Protected areas have so far been the primary means to conserve biodiversity, an increasingly important environmental issue, but proposals to establish protected areas are often met by local resistance due to fears that user rights will be severely restrained. Nature conservation traditionally aims to preserve an ideal state of nature, in which interference by people is minimized through a number of regulations, and where central authorities are in charge. Increasingly, however, conservation policy emphasizes participation. Protected area designations are about institutional change where customary and legal rights to use and manage certain resources are renegotiated. Protected areas can be considered as multi-use and multi-level commons that may benefit from co-management where the state cooperates with user groups, municipalities, research institutions and others. This thesis analyzes the establishment phase of the co-management of multi-level, multi-use commons in order to characterize design principles common to the emergence of co-management processes which improve institutional robustness. The thesis is based on a quantitative survey study and a small-n comparative case study. Paper I compares national, regional and local public opinions about protected areas through a multi-level survey. Papers II to IV each presents a case study of a designation process within the Swedish mountain region. The qualitative case studies are based on the structured, focused comparison method and employ within-case analysis and process-tracing. The material examined consisted of written documenta­tion and 41 semi-structured interviews. The two studies contribute to commons theory; the focus on the establishment phase provides opportunities to acquire abundant information about how contextual and process factors influence the functioning of a co-management arrangement. Paper I suggests that national public opinion is an important contextual variable for natural resources of national interest, and shows that 65% of the Swedish population support local or co-management of protected areas. Papers II to IV reveal that the rigidity of the existing institutional framework is another important contextual variable that influences the degree of learning taking place. Further, the comparative analysis proposes that certain characteristics of a process (the co-management process principles) are essential for the realization of co-management arrangements of multi-level and multi-use commons. The principles are representation, reason(ableness), powers, accountability and learning.

Les frontières guinéennes, pur produit de la colonisation, ont été mises en place au gré de conventions internationales entre puissances, mais aussi d’actes administratifs pris dans le cadre de l’organisation interne des territoires de l’AOF, de la fin du XIXe au début du XXe siècle. Leur institutionnalisation instaure un nouveau mode de vie et de pratiques chez les frontaliers qui se les sont vus imposer.À partir de la seconde moitié du XXe siècle, les bouleversements socio-politiques et économiques que connait le monde, suscitent l’éveil de conscience des peuples colonisés, désireux de prendre en main leur propre destin. Dans ce contexte africain et mondial, la Guinée se singularise par son choix politique et accède à l’indépendance le 2 octobre 1958. Le nouvel État, en dépit de nombreux défis à relever, fait aussi face à la délicate gestion des frontières héritées de la période coloniale, en proie à des conflits inter-communautaires qui émergent à partir des années 1970, et qui restent encore d’actualité. / The Guinean borders, a pure product of colonization, were established with the consent of international conventions between powerful nations, but also the administrative acts taken within the framework of the internal organization in the French Western African territories, from the end of 19th to the beginning of the 20th century. Their institutionalization intaures a new lifestyle and practices that they imposed in the border communities. Starting from second half of the 20th century, the socio-political and economic instability that the world knew, cause the awakening of conscience of the colonized people, eager to take over their own destiny. In this African and world context, Guinea was made conspicuous by its political choice and gained its independence on October 2nd, 1958. The new State, in spite of many challenges to take up, also has been confronted with the tricky management of new borders inherited from the colonial period, and captured by intercommunity conflicts which emerged from the years 1970, and which still remain in the system.

