roman-Dutch principles. The study focused on section 3 of the MPRDA and the consequences ensuing from its implementation. Consequently, a historical overview of the development of South African mineral law was followed by an exposition of the development of the constitutional property concept. It was concluded that mineral rights from the previous dispensation constitute property protected by section 25 of the Constitution. It was also found that the development encapsulated in the MPRDA in respect of the ownership of the country's unsevered minerals, is indicative of the decline of private property. It is substituted by a line of thought which recognises that certain interests 'are held in common' by the nation. This idea is also found in inter alia the National Water Act 36 of 1998 and the National Environmental Management Act 107 of 1998. This led to the next section of the research where the concept of custodial sovereignty as manifested in the Anglo-American public trust doctrine was studied. It was apparent that the public trust doctrine is a legal construct whereby ownership of certain assets vests in the state, to be administered on behalf of the nation and generations yet to come. The historical survey of the Roman concepts of res publicae and res omnium communes indicated that although this doctrine is not part of South Africa's common law heritage, principles underlying the doctrine found application in South African law in respect of the seashore. The conclusion was reached that the doctrine has indeed been incorporated in South African mineral law by the MPRDA, constituting a new mineral law regime in the country. Due to the fact that a new mineral law dispensation was introduced, mineral rights as they existed in the previous mineral law dispensation were annihilated. It was, therefore, necessary to determine whether this annihilation resulted in the expropriation of property. Consequently the content of the concept 'expropriation' was studied in order to determine whether the previously held mineral rights were expropriated. The study indicated that expropriation entails the acquisition of property by the state, but that ample room exists for the development of the concept of constructive expropriation. Based on the information gained on the concept of expropriation, the consequences ensuing from the MPRDA for the holders of common law mineral rights and old order rights and the impact of the MPRDA on ownership of landowners were analysed. It was indicated that the extent of the deprivation brought about by the MPRDA varies between expropriation and the regulation of mining activities. The significance of section 3 of the MPRDA for the people of South Africa was analysed and it was found that the newly introduced doctrine can be applied to the advantage of the nation as a whole. A separate section of the research entailed a limited comparative analysis of Canadian mining law that focused on constitutional jurisdiction over minerals in the Canadian mining regime and the taking of property interests in minerals. It is proposed that the South African expropriation concept should develop along the lines followed in Canadian jurisprudence. After considering the abovementioned aspects, the final conclusion of the study is that the concepts introduced by and the consequences emanating from the implementation of section 3 of the MPRDA are constitutionally justifiable. / Thesis (LL.D (Indigenous Law)) -- North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:07:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MoacirGS_TESE.pdf: 4771867 bytes, checksum: f93165e08f62a97944b6eed01b488995 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-10 / Among the industries, those that produce ceramic porcelain for use in construction industry and oil, during the exploration and production period, play an important role in the production of waste. Much research has been carried out both by academia and the productive sector, sometimes reintroducing them in the same production line that generated them, sometimes in areas unrelated to their generation, as in the production of concrete and mortar for the construction, for example, but each one in an isolated way. In this research, the aim is to study the combined incorporation of the waste drill cuttings of oil well and the residue of the polishing of porcelain, generated in the final stage of finishing of this product in a clay matrix, for the production of red pottery, specifically bricks, ceramic blocks and tiles. The clay comes from the municipality of S?o Gon?alo, RN, the drilling waste is from the Natal basin, in Rio Grande do Norte, and the residue of the polishing proceeds from a ceramic porcelain of the State of Para?ba. For this purpose, we used a mixture of a plastic clay with a non-plastic, in a ratio of 50% each, settling formulations with the addition of these two residues in this clay matrix. In the formulations, both residues were incorporated with a minimum percentage of 2.5% and maximum of 12.5%, varying from 2.5% each, in each formulation, which the sum of the waste be no more than 15%. It should be noted that the residue of the polishing of ceramic porcelain is a IIa class (not inert). The materials were characterized by XRF, XRD, TG, DTA, laser granulometry and the plasticity index. The technological properties of water absorption, apparent porosity, linear shrinkage