Ecological systems are difficult to understand, let alone predict. The reason is their enormous complexity that arises from numerous organisms interacting with each other and their environment in a multitude of ways. However, this understanding is crucial to secure a plentitude of services that are provided by ecological systems. A substantial proportion of these services are carried out by microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and archaea. For example, microorganisms contribute to degradation of organic matter, water purification, and even regulation of the global climate. Therefore, a thorough understanding of the ecology of microorganisms is particularly relevant for our future well-being. While microorganisms are comparatively well-suited for experimental studies, owing also to recent technological advances in molecular biology, it is necessary to apply theory and modeling in order to fully benefit from the empirical data. A widely used theoretical method in microbial ecology is individual-based modeling, in which population or community dynamics emerge from the behavior and interplay of individual entities that are simulated according to a predefined set of rules. However, existing individual-based models of microbial communities are often specialized on particular research questions or require proficiency in specific programming languages or software. These limitations can be hampering for a broad and systematic application of individual-based modeling in microbial ecology. For this thesis, McComedy, a framework and software tool for the creation and running of individual-based models of microbial consumer-resource systems, was developed. It allows for fast and user-friendly model development by flexibly combining pre-implemented building blocks that represent physical, biological, and evolutionary processes. The ability of McComedy to capture the essential dynamics of microbial consumer-resource systems was demonstrated by reproducing and furthermore adding to the results of two distinct studies from the literature. McComedy was furthermore applied to study the evolution of metabolic interactions between bacteria. More specifically, it was assessed whether cooperative exchange of costly metabolites can evolve in bacterial multicellular aggregates. The results indicate that this is in principle possible, however, it depends on the mechanism by which the metabolites are exchanged. If metabolites are exchanged via diffusion through extracellular space, cooperation is not expected to evolve. On the other hand, if metabolites are transferred by contact-dependent means, for instance via intercellular nanotubes, cooperation is likely to evolve. Overall, contributions from this thesis comprise, first, a user-friendly modeling tool that can be used by microbial ecologists, second, insights into the evolution of metabolic interactions in bacterial systems, and, third, awareness of how the mechanistic consideration of a process can drastically affect the outcome of a modeling study.

The topic of this diploma thesis is focused on implementation of logistic modules of the enterprise information system in the Niedax company. The theoretical part provides information from the field of information systems, supplemented by information about ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning), IS/IT expenses and methods of design and implementation of information systems. The practical part briefly describes the selected information system, the company where the information system was implemented, the implementation partner and the BMD information system. Furthermore, and analysis of the current state is carried out and the course of the whole implementation project is described, followed by a practical demonstration of the BMD system. Finally, an evaluation of the project is performed. Evaluation is based in a comparison of the TCO (Total Cost of Ownership) values determined in the practical part of the thesis and an evaluation of the questionnaire survey.

¡@¡@After the year of 2000, the unemployment rate is growing up every year. Until March of 2001, the rate of unemployment had already climbed to 7.5% and the main reason for this situation was establishment closed or business shrunk. Because of facing hard competitive environment, many enterprises progressed the downsizing to solve the problem of bankruptcy or in order to restructure business. Even though downsizing always be viewed as an effective method to lower operation cost and increase organizational performance; however, some past researches showed that after downsizing many company not only did not achieve expected objectives but also give all workers a very big shock. This happened all the time especially when survivors felt unfair or uncomfortable to the process of downsizing, and usually accompanied with morale¡¦s decline and distrust managers. Finally workers maybe show unsteady performance spontaneously and affect company¡¦s competitiveness. For some successful downsizing enterprises, they considered downsizing as a strategic plan, and at the same time devote themselves to rebuild business culture or progress other human resource system to ease survivor pressure while executing downsizing In this research, we investigate employees who experienced downsizing before, and hope to understand how downsizing influence their work attitudes and behaviors. Besides, it wants to be approved if business could develop other human resource activities to lower downside actions of survivors. After analyzing the data, the results are stated as below: I. Difference of survivor attitudes and behaviors due to employee identification of downsizing plan. 1.There are obviously differences on job involvement due to different level of employee identification of downsizing reason. 