An appropriate civil infrastructure is vital to the wealth and wellbeing of cultures. Appropriateness is increasingly defined in terms of sustainability, aesthetics, innovation and cultural suitability. These expectations pose challenges for engineers to use their creativity, aesthetic appreciation, knowledge and character to predict and respond creatively with their designs. However, a treadmill of cost innovation in construction projects makes improved design challenging. This tends to reinforce the misconception that engineers are dull and uncreative, even though historically they have displayed considerable imagination and ingenuity. This thesis is based on an in-depth study conducted at the Brisbane office of Kellogg Brown & Root P/L (a large consulting engineering firm). A contemporary qualitative approach is used to explore how creativity is manifested in an engineering design context, and how it relates to phenomena such as knowledge, innovation, project culture and organizational environment. In-depth interviews reveal the authentic meaning of design and creativity for engineers and other company staff. The study highlights an important distinction between design-based and cost-driven innovation and unveils multiple influences that can stifle or nurture personal and group creativity.

Tez (Yüksek Lisans) - Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İşletme Anabilim Dalı, 2007. / Kaynakça var.

Τις τρεις τελευταίες δεκαετίες, η Ευρωπαϊκή Επιτροπή έχει δημιουργήσει τρόπους ευαισθητοποίησης των βιομηχανιών για περιβαλλοντικά ζητήματα, προάγοντας την εταιρική κοινωνική ευθύνη (ΕΚΕ). Στην παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία εξετάζουμε εμπειρικά τη σχέση ανάμεσα στην υιοθέτηση περιβαλλοντικής καινοτομίας από τις ελληνικές επιχειρήσεις, οι οποίες δραστηριοποιούνται στον τομέα της Έρευνας και Τεχνολογικής Ανάπτυξης (ΕΤΑ). Η συγκεκριμένη οικονομετρική μελέτη βασίστηκε σε δεδομένα που δημιουργήθηκαν μέσω ερωτηματολογίου που συμπληρώθηκε από επιχειρήσεις που βρίσκονται στον κλάδο των Χημικών και των Μεταλλικών. Αναφορικά με τη θεωρητική προσέγγιση, η εργασία μας εστιάζει στις αντικρουόμενες προσεγγίσεις της υπόθεσης αμοιβαίου οφέλους (win-win) του Porter, 1991 και των Porter και Van der Linde, 1995 με την νεοκλασική θεωρία, που είχε ως κύριους εκφραστές της, τους Jaffe και Palmer 1995,1997. Σύμφωνα με την οικονομετρική ανάλυση η πιθανότητα μια επιχείρηση να υιοθετήσει περιβαλλοντικές πρακτικές, στα πλαίσια ΕΤΑ, επηρεάζεται θετικά από την συνεχή εξαγωγική δραστηριότητα της τελευταίας δεκαετίας καθώς και από το μέγεθος της επιχείρησης. Ωστόσο, η οικονομετρική ανάλυση έδειξε επίσης ότι άλλοι παράγοντες που είχαν προταθεί στη βιβλιογραφία, όπως ο τρόπος εξαγωγών της επιχείρησης και οι γραφειοκρατικές διαδικασίες που ακολουθεί, έχουν μη στατιστικά σημαντική επίδραση ως προς την περιβαλλοντική καινοτομία. Τέλος, η πιθανότητα υιοθέτησης περιβαλλοντικής καινοτομίας επηρεάζεται αρνητικά από τη μεγάλη δυσκολία που συναντούν οι επιχειρήσεις λόγω της αυστηρότητας των νομοθετικών ρυθμίσεων. / The three last decades the European Commission has been placing an emphasis on promoting the CSR that aims to support the industry’s realization of environmental innovations in order to achieve a reduction of all environmental impacts. The present study investigates the realization of environmental innovation by companies involved in Research and Development, which belong to chemical and metal industry. This study is based on a unique firm level data set of the Greek industry. A theoretical approach of Porter Hypothesis has been developed. According to the econometric analysis, the probability of a firm to adopt environmental technologies under R&D activities is positively affected by the continuing export activity in the last ten years and the size of the firm. However, the econometric analysis also showed that other factors that have been suggested in literature, such as the export method of the company and bureaucratic procedures do not have significant effect on environmental innovation. Finally, the probability of the adoption of environmental innovation is negatively affected by the great difficulty faced by firms due to the stringency of regulation.