of burning, flexural tensile strength and bulk density were evaluated after the sintering of the pieces to 850 ?C, 950 ?C and 1050 ?C, with a burning time of 3 hr, 3 hr and 30 minutes, and 3 hr and 50 minutes, respectively, with a heating rate of 10 ?C/minute, for all formulations and landing of 30 minutes. To better understand the influence of each residue and temperature on the evaluated properties, we used the factorial planning and its surfaces of response for the interpretation of the results. It was found that the temperature has no statistical significance at a 95% of reliability level in flexural tensile strength and that it decreases the water absorption and the porosity, but increases the shrinkage and the bulk density. The results showed the feasibility of the desired incorporation, but adjusting the temperature to each product and formulation, and that the temperatures of 850 ?C and 950 ?C were the one that responded to the largest number of formulations / A ind?stria de produ??o de porcelanatos para uso na constru??o civil e a do petr?leo, na fase de explora??o e produ??o, exercem um papel importante na produ??o de res?duos. Muitas pesquisas t?m sido realizadas tanto pela academia quanto pelo setor produtivo, ora reintroduzindo esses res?duos na mesma linha de produ??o que os gerou, ora em setores alheios ao de sua gera??o, como na produ??o de concretos e argamassas para a constru??o civil, por exemplo, mas cada um de forma isolada. O objetivo desta pesquisa ? estudar a incorpora??o combinada do res?duo de cascalho de perfura??o de po?o petrol?fero e do res?duo do polimento do porcelanato, gerado na fase de acabamento final do produto, numa matriz argilosa, para a produ??o de cer?mica vermelha - especificamente tijolos, blocos cer?micos e telhas. A argila utilizada ? oriunda do munic?pio de S?o Gon?alo do Amarante, RN; o res?duo de perfura??o, da bacia potiguar, no Rio Grande do Norte; e o do polimento ? de uma cer?mica de porcelanato do Estado da Para?ba. Utilizou-se a mistura de uma argila pl?stica com uma n?o pl?stica, numa propor??o de 50 % de cada uma (que ? o percentual de mistura adotado na cer?mica fornecedora dessa argila), estabelecendo-se formula??es com a incorpora??o dos dois res?duos nessa matriz argilosa. Nas formula??es, os dois res?duos foram incorporados com um percentual m?nimo de 2,5 % e m?ximo de 12,5 %, variando-se em 2,5 % cada um, em cada formula??o, de modo que a soma dos res?duos fosse no m?ximo 15 %. ? oportuno registrar que o res?duo do polimento do porcelanato ? de classe IIa (n?o inerte). Os materiais foram caracterizados por FRX, DRX, TG, DTA, granulometria a laser e pelo ?ndice de plasticidade. As propriedades tecnol?gicas de absor??o de ?gua, porosidade aparente, retra??o linear de queima, tens?o de ruptura ? flex?o e massa espec?fica aparente, foram avaliadas ap?s a sinteriza??o das pe?as a 850 ?C, 950 ?C e 1050 ?C, com ciclo de queima de 3 h , 3 h e 30 min e 3 h e 50 min, respectivamente, com taxa de aquecimento de 10 ?C/min. e patamar de 30 min., para todas as formula??es. Para melhor compreender-se a influ?ncia de cada res?duo e de cada temperatura nas propriedades avaliadas, utilizou-se o planejamento fatorial e suas superf?cies de resposta para interpreta??o dos resultados. Verificou-se que a temperatura n?o tem signific?ncia estat?stica no n?vel de 95 % de confiabilidade na tens?o de ruptura ? flex?o e que ela diminui a absor??o de ?gua e a porosidade, mas aumenta a retra??o e a massa espec?fica aparente. Os resultados mostraram a viabilidade da incorpora??o pretendida, adequando-se a temperatura a cada produto e cada formula??o, e as temperaturas de 850 ?C e 950 ?C foram as que atenderam ao maior n?mero de formula??es

Benché ampiamente studiata con riferimento al contenzioso interno, la res judicata ha ricevuto minore attenzione nella sua “dimensione internazionale”. Il presente lavoro si propone di esplorare i profili incerti degli effetti di giudicato delle “decisioni non domestiche”, intese come decisioni non provenienti dalle corti del foro, e in particolare delle sentenze straniere e dei lodi arbitrali internazionali. Nel tentativo di superare almeno parte delle incertezze e dei problemi della prassi attuale, in relazione alle sentenze straniere si sostiene che i relativi effetti di giudicato vengano determinati sulla base della teoria dell’estensione assoluta degli effetti, la quale assicura certezza giuridica transnazionale ed è consona alla moderna evoluzione liberale delle norme sul riconoscimento. Quanto ai lodi arbitrali, si propone che le istituzioni arbitrali adottino, nei propri regolamenti, ampie regole preclusive che riflettano la natura e gli obiettivi del procedimento arbitrale. Le soluzioni proposte condividono l’idea che gli effetti di giudicato di una “decisione non domestica” dovrebbero essere determinati in linea di principio dal “sistema” a cui la decisione appartiene, sebbene l’adozione di un approccio unitario risulti problematica quando questioni di giudicato sorgono tra corti statali e tribunali arbitrali in maniera da compromettere l’autonomia dell’arbitrato internazionale. / Although extensively studied in domestic litigation, res judicata has received less attention in its “international dimension”. This work seeks to navigate the uncharted waters of the res judicata effects of “non-domestic decisions”, understood as decisions that are not rendered by