2.Comprising with direct layoffs, when using the way of retire to progress downsizing, survivor organizational identification will get higher records. II. Relationships between downsizing and survivor attitudes and behaviors. 1.When employees felt that their company practiced downsizing for the reason of merge or acquisition, they would have positive organizational identification and job involvement but have negative relation with turnover. 2.When employees felt good and comfortable in downsizing process, they would have positive organizational identification but have negative relation with turnover. 3.When employees felt the way of downsizing was direct layoffs, they would get negative influence and make them to have higher turnover. Instead, when employees felt the way of downsizing was gentle retirement, they would have better feeling to company and higher organizational identification. III. All situational items have the moderating effects on the relationship between downsizing plan and survivor attitudes and behaviors. 1.Most growth need strength have the moderating effects on the relationship between downsizing plan and survivor attitudes and behaviors. When employee felt that the reason of downsizing was imitate other organization behaviors, then the workers who were high GNS would have lower organizational identification than low GNS. However, if survivor cognized that company was fair in downsizing process and let employees participate in the plan, then the workers who were high GNS would have higher organizational identification than low GNS. 2.Employees¡¦ cognitions to the change of human resource system would have moderating effects on the relationship between organizational process and survivor attitudes and behaviors. IV. The influence on organizational performance by survivor attitudes and behavior The results showed that this part could not get exactly demonstration from analysis records.

Take service employees of financial industries for example, the purpose of this study is to discuss the effects of human resource systems on service employees¡¦ organizational commitment and role performance. Moreover, the result of this study will be the reference for service industries to make their human resource management policies. The questionnaire survey was adopted for the study. The samples are the front-line service employees of financial industries of Taiwan. There were totally 480 questionnaires were released, and 401 of them are valid samples. Through statistics analysis, the main results of the study are: 1. Except profit sharing, other practices of high performance work system have positively influential effect on value and effort commitment, effort commitment or both of value and effort commitment and effort commitment. Moreover, except profit sharing, other practices of high performance work system have positively influential effect on commitment of service employees. 2. Job descriptions have positively influential effect on in-role behavior. Therefore, Job descriptions could make service employees easy to follow the code of conduct and operation processes. One of this research result is one practice of high performance work system has positively influential effect on in-role behavior. 3. Job descriptions have positively influential effect on OCBI-behaviors that immediately benefit specific individuals and indirectly through this means contribute to the organization. On the other hand, job descriptions could make service employees easy to achieve the requests of organization. Moreover, it could make service employees get positive attitude and free-will to help colleagues. One of this research result is one practice of high performance work system has positively influential effect on organizational citizenship behavior. Based on the above conclusions, this study offers some suggestions as the references for the service industry.

Les transformations de l’environnement informationnel changent le rapport des enseignants aux ressources. Elles impliquent le développement de nouvelles connaissances informationnelles, médiatiques et numériques, nécessaires à l’exercice de leur activité professionnelle. Cependant, leur formation prend peu en compte ces connaissances. La thèse a pour objectif d’identifier ces connaissances, telles qu’elles sont développées par les enseignants. Elle se situe au croisement de plusieurs champs : l’approche documentaire du didactique, la conceptualisation dans l’action ainsi que les pratiques informationnelles. Elle vise la construction d’un modèle de ce qui sera dénommé l’expertise documentaire des enseignants, basé sur l’identification des chèmes d’action et de schèmes d’usage documentaire. Cette modélisation s’appuie sur trois études de cas : deux enseignantes en anglais et une en mathématiques,toutes les trois suivies