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:33:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SHIROZONO_Luana_2014.pdf: 1918104 bytes, checksum: ffc03f9ad73c5594e0a8c71d0bd3d549 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-11 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Starting from the concept of human capital and considering it as a synonymous of knowledge, the present thesis collected based on lecture of Human Capital, searching in data of Higher Education in Brazil and studying a part of this topic and the effects over the dynamic of talents in the country. Searching inferences on alternative models of education from China, South Korea and The United States of America. Using as fundamental the HHJK theoretical model, the research concluded that to the period between 2002 and 2012, the distribution and allocation of talents among the knowledge areas / careers from Brazil didn t show a remarkable convergence if compared with state of São Paulo, which is the reference state by representation and importance in the country. Beyond that, the effects of those discrepancies among the occupation can correspond until 95% wage deviation on representative careers. / Partindo do conceito de capital humano e considerando-o como um sinônimo do conhecimento, a presente dissertação buscou, com referência na literatura sobre capital humano, basear-se no levantamento de dados sobre o Ensino Superior e a Pesquisa no Brasil, e estudar uma parte dessa formação e da dinâmica de alocação de talentos do país. Buscando inferências sobre os modelos alternativos educacionais da China, da Coreia do Sul e dos Estados Unidos, e utilizando como fundamento teórico o modelo HHJK, o trabalho concluiu que, para o período de 2002 a 2012, a distribuição e a alocação de talentos entre ocupações das áreas do conhecimento/carreiras do Brasil não apresentam convergência notável em relação ao estado de São Paulo, que é tomado como referência nesse quesito por sua representatividade e sua importância. Além disso, os efeitos dessas discrepâncias entre ocupações podem significar variações salariais de até 95% em carreiras com maior oferta de profissionais.

[pt] O objetivo desta tese é avaliar, por meio de três ensaios, a habilidade do mercado incorporar o benefício intangível do investimento em P&D e, caso tal benefício não seja refletido no preço dos ativos de forma adequada, como sugerem os estudos em mercados desenvolvidos, buscar-se-á avaliar se a potencial subprecificação do investimento em P&D deve-se a dificuldade de precificação (mispricing) ou a um ajuste ao risco da atividade inovativa. Dessa forma, o primeiro ensaio, avalia se empresas que mais investem em (P&D) apresentam melhor desempenho futuro e se o mercado de capitais precifica este investimento intangível. Os resultados das regressões cross-sectional anuais indicam uma forte associação entre intensidade P&D e desempenho futuro, mesmo após controlar por outras variáveis que afetam a performance futura.Todavia, após controlar por características das firmas e fatores de risco, a intensidade inovativa não se mostrou relevante na previsão de retornos futuros. De uma forma geral, os resultados encontrados sugerem que a intensidade de investimento em P&D não é uma informação relevante na precificação de ativos no Brasil. Todavia, o primeiro ensaio não considera a eficiência da firma na alocação dos recursos destinados à inovação. Seguindo a metodologia proposta por Cohen, Dietther e Malloy (2013), no segundo ensaio estimou-se a Habilidade para Inovar das empresas no Brasil a fim de refletir a capacidade individual das firmas em converter seus investimentos em P&D em vendas. Adicionalmente a esta métrica de habilidade, propõem-se uma medida que incorpora os benefícios das inovações em custos, não abarcadas pela Habilidade em Vendas. A formação de portfólios long-short e a avaliação dos modelos de 3 e 4 fatores sugerem que a Habilidade em Vendas está associada a maiores retornos futuros do que a Habilidade em Custos, produzindo retorno anormal significativo de 27,12 porcento a.a, contra 18,3 porcento deste último. Ressalta-se, porém, que tais resultados não foram confirmados pelas regressões cross-sectional mensais. Por fim, o terceiro ensaio examina as fontes da potencial subprecificação do investimento em P&D. Os resultados indicam que uma estratégia de investimento long-short baseada na intensidade de P&D ajustada à indústria proporciona retorno anormal significativo da ordem de 5,28 porcento ano, mesmo após controlar por outros fatores de risco. A análise dos fatores de risco indica ainda que não se pode atribuir a presença de retornos anormais ao risco sistemático, indicando que a subavaliação no período deve-se a um problema de má precificação. De fato, resultados obtidos por meio de regressões cross-sectional revelam que firmas com maior intensidade de P&D ajustada à indústria são menos arriscadas do que aquelas com baixa intensidade. Além disso, os resultados da pesquisa revelam que empresas com alta intensidade de P&D ajustada à indústria que fornecem mais informação ao mercado sobre os seus projetos de inovação, conseguem mitigar aproximadamente 40 porcento de sua potencial subavaliação. / [en] This thesis examines, through tree essays, the market s ability to incorporate the intangible benefit of R e D investment and, in the case of such benefit not reflect in the assets price properly, as appears to be the