Children and adolescents’ have a right to safety, which should be provided in their home and schools as well as in their broader community. A safe environment helps to promote their well-being, both emotionally and physically. In South Africa, many communities are characterised by high levels of community violence. Adolescents, especially, are at high risk of exposure to community violence as they tend to spend more time in the community than in previous life stages. Research indicates that community violence can be experience in three different ways, either by victimisation, which is a direct form of exposure to community violence and by witnessing or hearing about community violence, which are both indirect forms of community violence. Being exposed to community violence in any way can cause adolescents to experience, emotional, social, academic and physical difficulties. Gestalt theory, which formed the theoretical framework for the study, thus emphasises the holistic impact of community violence on adolescents. In addition, community violence negatively affects families and the entire community. This study focussed on adolescents’ experience of community violence. For this purpose, data were collected from young adults who experienced community violence during their adolescent years. The goal of the study was to explore and describe young adults’ perceptions of community violence experienced during adolescence. A qualitative study was conducted to gain information on the perceptions of a sample of young adults of community violence that they were exposed to during their adolescent years. The research findings are intended to inform social work practice, therefore, applied research was applicable. The instrumental case study research design guided the research, and data were collected by means of semi-structured interviews based on an interview schedule. Purposive sampling was used to select participants that had experienced community violence during their adolescent years, and snowball sampling were used to recruit 14 participants in Cloetesville, Stellenbosch. The research findings showed that the participants were directly and indirectly exposed to high levels of community violence. The participants described how this exposure affected them as adolescents, amongst others their emotions, freedom of movement in the community, trust in others, their social interaction and schoolwork, which still had an effect on them as young adults. However, high levels of community violence also affected the entire community. From the research findings, it is concluded that community violence can have detrimental effects on adolescents that could influence their current and future well-being and functioning. Recommendations for practice include creating awareness in communities about the harmful effects of community violence, and implementing preventive and supportive services for individuals, families and communities to minimise the risk of exposure to community violence and mitigate the effects thereof. It is recommended that future research focus on the effects of community violence on persons from different age groups, for example children in middle childhood and the elderly, as well as on interventions that will empower individuals, families and communities to deal with community violence. Key concepts: Community violence Types of community violence Effects of community violence Risk and protective factors in community violence Exposure to community violence / Mini Dissertation (MSW (Play-based Intervention))--University of Pretoria, 2021. / Social Work and Criminology / MSW (Play-based Intervention) / Unrestricted

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Syftet med denna studie är att nå en djupare förståelse om hur samhället ska kunna stödja barn som växer upp under ogynnsamma förhållanden på ett bättre sätt. Studien baseras på en litteraturstudie på sex stycken självbiografier som valts ut efter vissa kriterier. Dessa självbiografier har sammanställts utifrån en kvalitativ innehållsanalys och ett antal teman som svarar på våra forskningsfrågor identifierades. Utifrån studiens syfte och frågeställningar har teorier om risk- och skyddsfaktorer, KASAM, skam, resiliens samt anknytning valts ut. Tidigare forskning visar på att utsatta barn och social barnavård är ett eftersatt forskningsområde. Vårt resultat av denna studie visar på brister inom såväl socialtjänsten som samhället i övrigt. Det finns ett omfattande behov av att ständigt uppmärksamma och tydliggöra vilket stöd dessa barn kan få. / The purpose of this study is to gain a deeper understanding of how society better can support and protect children who grow up under challenging and unfavorable circumstances. This study is based on six autobiographies which have been selected based on certain criteria. These autobiographies have been compiled based on a qualitative content analysis and a number of topics have been identified. Based on the purpose of the study and its framing of questions theories of risk and protective factors, Sense Of Coherense, shame, resilience and attachment theory has been chosen. Existing research indicates that children at risk and social child care are a somewhat neglected research area. The result of this study highlights a number of deficiencies both within the social welfare system and the society as a whole. There is a large need for continuous appreciation and clarification of the support that these children can expect.