pendant deux ans, ayant chacune à faire face à une mutation deleur environnement informationnel. La méthodologie est basée sur les principes de l’investigation réflexive, à partir desquels un dispositif d’auto-captation du travail documentaire a été conçu.Trois questions de recherche sont considérées : quelles sont les composantes de l’expertise documentaire mises en oeuvre dans le travail documentaire des enseignants ? Quelles sont les situations du travail documentaire qui favorisent son développement ? Quelle est l’influence de la discipline enseignée ? Un modèle d’expertise documentaire est proposé, structuré par des connaissances(épistémiques, didactiques, pédagogiques) sensibles à la discipline enseignée, et d’autres plus génériques (informationnelles et technologiques). Il ressort de cette étude que les situations de mutation accélèrent le développement de l’expertise documentaire ainsi définie. / The transformations of the informational environment change teachers’relationship to resources, involving the development of new information, media,and digital knowledge, which are necessary to carry out their activity. However, their training takes little account of this knowledge. The goal of the thesis is to identify this knowledge as developed by the teachers themselves. It takes place at the crossroads of several fields: the documentational approach to didactics, the conceptualization in action and the information literacy. It aims at modeling what will be called the teachers’ documentational expertise, based on the identification of their documentational scheme of action and documentational scheme of use. This modeling is based on three case studies: two teachers in English and one in mathematics, followed up for two years, each of these teachers having to deal with amutation of their informational environment. The methodology is carried outaccording to the principles of reflective investigation, from which the self-recording device of the documentational work has been designed.Three research questions are considered: what are the components of thedocumentational expertise implemented in the documentational work of theteachers? What are the situations of documentational work which favor its development? What is the influence of the subject taught? A model of documentational expertise is proposed, structured by epistemic, didactic, and pedagogical knowledge affected by the discipline taught, and by informational and technological knowledge which is more generic knowledge. This study evidences thefact that situations of mutation accelerate the development of the documentational expertise thus defined.

Hybrid Energy Resource System (HERS) is studied and applied aroundworld in recent years. Control and monitor of them are quite important in realapplication. HERS also has the equirement to integral with power grid such asdistribution grid networks. Therefore, to design and implement the informationcommunication system following IEC 61850, which is most promising standard fordesign of substation communication and automation system, is necessary. This paperpresents the design of Information Communication Technology (ICT) architectureand Unified Modeling Language (UML) models and final implementation through LabVIEW programming for Smart Energy Container. Applying design following IEC61850 series standards allow the HERS can communicate and interoperate with other IEC61850 devices and SCADA systems. The implementation is applied to SmartEnergy Container which contains wind power, solar power, battery energy storagesystem, and hydrogen energy storage system. Verification and testing results shows thedesign is qualified to control and monitor Smart Energy Container. / Smart Energy Container

Securing access to affordable energy services is of central importance to our societies. To do this sustainably, energy systems design should be – amongst other things – environmentally compliant and reconcile with the integrated management of potentially limiting resources. This work considers the role for so-called 'Smart Grids' to improve the delivery of energy services. It deals with the integration of renewable energy technologies to mitigate climate change. It further demonstrates an approach to harmonise potentially conflicting energy, water and land-use strategies. Each presents particular challenges to energy systems analysis. Computer aided models can help identify energy systems that most effectively meet the multiple demands placed on them. As models constitute a simple abstraction of reality, it is important to ensure that those dynamics that considerably impact results are suitably integrated. In its three parts, this thesis extends long-term energy system models to consider improved integration between: (A) supply and demand through Smart Grids; (B) timeframes by incorporating short-term operating constraints into long-term models; and (C) resource systems by linking multiple modelling tools. In Part A, the thesis explores the potential of Smart Grids to accelerate and improve electrification efforts in developing countries. Further, a long-term energy system model is enhanced to investigate the Smart Grid benefits associated with a closer integration of supply, storage and demand-side options. In Part B, the same model is extended to integrate flexibility