case of prior studies in developed markets, we seek to evaluate the potential underpricing of R e D investment is due to mispricing or a risk adjustment of innovative activity. Thus, the first essay evaluates whether firms that invest in research and development (R e D) have better future performance and if stock market fully value such intangible investment. The results of annual cross-sectional regressions indicate a strong association between the intensity of R e D and future performance, even after controlling for other variables that affect future performance. However, after controlling for firm characteristics and risk factors, the innovative intensity was not significant in predicting future returns. In general, the results suggest that the R e D intensity is not useful for firm valuation in Brazil. However, the first essay did not take into account the efficiency of a firm choose their R e D investments. Following the methodology proposed by Cohen, Dietther and Malloy (2013 ), we estimate the firm s Ability to Innovate in Brazil to reflect the individual ability of firms to convert their R e D investments into sales. In addition to this ability metric, we propose a measure that incorporates the benefits of innovations in costs, not embedded by Ability in Sales. A long-short portfolio strategy and the evaluation of 3 and 4 factors models suggest that the Ability in Sales is associated with higher future returns than Ability in Costs, earning significant abnormal return of 27.12 percent annually, compared to 18.3 percent for Ability in Costs . It should be noted , however, that these results were not confirmed by monthly cross-sectional regressions. Finally, the third essay examines the sources of the potential R e D undervaluation. Our results indicate that a long-short strategy based on industry-adjusted R e D intensity provides significant abnormal return of 5.28 percent per year, even after controlling for other risk factors. The analysis of risk factors also indicates that one cannot attribute the presence of abnormal returns to systematic risk, indicating that the underpricing in the period is due to mispricing. In fact, results obtained from cross-sectional regressions show that firms with greater industry-adjusted R e D intensity are less risky than those with low intensity. In addition, using analyst coverage as a proxy for investor attention, we show that companies with high industry-adjusted R e D intensity providing more information to the market about their innovation projects can mitigate approximately 40 percent of its potential undervaluation.

The objective of this thesis was to explore the nature of expenditure incurred on the internal development of software and its treatment in terms of the accounting and taxation frameworks to which it is subject. In fulfilling the primary objective the thesis had a number of subsidiary considerations. These included, firstly, a brief analysis of the approach of the software industry in South Africa to the taxation treatment of this type of software. The second consideration was a discussion and analysis of the taxation framework which differentiates between capital and revenue and the extent to which the receipts produced by internally developed software may be informative of the nature of the expenditure. The third was an analysis of the deductibility of expenditure incurred in the production of software with the fourth analysing the tests employed in the determination of whether expenditure is capital or revenue in nature. The fifth objective was to briefly analyse the accounting standards which find application in the determination of whether or not the software created can be considered a capital asset. The final subsidiary objective of the thesis was an analysis of the taxation framework applicable to software in respect of research and development incentives, as well as the position in the United States of America. Throughout the thesis the most apparent commonality is that there exists a significant level of uncertainty as to the taxation treatment of software both in South Africa and in America. The research concludes by stating that such uncertainty is prejudicial to the interests of research and development in relation to software.

This thesis deals with the indirect support of research and development, and tax savings in the particular company.The main objective of this thesis processes the information and support for research and development. Selected costs are subject of tax deductible costs within booking. These costs are deducted from the proceeds during the calculation of the profit. The second time we deduct these costs as part of a deduction from the tax base for research and development. Selected costs incurred for research and development project may be deducted from the tax base twice.