L’obiettivo generale del presente progetto di ricerca era trattare i specifici e problematici casi in cui violenza domestica e violenza assistita coesistono. Tali situazioni infatti richiedono di “vedere doppio” per identificare adeguate e integrate strategie di protezione e sostegno di madri e minori. Considerando che la protezione dei minori è strettamente connessa alla valutazione delle competenze genitoriali, una miglior comprensione dell’impatto esercitato dalla violenza sulle pratiche di parenting è cruciale. Il primo capitolo teorico tratta lo scenario internazionale circa l’Intimate Partner Violence, esplorando dati di prevalenza, l’impatto su donne e bambini e le principali teorie sul processo di uscita dalla violenza. Il secondo capitolo tratta la valutazione da parte degli operatori della Tutela Minori delle competenze genitoriali sia materne che paterne di nuclei famigliari segnalati per violenza assistita, esplorando quali fattori di rischio e protezione sono associati all’intervento di allontanamento del minore. Il terzo capitolo presenta una rassegna sistematica con meta-analisi che esplora l’associazione tra IPV e tre dimensioni di parentig: parenting positivo, punizioni severe, stress genitoriale. Il quarto capitolo presenta i risultati preliminari di uno studio quantitativo diretto a investigare fattori di rischio e protezione circa le competenze genitoriali in contesti di IPV. / The general aim of the present research project was to address problematic situations where domestic and witnessed violence co-occurs. These cases require to “see double” and to identify integrated strategies to foster resilience of both mothers and minors. Considering that child protection is closely linked to the parenting skills assessment, a better comprehension of the IPV impact on parenting is crucial. The first theoretical chapter deepens the knowledge about the domestic violence scenario, exploring the international prevalence, negative impact for women and children and theories about the violence interruption process. The second chapter addresses the CPS workers’ assessment of both mothers and fathers of minors referred for witnessed violence. The study adopted the judgment analysis approach and aimed to explore risk and protective factors that influence the CPS workers’ child removal intervention. The third chapter presents a systematic review and meta-analysis which aimed to get a consistent overview about the relationships between IPV and positive parenting, harsh discipline and parenting stress. The fourth chapter presents the preliminary analyses about a national research directed to investigate the determinants of parenting in context of domestic and witnessed violence from an ecological point of view.

La presente ricerca nasce da una domanda di un territorio specifico che si è interrogato relativamente ai problemi emotivo-comportamentali dei bambini in età prescolare Tale richiesta ci ha sollecitato da un punto di vista teorico a porre l’attenzione da un lato, sul significato “clinico” dei problemi emotivo-comportamentali dei bambini, dall’altro sul processo di assessment e in particolar modo sulla prospettiva multi-informant . Tale prospettiva è stata nello specifico oggetto di riflessione e indagine empirica soprattutto nel primo studio dove si sono considerate con particolare attenzione le discrepanze tra gli informant e il loro possibile significato. La domanda di ricerca iniziale si è quindi ampliata fino ad affrontare l’individuazione dei fattori protettivi e di rischio nello sviluppo psicologico dei bambini in età prescolare. A questo proposito il secondo studio propone un modello multifattoriale per la comprensione delle problematiche emotivo-comportamentali dei bambini che tiene conto di aspetti individuali e di aspetti relazionali, familiari in primo luogo. Infine, il terzo studio vede l’utilizzo del modello teorico proposto nei i primi due studi su di un campione di genitori che si sono rivolti a un servizio territoriale arrivando a identificare gli elementi del modello che discriminano famiglie considerate normali da quelle definibili come cliniche. / This research developed from a need to answer specific questions about emotional-behavioral problems in preschool children. From a theoretical point of view, this need forced one to focus on the “clinical” meaning of emotional-behavioral problems in pre-school children and their assessment processes, especially from a multi-informant perspective. Particularly, this perspective was a topic of interest in an empirical investigation in the first study, where discrepancies between informants and their possible perceptions were considered with particular attention. The initial research question was expanded to deal with the identification of risk and protective factors in the psychological development of preschool children. On this regard, the second study proposed a multi-factorial model to understand the emotional and behavioral problems of children which took into account individual and relational aspects, including especially the family. Finally, the third study considered the use of a theoretical model proposed in the first two studies with a sample of parents who turned for help to social services to identify from the model critical elements that discriminated families which could be considered functional from those defined as clinical.