requirements. The benefits of this integration are illustrated on an Irish case study on high levels of wind power penetrations. In Part C, an energy model is calibrated to consider climate change scenarios and linkages with land-use and water models. This serves to assess the implications of introducing biofuels on the small island developing state of Mauritius. The thesis demonstrates that too weak integration between models and resource systems can produce significantly diverging results. The system configurations derived may consequently generate different – and potentially erroneous – policy and investment insights. / Säker och prisvärd tillgång till energitjänster är en central fråga för dagens samhällen. För att tillgodose samhällen med hållbara energitjänster bör energisystemen designas för att – bland annat – möta de miljömässiga kraven samt hantera potentiellt begränsade resurser. Den här avhandlingen undersöker de ”smarta” elnätens roll för bättre tillhandahållande av energitjänster. Avhandlingen behandlar integration av förnybar energiteknik för minskad klimatpåverkan samt demonstrerar ett tillvägagångssätt för att förena potentiellt motstridiga energi-, vatten- och markanvändningsstrategier. Dessa uppvisar särskilda utmaningar i energisystemanalyser. Datorstödda modeller kan användas för att identifiera energisystem som på effektivast sätt möter samhällets krav. Datorstödda modeller är, per definition, förenklingar av verkligheten och det är därför viktigt att säkerställa en korrekt representation av det verkliga systemets dynamik. Den här avhandlingen förstärker energisystemmodeller för långsiktsprognoser utifrån tre aspekter: förbättra integrationen av (A) tillgång och efterfrågan genom smarta elnät; (B) olika tidsaspekter genom att inkludera kortsiktiga operativa begränsningar; samt (C) resurssystem genom att sammanlänka olika modelleringsverktyg. I del A utforskades de smarta elnätens potential för att förbättra elektriska system i utvecklingsländer. En befintlig energisystemmodell förstärktes för att behandla smarta elnät och kan därmed fånga fördelarna förknippade med energilagring och energianvändning. I del B utvidgades en energisystemmodell för långsiktsprognoser med flexibilitet för kortsiktiga operativa begränsningar. En fallstudie fokuserad på ett vindkraftsdominerat irländskt elnät genomfördes för att demonstrera fördelarna av modellutvecklingen. I del C kalibrerades en energisystemmodell för att ta klimatscenarier i beaktande samt energisystemets kopplingar till markanvändning och vattenresurssystem. En fallstudie fokuserad på Mauritius energisystem genomfördes för att undersöka konsekvenserna av en potentiell introducering av biobränslen. Avhandlingen demonstrerar att undermålig integration av energimodeller och resurssystem kan leda till avsevärda avvikelser i resultaten. Slutsatser som dras utifrån dessa resultat kan därmed leda till vitt skilda – och potentiellt felaktiga – underlag för investeringar och energipolitiska rekommendationer. / <p>QC 20131118</p>

Ce travail de recherche se situe à un moment particulier de réforme du système éducatif algérien. Il prend sa source dans les difficultés suscitées par la mise en œuvre de cette réforme, du point de vue, pour l’enseignement des mathématiques, de l’approche par les compétences et de l’intégration des TICe. Il questionne le potentiel des ressources de Sésamath, une association française d’enseignants, pour soutenir le travail des professeurs confrontés à cette réforme.Ancrée dans l’approche documentaire du didactique, la thèse a suivi plus particulièrement trois professeurs d’un collège, à la fois dans leurs classes régulières et dans un atelier de mathématiques, laboratoire d’intégration des ressources de Sésamath.Elle considère particulièrement les systèmes de ressources des enseignants en analysant leur structure et leur évolution, dans la perspective d’une modélisation de ces systèmes. Elle exploite la notion de schème, et notamment d’invariants opératoires, pour décrire l’évolution des connaissances des professeurs.Elle montre comment l’intégration des ressources de Sésamath, dans un milieu arabophone, conduit à développer un travail collectif de sélection, d’adaptation, de traduction et de mise en œuvre de ses ressources. Elle montre comment l’intégration des activités de Sésamath basées sur la résolution de problèmes a soutenu les enseignants dans leur travail de mise en œuvre de la réforme. Elle met en évidence l’intérêt de ces interactions pour l’évolution des connaissances et le développement professionnel des enseignants impliqués.L’étude ouvre des pistes, aussi bien pour la formation des enseignants que pour la modélisation de leur système de ressources / This research is situated at a particular moment of reform of the Algerian educational system. It originates from the difficulties of implementing this reform from a point of view, for mathematics education, of the competency-based approach and the integration of ICT. It questions the potential of the resources of Sésamath, a French association of teachers, for supporting the work of teachers facing this reform.Anchored in the documentary approach to didactics, the PhD followed in particular three teachers from a college, both in their regular classes and in a mathematics workshop, the Sésamath