the courts of the forum, and in particular of foreign judgments and international arbitral awards. In an attempt to overcome at least part of the uncertainties and problems of the current practice, as regards foreign judgments it is proposed that their res judicata effects be determined based on the theory of the absolute extension of effects, which ensures cross-border legal certainty and accords with the modern liberal evolution of recognition rules. As regards arbitral awards, it is suggested that arbitral institutions adopt, in their regulations, broad preclusive rules that reflect the nature and objectives of the arbitral process. The proposed solutions share the idea that the res judicata effects of a “non-domestic decision” should be in principle determined according to the “system” to which the decision belongs, although the adoption of a unitary approach is challenged when res judicata issues arise between state courts and arbitral tribunals so to jeopardize the autonomy of international arbitration.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:52:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AlcidesFSF.pdf: 734255 bytes, checksum: 47cc13ea70d864d6a5ffe61ff57b1128 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-11-10 / The present work has the objective of presenting an investigation about the quantification, classification and destination of the waste of construction and demolition (RCD) in the city of Natal - RN, focusing the aspects of the environmental impacts and the strategic importance of the environmental administration in the earnings of productivity of the companies. Of the environmental point of view the research intends to identify and to quantify the monthly and annual production of RCD in the city, as well as to know the places of deposition of those residues. To reach the objectives of the study, an exploratory and descriptive research was accomplished, using a questionnaire with closed subjects and an open one, applied in 25 entrepreneurs of the branch of the building site, being 21 builders and 4 entrepreneurs of collection companies and removal dumps. As form of analysis of the data, the descriptive analysis was used and of crossing. The production engineering considers important the insert of best production practices and administration of the product in the companies, with views to the increase of your competitiveness, productivity earnings and improvement of the environmental aspects with views to the consumer's satisfaction, in that case the buyer of immobile. The principal results of the investigation demonstrate that there was not great variability of answers with relationship to the interviewees opinion in what he refers to the environmental practices. In your majority the building site interviewees entrepreneurs evidenced the absence of the public power, particularly the city hall of Natal, in the control, fiscalization and creation of mechanisms for a correct destination of RCD, as well as for your reuse and recycle. On the other hand also it was evident that the recycle or the reuse of RCD on the part of the companies is a rare practice and a lot of times inexistent, although the entrepreneurs' of the building site section great majority recognizes that would have won of productivity with the correct and intensive use of such measures / O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de apresentar uma investiga??o sobre a quantifica??o, classifica??o e destina??o dos res?duos s?lidos de constru??o e demoli??o (RCD) na cidade do Natal - RN, enfocando os aspectos dos impactos ambientais e a import?ncia estrat?gica da gest?o ambiental no ganho de produtividade das empresas. Do ponto de vista ambiental a pesquisa prop?e identificar e quantificar a produ??o mensal e anual de RCD na cidade, bem como conhecer os locais de disposi??o final desses res?duos. Para atingir os objetivos do estudo, foi realizada uma pesquisa explorat?ria e descritiva, utilizando um question?rio com quest?es fechadas e uma aberta, aplicados em 25 empres?rios do ramo da constru??o civil, sendo 21 construtores e 4 empres?rios de empresas de coleta e remo??o de entulhos. Como forma de an?lise dos dados, foi utilizada a an?lise descritiva e de cruzamento. A engenharia de produ??o considera importante a inser??o de melhores pr?ticas de produ??o e gest?o do produto nas empresas, com vistas ao aumento de sua competitividade, ganho de produtividade e melhoria dos aspectos ambientais com vistas ? satisfa??o do consumidor, nesse caso o comprador de im?veis. Os principais resultados da investiga??o demonstram que n?o houve grande variabilidade de respostas quanto ? opini?o dos entrevistados no que se refere ?s pr?ticas ambientais. Em sua maioria, os empres?rios da constru??o civil entrevistados evidenciaram a aus?ncia do poder p?blico, particularmente a prefeitura de Natal, no controle, fiscaliza??o e cria??o de mecanismos para uma correta destina??o dos RCD, bem como para o seu reaproveitamento e reciclagem. Por outro lado tamb?m ficou evidente que a reciclagem ou o reaproveitamento dos RCD por parte das empresas ? uma pr?tica rara e muitas vezes inexistente, embora a grande maioria dos empres?rios do setor de constru??o civil reconhe?am que teriam ganhos de produtividade com a utiliza??o correta e intensiva de tais medidas