Submitted by Cristiane Shirayama (cristiane.shirayama@fgv.br) on 2011-06-02T19:19:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 66080100239.pdf: 614205 bytes, checksum: df9b1f4fae10907cc7a3706f9f0de5c0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vera Lúcia Mourão(vera.mourao@fgv.br) on 2011-06-02T20:19:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 66080100239.pdf: 614205 bytes, checksum: df9b1f4fae10907cc7a3706f9f0de5c0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vera Lúcia Mourão(vera.mourao@fgv.br) on 2011-06-02T20:40:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 66080100239.pdf: 614205 bytes, checksum: df9b1f4fae10907cc7a3706f9f0de5c0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2011-06-03T18:16:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 66080100239.pdf: 614205 bytes, checksum: df9b1f4fae10907cc7a3706f9f0de5c0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-11 / The objective of this dissertation is to study the importance of expenses on R & D and Innovation in the market value of companies in the chemical industry. This was a topic of debate in the restructuring of the petrochemical industry and resulted in the creation of Braskem, the first integrated petrochemical company in Brazil. The justifications for such vertical integration were the bigger capacity for investment in R & D and the increase in the value of companies in order to compete internationally. However, economists debated about the monopoly power of the new company and the possible increase of prices for the end consumers. Thus, this study analyzed data from the brazilian chemical industry from 1996 to 2008, obtained from the Yearbook of the Brazilian Chemical Industry (ABIQUIM). The models were estimated using estimators of fixed and random effect for an unbalanced panel data. The fixed effects estimation was chosen both for the estimation of the additive model, and for the multiplicative model. It is believed that the multiplicative model, besides being more general, is best suited for the modeling of interest, since it treats the differences between the sizes of the companies considered by linearization, and subsequent smoothing of the model. The estimated elasticity of expenditure on R & D and innovation in relation to market values of companies, indicated a positive relationship between these expenditures and the increase in value of companies. The coefficient of 0.26 indicates that a 1% increase in spending on R & D generate, on average, an increase of 0.26% in market value of these companies. / O objetivo desta dissertação é estudar a relevância dos gastos em P&D e Inovação no valor de mercado das empresas da indústria química brasileira. Este foi um tema de grande debate na reestruturação da indústria petroquímica e que resultou na criação da Braskem, a primeira petroquímica integrada brasileira. As justificativas para a referida integração vertical foram a maior capacidade para investimentos em P&D e o aumento do valor das empresas para poderem competir conforme os moldes internacionais. Por outro lado, economistas debatiam sobre o poder de monopólio da nova empresa e, consequentemente, o possível aumento de preços para o consumidor final. Desta forma, foram analisados nesse estudo os dados da indústria química brasileira de 1996 a 2008, obtidos no Anuário da Indústria Química Brasileira. Os modelos foram estimados utilizando estimadores de efeito fixos e aleatórios para um painel de dados não balanceado. A estimação por efeitos fixos foi escolhida, tanto para a estimação do modelo aditivo,quanto para o modelo multiplicativo. Acredita-se que o modelo multiplicativo, além de mais geral, seja o mais adequado para a modelagem de interesse, uma vez que ele trata as diferenças entre o porte das empresas consideradas por meio da linearização, e conseqüente suavização, do modelo. A elasticidade estimada dos gastos em P&D e inovação, com relação aos valores de mercado das empresas, indicou relacionamento positivo entre estes gastos e o aumento de valor das empresas. O coeficiente de 0,26 indica que um aumento de 1% nos gastos com P&D geram, em média, um aumento de 0,26% no valor de mercado destas empresas.

A regulação direta ou indireta da transferência de tecnologia pelo Brasil desde o final da década de 50 do século XX nem sempre foi devidamente compreendida. O uso da tributação, com efeitos fiscais e extrafiscais, teve reflexos sobre a atuação do INPI e do Banco Centra do Brasil (BACEN) que permanecem até os dias de hoje, mas tinham como fundamento uma política industrial específica e a limitação dos seus efeitos no balanço de pagamentos do país. O Brasil nunca se fechou totalmente aos investidores estrangeiros, mas sempre utilizou limitações setoriais, posteriormente o registro do ingresso do capital estrangeiro e, por muito tempo, o desincentivo à sua saída por medidas limitadoras ou proibitivas de remessas de dividendos e royalties, até mesmo com o uso da extrafiscalidade. Como o país apenas recentemente realmente prioriza de forma geral a pesquisa e desenvolvimento (P&D) tecnológico, o que resulta em pouca tecnologia gerada internamente, os royalties devidos pelo uso da tecnologia das empresas transnacionais sempre foram objeto de crítica e, consequentemente, medidas limitadoras. Essa atuação regulatória representa um risco político aos investidores, com os acordos bilaterais de investimentos (BITs) sendo os tratados internacionais mais utilizados para afastá-lo. O Brasil, porém, apesar de ter assinado diversos deles, não possui nenhum em vigor. O confronto entre as cláusulas de proteção dos BITs e a política regulatória