resource integration laboratory.It particularly considers teacher resource systems by analyzing their structure and evolution, aiming to modelling these systems. It exploits the notion of scheme, and especially operational invariants, to describe the evolution of teachers' knowledge.It shows how the integration of Sésamath's resources, in an Arabic-speaking environment, leads to developing a collective work of selection, adaptation, translation and implementation of these resources. It shows how the integration of problem-based Sésamath activities has supported teachers in their work for implementing the reform. It highlights the value of these interactions for the evolution of knowledge and professional development of the teachers involved.The study opens ways, both for teacher training and for modelling their resource system

Notre travail porte sur les ressources et les connaissances professionnelles des professeurs. Nous nous intéressons en particulier à l'enseignement du nombre à l'école maternelle et considérons le cas des ressources technologiques. Concevoir et mettre en oeuvre un enseignement ayant recours à ces ressources d'une manière qui favorise les apprentissages est complexe et implique sans doute des évolutions dans les ressources, les pratiques et les connaissances professionnelles des professeurs. Notre thèse s'intéresse précisément à saisir ces évolutions et les moteurs de ces évolutions. Nous mobilisons l'approche documentaire du didactique qui nous permet d'envisager l'intégration des ressources technologiques dans le système de ressources des enseignants. Nous articulons à cette approche la notion d'orchestration et analysons les délicates gestions didactiques des ressources technologiques et de ressources tangibles dans les classes de maternelle. Notre travail s'inscrit dans un projet de conception de ressources (projet Mallette, groupe MARENE). Nous suivons sur une durée longue le travail documentaire de deux professeures impliquées dans ce projet.Nous proposons une « plongée » au coeur de la documentation de ces deux professeures. Nous mettons en évidence les articulations entre un système de ressources général et un système de ressources local, lié à l'enseignement du nombre. Nous développons les notions de ressources indispensables et pivots pour penser ces liens. Nous proposons d'y articuler la notion de blocs de ressources situées. Notre étude permet également d'identifier de nouvelles orchestrations spécifiques de l'école maternelle. Elles sont liées à des connaissances professionnelles et des ressources partagées par les professeurs exerçant dans ce contexte (importance de la manipulation en mathématiques, ressources tangibles). Cette étude met en relief des genèses documentaires différentes chez les deux professeures suivies. Nous montrons l'existence de genèses dynamiques dans lesquelles s'entrelacent des processus d'instrumentalisation et d'instrumentation portant sur la conception et la mise en oeuvre d'un enseignement impliquant les ressources technologiques, mais aussi plus largement portant sur l'enseignement du nombre. L'observation des élèves et le collectif sont des moteurs essentiels dans le déploiement de ces genèses. / Our research focuses on kindergarten teachers' resources and professional knowledge. We examine how numbers are taught, particularly with technological resources. Designing and implementing teaching units with these resources, in a fruitful way, is complex, and probably implies that these resources, along with teachers' practices and professional knowledge, evolve. We notably attempt to grasp these evolutions and their impetus. Our theoretical framework mainly refers to the documentational approach of didactics, that allows us to observe how technological resources are integrated in teachers' resource systems. We link up with this approach the notion of orchestration, and analyse the fine didactic management of technological and tangible resources in kindergarten classes. Our study lies within the framework of the research group MARENE, a project on the designing of resources and of the follow-up of their use. Thus, we follow the long-term documentation work of two teachers involved in this project.We propose an « immersion » at the core of these two teachers' documentation activity. We highlight how a general resource system is articulated with a local resource system on the teaching of numbers. We develop the notions of essential ressources and of pivotal resources in order to examine this articulation. We propose to join another notion to these, the notion of set of situated resources. Our research also makes us identify new specific orchestrations at kindergarten school. These are deeply linked to professional knowledge and to resources shared by teachers working in this context (importance, in mathematics, of manipulation, of tangible resources) . We bring out differentdocumentational geneses among the two teachers we follow. We show the dynamic geneses in which the instrumentalisation and instrumentation processes overlap, when it comes to the designing and implementation of lessons including technological ressources, but also, in a broader perspective, as regards the teaching of numbers. The observation of pupils and the collective are essential incentive for the unfolding of these geneses.