Orientador: Alexandre Walmott Borges / Resumo: A presente pesquisa possui como escopo principal responder o questionamento acerca da possibilidade de utilizar a mediação para solucionar as controvérsias existentes na administração pública federal, mais especificamente aquelas que ocorrem no âmbito das Universidades Federais brasileiras. A mediação é um mecanismo autocompositivo de solução de conflitos em que um terceiro, estranho ao conflito, aplica técnicas específicas e auxilia as partes para que retomem o diálogo. As partes estão na figura central do mecanismo, possuindo o poder decisório em razão do princípio da autonomia da vontade das partes. Este mecanismo se difere do que tradicionalmente é aplicado aos conflitos nas Universidades Federais, haja vista que o processo administrativo disciplinar, em regra, é a ferramenta utilizada nos casos conflitantes internos. Assim, o trabalho aborda, primeiramente, o processo administrativo disciplinar e, em seguida, analisa a mediação como forma de tratamento dos conflitos internos das Instituições federais. Para tanto, a metodologia utilizada é a indutiva, haja vista que a pesquisa analisa os dados da COPSIA, que é a Comissão Permanente de Sindicância e Inquérito Administrativo da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, que dispõe sobre os processos administrativos disciplinares do ano de 2017 e, ao final, conclui pela possibilidade de aplicação da mediação nas Universidades Federais, com a proposta de criação de um plano piloto para implantação de uma Câmara de Mediação na Instit... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The present research has the main scope to answer the question about the possibility of using mediation to solve the controversies existing in the federal public administration, more specifically those that occur within the brazilian Federal Universities. Mediation is a self-composing mechanism for conflict resolution in which a third part, stranger to the conflict, applies specific techniques and assists the parties to resume dialogue. The parties are at the center of the mechanism, having the decision-making power by virtue of the principle of autonomy of the will of the parties. This mechanism differs from that traditionally applied to conflicts in Federal Universities, since the disciplinary administrative process, as a rule, is the tool used in internal conflicting cases. Thus, the paper addresses, first, the disciplinary administrative process and then analyzes the mediation as a way of dealing with internal conflicts of federal institutions. To this end, the methodology used is the inductive one, since the research analyzes data from COPSIA, which is the Permanent Commission of Syndication and Administrative Inquiry of the Federal University of Uberlândia, which provides for the disciplinary administrative proceedings of 2017 and, finally, it concludes that it is possible to apply mediation in Federal Universities, with the proposal of creating a pilot plan for the implementation of a Mediation Chamber in the researched institution. It is noteworthy that the work is no... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

As the problem of civil war is almost exclusively a problem of repeat civil war, this study seizes on the role peace agreement mandated dispute resolution mechanisms play in promoting agreement resilience to crisis. Despite the growing focus on prevention and sustaining peace, dispute resolution mechanisms in peace agreements remain understudied. This thesis contributes to this research gap asking, under what conditions do dispute resolution mechanisms promote post-agreement crisis resilience? This study argues that dispute resolution mechanism characteristics of structural adaptability and peace infrastructure integration promote post-agreement crisis resilience. Utilizing a structured focused comparison, this study examines all partial or comprehensive peace agreement mandated dispute resolution mechanism cases in the UCDP Peace Agreement Dataset 1975-2011 which experience post-agreement crisis and contain peacekeeping. Results show partial support for the hypotheses that dispute resolution mechanism structural adaptability and peace infrastructure integration promote post-agreement crisis resilience. Findings as well carry several limitations and also point towards the significance of other explanatory factors most notably peace agreement type.

O presente estudo enfoca o direito constitucional de acesso à Justiça e a utilização, pelos órgãos públicos, dos mecanismos não adversariais de resolução de conflitos como instrumentos de ampliação do acesso à Justiça nas relações de trabalho e na atividade da Justiça Trabalhista. Para tanto, é feita análise quanto à atividade jurisdicional e do uso dos mecanismos não adversariais de resolução de conflitos para a ampliação do acesso à Justiça, focando aspectos relevantes, como o protagonismo do Judiciário, a visão de gerenciamento do processo pelo magistrado, a perspectiva metodológica do processo e a necessidade de uma tutela de interesses metaindividuais. Apresenta-se um estudo mais específicos dos métodos não adversariais de resolução de conflitos, partindo do conceito de conflito, bem como do uso desses instrumentais nas relações laborais e também pela Justiça do Trabalho. Os principais órgãos públicos que se utilizam dos mecanismos não adversariais de resolução de conflitos são abordados, buscando-se compreender as adequações e os limites do uso desses mecanismos por cada instituição pública. Questiona-se, ainda, quanto aos reflexos da recente edição da Resolução 125/2010, do Conselho Nacional de Justiça - Res. 125/CNJ, que prescreve a todos os tribunais e juízos a criação de órgãos que utilizem os mecanismos não adversariais de resolução de conflitos paralelamente à atividade jurisdicional, nas relações de trabalho e na Justiça do Trabalho. / This study highlights the constitutional right of access to Justice and the use, by public bodies, of the non-adversarial conflict resolution mechanisms as instruments of amplification of the access to Justice, regarding the labor relationship and the Labor Court activity. To this extent, the present paper analyses the jurisdiction and the use of the non-adversarial conflict resolution mechanisms to broaden the access to Justice, focusing on substantial issues, such as the Judiciarys leading role, the management approach of the process by the judge, the methodological perspective of the process and the urge of protection of the transindividual rights. Furthermore, a more detailed study of the non-adversarial conflict resolution mechanisms is carried out, starting from the definition of conflict, as well as the use of these mechanisms on the labor relationships and on the Labor Courts. The most important public bodies which use the non-adversarial conflict resolution mechanisms are addressed, in an effort to understand the singularities and the limits of their use by each public body. The study also addresses the recent Resolution 125/2010, enacted by the Conselho Nacional de Justiça, which determines all courts to create departments which use the non-adversarial conflict resolution mechanisms along with the traditional jurisdiction, on the labor relationships and on the Labor Court.