This work shows a contribution to the study of the Switched Reluctance Machine driven as a generator to connecting in the grid to inject active power. The main objective is show the Switched Reluctance Generator behavior under various operating conditions, as well as the development of an electronic converter to connect it to the low voltage grid. Thus, it presents a mathematical model for the Switching Reluctance Generator which includes the magnetic circuit saturation and a computational model for analyzing steady state and transient. Also it is presented a strategy of generated voltage control by the magnetization angle variation acting only in the top switch of the Asymmetrical Half Bridge converter. An intermediate stage was added in the switching control strategy to reduce the energy amount provided by the excitation source and get better utilization of electromechanical conversion. A detailed description of the control system equations of the DC-AC stage, PLL algorithm and design of injected current compensator are presented and discussed. Finally, it was constructed in laboratory a experimental platform for verification of the theoretical and simulation. / Este trabalho apresenta uma contribuição ao estudo da Máquina a Relutância Variável acionada como gerador para conexão com rede elétrica e injeção de potência ativa. O objetivo principal é apresentar o comportamento do Gerador a Relutância Variável sob diversas condições de operação, bem como o desenvolvimento de um conversor eletrônico para a sua conexão a rede elétrica de baixa tensão. Assim, é apresentado um modelo matemático para o Gerador a Relutância Variável que contempla a saturação do circuito magnético e um modelo computacional para análise em regime permanente e transitório. Também é apresentada uma estratégia de controle da tensão gerada através da variação do ângulo de magnetização atuando apenas nas chaves superiores do conversor assimétrico Half Bridge. Uma etapa intermediária no chaveamento foi acrescentada à estratégia de controle para diminuir a quantidade de energia fornecida pela fonte de excitação e obter melhor aproveitamento da conversão eletromecânica. Uma descrição detalhada do equacionamento do sistema de controle do estágio CC-CA, do algoritmo de PLL e projeto do compensador da corrente injetada são apresentados e discutidos. Por fim, construiu-se uma plataforma experimental em laboratório para a comprovação dos estudos teóricos e de simulação. / Doutor em Ciências

Nowadays, Renewable Energy Sources (RES) are attracting more and more interest. Thus, many countries aim to increase the share of green energy and have to face with several challenges (e.g., balancing, storage, pricing). In this paper, we address the balancing challenge and present the MIRABEL project which aims to prototype an Energy Data Management System (EDMS) which takes benefit of flexibilities to efficiently balance energy demand and supply. The EDMS consists of millions of heterogeneous nodes that each incorporates advanced components (e.g., aggregation, forecasting, scheduling, negotiation). We describe each of these components and their interaction. Preliminary experimental results confirm the feasibility of our EDMS.

Магистерская диссертация посвящена зачинам новелл Э. А. По как малоизученной области поэтики писателя. Цель работы – типологизация зачинов новелл Э. А. По на основании их лингвостилистических маркеров, характера предоставляемой в рамках зачина информации и мотивной наполненности. Актуальность исследования определяется отсутствием в науке общепринятой дефиниции зачина, критериев его делимитации, четкого понимания смыслового наполнения зачинов. Проанализировав существующие концепции теоретических описаний зачинов художественного текста, автор приходит к выводу об их недостаточности и конструирует собственное определение и собственную типологию зачинов для новелл Э. А. По, опираясь на эмпирические материалы исследования. Под зачином понимается первый абзац как содержательно-тематический блок, выделенный в соответствии с экспрессивно-образной авторской установкой. Проводится анализ нарративной субъектной организации зачинов, выделяются экспозиционные (интродукция персонажей, места и времени действия), композиционно-стилистические мотивы (апелляция к читателю, рассуждения), вариации приема «вырезанное начало». В результате исследования зачины были дифференцированы, на основании 1) способа сюжетно-композиционной организации рассказа (3 класса); 2) функции мотивов, преобладающих в зачине (11 подтипов). Отдельно рассматриваются особенности новаторской модели зачинов Э. А. По, где связь зачина с сюжетом условна, и сюжетная история служит иллюстративным материалом к изложенным в зачине тезисам. Материалом для исследования служат 66 новелл Э. А. По на английском языке из двухтомной антологии ‘The Complete Poems and Stories of Edgar Allan Poe’. / The master's thesis is devoted to the opening fragments of E. A. Poe's short stories as an understudied area of the writer's poetics. The aim of the study is to classify opening fragments (the beginnings) of E. A. Poe's short stories based on their linguistic and stylistic markers, the information provided within and the motif content. The relevance of the study is determined by the lack of a generally accepted definition of the opening fragment, criteria of its delimitation, a clear understanding of the concept and semantic content of the opening fragment in the literary and linguistics approaches. Having analyzed the