sobre a transferência de tecnologia e investimento estrangeiro que durante muito tempo vigorou no país representa um caso concreto extremamente interessante para avaliar a aplicação desses tratados e eventuais medidas que os violam, auxiliando, ainda, a compreensão de algumas das medidas regulatórias que permanecem em vigor. / The direct or indirect regulation of technology transfer in Brazil since the late 50s of the twentieth century was not always properly understood. The use of taxation, with fiscal and regulatory purposes, had an impact on the performance of the Brazilian PTO and the Central Bank of Brazil, which remains to this day, but was based on a specific industrial policy and the limitation of its effects on the balance of payments of the country. Brazil never completely closed its market to foreign investors, always using sectoral limitations, then the registration of foreign capital and for a long time the disincentive of its return by limiting or prohibiting profit and royalty remittances, even with the use of regulatory taxes. As the country only recently generally prioritizes technological research and development (R&D), resulting in low technology internally generated, the royalties due for the use of transnational corporations technology has always been an object of criticism and regulatory norms. This regulatory policy is a political risk to investors, with the bilateral investment agreements (BITs) being the international treaties most often used to circumvent it. Brazil, however, despite having signed several of them, has no one in force. The confrontation between the protection clauses of BITs and the regulatory policy on technology transfer and foreign investment that has long prevailed in the country represents an extremely interesting case to evaluate the implementation of these treaties and any measures that violate them, also helping to understand some of the regulatory measures that remain in force

A presente pesquisa visa identificar os fatores que influenciam a inovação tecnológica em micro e pequenas empresas brasileiras, por meio da análise dos dados secundários da Pesquisa de Inovação Tecnológica (PINTEC 2008), conduzida pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) junto a 16.371 empresas de ramos industriais e de serviços selecionados. Para tanto, foi feita a modelagem estatística dos microdados relativos à sub-amostra formada pelas 3.092 micro e pequenas empresas inquiridas pela PINTEC 2008. A análise das correlações entre as variáveis que influenciam as inovações e quatro variáveis que caracterizam o tipo e a abrangência das inovações tecnológicas – inovação em produto para o mercado nacional, inovação em produto para o mercado mundial, inovação em processo para o mercado nacional, inovação em processo para o mercado mundial – permitiu selecionar as variáveis independentes mais significativas em termos de influência sobre a ocorrência de inovação em micro e pequenas empresas. Com base nessas mesmas correlações, foram elaboradas regressões logísticas (logit), nas quais as variáveis dependentes escolhidas foram as quatro variáveis caracterizadoras do tipo e da abrangência da inovação acima mencionadas, e as variáveis independentes foram selecionadas dentre aquelas com maior poder explicativo sobre a ocorrência de inovação. Foram tomadas as devidas precauções para evitar a ocorrência de multicolinearidade nas regressões. Os resultados das regressões, analisados à luz da revisão bibliográfica, revelam a importância das variáveis independentes para a ocorrência de inovação em micro e pequenas empresas, e ajudam nas reflexões sobre possíveis melhorias nas políticas de estímulo à inovação tecnológica em micro e pequenas empresas. / This research aims to identify which factors influence the technological innovation in micro and small businesses in Brazil, through the analysis of secondary data from the Survey of Technological Innovation (PINTEC 2008), conducted by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) at 16,371 companies in selected industries and services. To that end, we made statistical modeling of micro-data on the sub-sample formed by the 3,092 micro and small businesses surveyed by PINTEC 2008. The analysis of correlations between the variables that influence innovation and four variables that characterize the type and scope of technological innovation – product innovation for the domestic market, product innovation to the world market, process innovation for the domestic market, process innovation for the global market – allowed to select the most significant independent variables in terms of influence on the occurrence of innovation in micro and small enterprises. Based on these same correlations were developed logistic regressions (logit), in which the dependent variables chosen were the four variables characterizing the type and the scope of innovation mentioned above, and the independent variables were selected from those with greater explanatory power on the occurrence of innovation. Precautions have been taken to prevent occurrence of multicollinearity in the regressions. The results of the regressions, examined under the light of the literature review, reveal the importance of the independent variables for the occurrence of innovation in micro and small enterprises, and help in discussions about possible improvements in policies to stimulate technological innovation in micro and small enterprises. / Dissertação (mestrado) - Fundação Getúlio Vargas, Escola de Administração de Empresas de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2011. / Bibliografia: p. 255-273 / Inclui notas de rodapé