The purpose of this article is to highlight the probable contingencies that could arise as a result of the review of the decisions of the Dispute Boards in the arbitration. To achieve this, the structure of the article is arranged in such a way as to facilitate the understanding of the conclusions.In that sense, first, the nature and function of the Dispute Boards is defined. The classes and advantages offered by these dispute resolution mechanisms are then indicated. Subsequently, the legal provision is analyzed in order to crumble its contents. The article ends with the analysis of the effects generated by reviewing the decisions of the Dispute Boards. / El presente artículo tiene la finalidad de evidenciar las probables contingencias que podrían producirse a causa de la revisión de las decisiones de los Dispute Boards en la vía arbitral. Para llegar a ello, la estructura del artículo se encuentra ordenada de tal manera que facilitará la comprensión de las conclusiones.En ese sentido, primero, se define la naturaleza y la función de los Dispute Boards. Luego, se señala las clases y ventajas que ofrecen estos mecanismos de solución de controversias. Posteriormente, se analiza la disposición legal con la finalidad de desmenuzar su contenido. Se finaliza el artículo con la exposición de los efectos producidos a causa de la revisión de estas decisiones.

O presente estudo enfoca o direito constitucional de acesso à Justiça e a utilização, pelos órgãos públicos, dos mecanismos não adversariais de resolução de conflitos como instrumentos de ampliação do acesso à Justiça nas relações de trabalho e na atividade da Justiça Trabalhista. Para tanto, é feita análise quanto à atividade jurisdicional e do uso dos mecanismos não adversariais de resolução de conflitos para a ampliação do acesso à Justiça, focando aspectos relevantes, como o protagonismo do Judiciário, a visão de gerenciamento do processo pelo magistrado, a perspectiva metodológica do processo e a necessidade de uma tutela de interesses metaindividuais. Apresenta-se um estudo mais específicos dos métodos não adversariais de resolução de conflitos, partindo do conceito de conflito, bem como do uso desses instrumentais nas relações laborais e também pela Justiça do Trabalho. Os principais órgãos públicos que se utilizam dos mecanismos não adversariais de resolução de conflitos são abordados, buscando-se compreender as adequações e os limites do uso desses mecanismos por cada instituição pública. Questiona-se, ainda, quanto aos reflexos da recente edição da Resolução 125/2010, do Conselho Nacional de Justiça - Res. 125/CNJ, que prescreve a todos os tribunais e juízos a criação de órgãos que utilizem os mecanismos não adversariais de resolução de conflitos paralelamente à atividade jurisdicional, nas relações de trabalho e na Justiça do Trabalho. / This study highlights the constitutional right of access to Justice and the use, by public bodies, of the non-adversarial conflict resolution mechanisms as instruments of amplification of the access to Justice, regarding the labor relationship and the Labor Court activity. To this extent, the present paper analyses the jurisdiction and the use of the non-adversarial conflict resolution mechanisms to broaden the access to Justice, focusing on substantial issues, such as the Judiciarys leading role, the management approach of the process by the judge, the methodological perspective of the process and the urge of protection of the transindividual rights. Furthermore, a more detailed study of the non-adversarial conflict resolution mechanisms is carried out, starting from the definition of conflict, as well as the use of these mechanisms on the labor relationships and on the Labor Courts. The most important public bodies which use the non-adversarial conflict resolution mechanisms are addressed, in an effort to understand the singularities and the limits of their use by each public body. The study also addresses the recent Resolution 125/2010, enacted by the Conselho Nacional de Justiça, which determines all courts to create departments which use the non-adversarial conflict resolution mechanisms along with the traditional jurisdiction, on the labor relationships and on the Labor Court.