available concepts of opening fragment’s theoretical descriptions in fiction texts, the author concludes their insufficiency and constructs his own definition and typology of opening fragments for the E. A. Poe’s short stories, based on the empirical research materials. The opening fragment is understood as the first paragraph of the work as a conceptual and thematic segment, allocated in accordance with the expressive and imaginative author's attitude. The analysis of narrative subjective organization of beginnings is carried out, and expositional (introduction of characters, place and time of action), compositional and stylistic motives (appeal to the reader, reasoning), variations of the ‘cut-off beginning’ technique are distinguished. As a result of the study, the opening fragments were differentiated: 1) according to the method of plot-compositional organization of the story (3 classes); 2) according to the functions of the motives prevailing in the opening fragment (11 subtypes). Separately, the features of the innovative model of E. A. Poe's opening fragments are considered, where the connection of the beginning with the plot is conditional, and the plot serves as illustrative material for the theses set out in the opening fragment. The material for the study is 66 original short stories by Edgar Allan Poe from the two-volume anthology ‘The Complete Poems and Stories of Edgar Allan Poe’.

O objetivo central do presente trabalho é a análise do instituto da representatividade adequada nos processos coletivos, de modo a se contribuir para majorar a eficácia de proteção dos direitos coletivos amplamente considerados, especialmente porque esse instituto de suma relevância não é princípio dos processos coletivos no Brasil. Os direitos coletivos tiveram seu estudo iniciado a partir do momento em que as pessoas tomaram consciência de sua condição de indivíduos inseridos na comunidade em que vivem, buscando na sociedade massificada e junto aos outros em mesma situação amparo para seus problemas e força para suas reivindicações. Assim, absorvida essa consciência de classe pelos indivíduos, o que começou a ocorrer em meados do século XVIII, nos países de ordenamento de common law, teve início o desenvolvimento dos processos coletivos, que chegaram a um considerável nível de maturação somente no século XX. Pretendeu-se, com esse trabalho, revelar a importância do instituto da representatividade adequada, pois, sem sua real observância, não se poderão considerar efetivamente protegidos os direitos transindividuais e, mais do que isso, não se poderá afirmar ser o processo coletivo realmente útil e eficaz em relação a seus objetivos. Assim, demonstrou-se que a representatividade adequada é instituto essencial para a legitimação para as ações coletivas, já com base na lei posta, devendo ser aferida pelo magistrado não só em relação às associações, mas também ao Ministério Público e à pessoa física, a quem entendemos deva ser estendida a legitimidade. Ademais, em relação às ações coletivas passivas, não previstas em nosso ordenamento, mas existentes de fato, a observância do instituto é essencial para que não se violem garantias elementares do indivíduo. Outrossim, a representatividade adequada tem aplicação em relação à coisa julgada, pois, por meio de sua observância, se poderá impor a coisa julgada erga omnes, sem que se aleguem violações a direitos e garantias individuais, pois assegurado estará o devido processo legal coletivo. / The main goal of this study is the adequacy of representation analysis, to contribute to enlarge the protection of the collective rights, especially because this very important institute is not a principle of the collective suits in Brazil. Transindividual rights have begun to been studied from the time people became aware of their status as individuals living in community, seeking in the mass society and with others in the same situation help for their problems and strength to their claims. Absorbed this class-consciousness by the individuals, which begins in the middle 1900s in the countries with common law rights, began the development of collective process, which reaches an important level of maturation at the XX century. The intention of this work was to reveal the significance of the adequacy of representation, because without their actual compliance, there can not be considered effectively protected the collective rights and it will not be possible to affirm that the collective process are really useful and effective in relation to their goals. Thus, it was shown that the adequacy of representation is essential institute for the standing for the class actions, already by the actual legislation. It must be observed by the judge not only in relation to the civil associations, but also to the Public Prosecution Service and to the citizen itself, that we considered should be possible to propose collective actions. Otherwise, in relation to the defendant class actions, not foreseen in our laws, but actually existing, the compliance with the institute is essential, so as not to infringe basic individual guarantees. Furthermore, the adequacy of representation has to be applied in relation to res judicata, because, with its compliance, it would be possible to impose the erga omnes res judicata, without be possible to argue violations to individual rights and guarantees, because it would be ensured the social due process.