The study intended to investigate conflict management capacity in local government authorities (LGAs) in Tanzania. Specific objectives embrace to: identify types of conflict; find out causes of conflict within Tanzania LGAs; find out positive and negative effects of conflict; explore mechanisms available for conflict resolution; identify the problems encountered in resolving conflict; and recommend policy options and strategies for managing conflict in LGAs. Research questions included: what types of conflict persist in the city and municipal councils in Tanzania?; to what extent does conflict lead to the strengthening or weakening of the relationship between the councilors and the permanent public officials?; and what are the available mechanisms for conflict resolution? The study was conducted in Iringa Municipal Council and Tanga City Council using a case study design. This involved both qualitative and quantitative approaches. A total number of 1012 respondents constituted a study sample. The research instruments included: observation, interviews, questionnaires, consultations with informants and informal discussions, focus group discussions and documentary reviews. The study found that conflict existed in the councils because of factors like inadequacy of funds, lack of transparency, lack of accountability and low level of education among the councillors. The available mechanisms for conflict resolution included: mediation, disciplinary committees, meetings, informal discussions, seminars and guidance and counselling. However, these mechanisms were not effectively used in managing conflict. Lastly, the respondents suggested measures for improving conflict resolution skills. They include: frequent meetings, provision of education and training, increased transparency, definition of roles through job descriptions, increased participatory decision-making, and increased sources of funds. / Public Administration / D. Litt. et Phil. (Public Administration)

Le présent mémoire est consacré à l'étude des chevauchements entre revendications territoriales autochtones. On s'y interroge sur l’origine et l’évolution de ces chevauchements ainsi que sur les mécanismes qui pourraient être employés pour trouver des solutions acceptables pour toutes les parties. Notre étude retrace d'abord l'évolution du critère d’exclusivité élaboré par les politiques et décisions judiciaires canadiennes relativement à l’octroi du titre autochtone, concluant que ce critère d’exclusivité est devenu un enjeu déterminant dans l’élaboration d’une solution relative aux chevauchements entre revendications territoriales. En observant la manière dont les différents paliers de gouvernement ont échoué dans leurs tentatives de solutionner les enjeux de chevauchement, nous constatons que les traditions juridiques autochtones doivent être intégrées à la résolution des conflits et à l’interprétation du critère d’exclusivité. Ceci exige de percevoir l’institution juridique de la résolution de conflits selon une certaine vision du droit. Nous utilisons ici celle de Lon Fuller, qui présente une approche permettant de réconcilier plusieurs traditions juridiques. Notre étude nous conduit à proposer le système du Indigenous Legal Lodge comme mécanisme de résolution de conflit permettant aux autochtones de faire appel à leurs traditions juridiques dans la résolution des chevauchements, permettant ainsi de réconcilier ces traditions diverses. / This thesis is dedicated to the study of overlapping aboriginal land claims. We question the origin and evolution of these overlaps and study the mechanisms which could be used in order to determine a solution acceptable to all parties. Our study first discusses the evolution of the exclusivity criterion developed in Canadian policy and case law relating to the granting of an aboriginal title, concluding that the criterion of exclusivity has become a defining issue in the development of a solution to overlaps between land claims. By observing the failures of the various levels of government in their attempts to develop solutions to overlapping claims, we find that Aboriginal legal traditions must be integrated into conflict resolution and be used when interpreting the exclusivity criterion. This requires us to perceive conflict resolution, as a legal institution, according to a certain understanding of the law. We use Lon Fuller’s vision, who presents an approach for reconciling various legal traditions. Our study brings us to propose the Indigenous Legal Lodge as a conflict resolution mechanism enabling Aboriginal groups to call upon their own legal traditions in resolving overlaps and to reconcile their differing traditions.

The study intended to investigate conflict management capacity in local government authorities (LGAs) in Tanzania. Specific objectives embrace to: identify types of conflict; find out causes of conflict within Tanzania LGAs; find out positive and negative effects of conflict; explore mechanisms available for conflict resolution; identify the problems encountered in resolving conflict; and recommend policy options and strategies for managing conflict in LGAs. Research questions included: what types of conflict persist in the city and municipal councils in Tanzania?; to what extent does conflict lead to the strengthening or weakening of the relationship between the councilors and the permanent public officials?; and what are the available mechanisms for conflict resolution? The study was conducted in Iringa Municipal Council and Tanga City Council using a case study design. This involved both qualitative and quantitative approaches. A total number of 1012 respondents constituted a study sample. The research instruments included: observation, interviews, questionnaires, consultations with informants and informal discussions, focus group discussions and documentary reviews. The study found that conflict existed in the councils because of factors like inadequacy of funds, lack of transparency, lack of accountability and low level of education among the councillors. The available mechanisms for conflict resolution included: mediation, disciplinary committees, meetings, informal discussions, seminars and guidance and counselling. However, these mechanisms were not effectively used in managing conflict. Lastly, the respondents suggested measures for improving conflict resolution skills. They include: frequent meetings, provision of education and training, increased transparency, definition of roles through job descriptions, increased participatory decision-making, and increased sources of funds. / Public Administration and Management / D. Litt. et Phil. (Public Administration)