ABSTRACT

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:44:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5849.pdf: 1061693 bytes, checksum: 88926ff22d4e1191409542e3b320cf8c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-25 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The Neonatal ICUs are designed for newborns at high risk, as in the case of premature infants.The environment in the NICU is a protective factor for life, but may prove to be inappropriate for the neurological development of preterm, specifically in relation to visual aspects. The aim of this study was to develop and propose a protocol for evaluating the context of the NICU, as a checklist to identify the risk and protective factors visual development of premature infants. Moreover , had the following specific objectives : Map and describe the national and international scientific literature on the Neonatal Intensive Care Units in respect of related visual development of premature variables ; Identify the risk factors and protection to the visual development of premature newborns present in neonatal intensive care units , expressed in the literature. The methodology was based on bibliometric analysis of papers retrieved on the basis of national and international data: VHL, ScienceDirect and Scopus. Bibliometric indicators analyzed under the classification into two categories were produced: Category 1 - Primary Issue (TP) and Category 2 - Issue Secondary (TS). Since the focus of this study lies in the studies classified into Primary Issue , were analyzed and categorized into the following themes : " Retinopathy of Prematurity Risk Factors , Incidence, Prevalence , Screening and Prevention " , " Retinopathy of Prematurity Treatment " , " Normal Development " , " Retinopathy of Prematurity Instrument " , " Environment and Retinopathy of Prematurity " Retinopathy of Prematurity Theory " . These studies the risk factors and protection to the visual development of preterm infants were identified. These factors allowed the construction of check list (initially with partial version and then the final version ). As most of the studies ( 97.7 % ) address on the Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) , the instrument will help identify risk and protective for the development of ROP in premature infants in the NICU context factors . It is intended in the future instruments available to professionals in neonatal ICUs, thereby preventing ROP in premature and thereby reduce the incidence and progression of disease. / As UTIs Neonatais são destinadas aos recém-nascidos de alto risco, como no caso dos prematuros. O ambiente na UTI Neonatal é um fator de proteção à vida, mas pode vir a ser inapropriado para o desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor do prematuro, especificamente em relação aos aspectos visuais. O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi elaborar e propor um protocolo de avaliação do contexto da UTI Neonatal, na forma de um check list, para identificação de fatores de risco e proteção ao desenvolvimento visual dos prematuros. Além disso, teve como objetivos específicos: Mapear e descrever a produção científica nacional e internacional sobre as Unidades de Terapia Intensivas Neonatais em relação às variáveis relacionadas ao desenvolvimento visual dos prematuros; Identificar os fatores de risco e proteção ao desenvolvimento visual de recém-nascidos prematuros presentes em unidades de terapia intensivas neonatais, expressos na literatura. A metodologia utilizada foi a análise bibliométrica dos trabalhos recuperados nas bases de dados nacionais e internacionais: BVS, ScienceDirect e Scopus. Foram produzidos indicadores bibliométricos analisados sob a classificação em duas categorias: Categoria 1- Temáticas Primárias (TP) e Categoria 2- Temáticas Secundárias (TS). Como o foco deste estudo recai nos estudos classificados em Temáticas Primárias, foram analisados e categorizados nos seguintes temas: Retinopatia da Prematuridade Fatores de Risco, Incidência, Prevalência, Triagem e Prevenção , Retinopatia da Prematuridade Tratamento , Desenvolvimento Normal , Retinopatia da Prematuridade Instrumento , Retinopatia da Prematuridade Ambiente e Retinopatia da Prematuridade Teoria . Foram identificados nestes estudos os fatores de risco e proteção ao desenvolvimento visual dos prematuros. Estes fatores permitiram a construção do check list (inicialmente com a versão parcial e depois a versão final). Como a maioria dos estudos (97,7%) abordam sobre a Retinopatia da Prematuridade (ROP), o instrumento irá auxiliar na identificação dos fatores de risco e proteção ao desenvolvimento da ROP nos prematuros no contexto da UTI Neonatal. Pretende-se no futuro disponibilizar o instrumento aos profissionais que atuam em UTIs Neonatais, para assim prevenir a ROP em prematuros e com isso diminuir a incidência e progressão da doença.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:44:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5011.pdf: 1162374 bytes, checksum: 55456dbdbd3c026d879a00a7628da911 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-18 / Resilience has emerged as an important factor in overcoming adversity and reducing the negative effects of unfavorable circumstances, and it was considered a dynamic and contextbound, with emphasis on safety nets and adversities mechanisms that interfere in the development of people. This study has a cross-sectional, and correlational studies, using data collected by census survey or parameterized research. It was identify the relationship between risk, protective and resilience factors among children 06-14 years old with disabilities and/or special educational needs, registered in the first to fifth year of the Public elementary school in the Pontal do Paraná town in the Paraná State, and also attended in the resources rooms and special classes. Also participated in this study, children s parents or guardians (60), and teachers (42). Were listed as main points to be investigated resources and adversities related to: a) personal characteristics (behavior, self-concept and resilience factors) b) family environment (organization and family relationships, socioeconomic status, life events); c) school context (behavior and peer relations, school events stressors and academic performance). For data collection were the following instruments with participants: a) with parents (Characterization Questionnaire for Responsible; Critério de Classificação Econômica Brazil; Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire - Parent Version; Adverse Events Scale and Scale Quality in family interaction) b) with the child (Resilience Scale, Self- Concept Scale and the Children and Youth Inventory of School Hassles) c) with teachers (Characterization Questionnaire for Teachers, which includes characterization of students and their performance academic, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire - Teacher Version). The results Showed average in the family income of up to three minimum wages, financial instability and high adversity and about half of the families were classified as risk factor and 40% of them as a protective factor. Regarding personal factors among children, high prevalence of behavioral/mental health, both in the evaluation of parents as teachers, levels of self classified as low or high in about 30% of children; indices of factors resilience average level for most of them. In the school environment was observed high rate of adverse school. In the according to teacher assessment, three-quarters of students participating, showed low academic performance, with a high percentage of learning disabilities and high repetition rate. It was found a significant correlation between levels of resilience and variables related to behavioral problems/mental health, adverse events, family quality interaction and social self-concept. The results indicate a high rate of children at risk in several areas studied and possible protective factors related to resilience, pointing out the importance of this construct gets to work with children with special educational needs, assisting in the reflection and propose actions aimed to minimize the effects of these problems and maximize the aspects of protection for this population. / A resiliência tem se destacado como fator importante para a superação de adversidades e redução dos efeitos negativos das circunstâncias desfavoráveis, sendo considerada um processo dinâmico e vinculado ao contexto, com destaque para as redes de proteção e mecanismos de adversidades que interferem no desenvolvimento das pessoas. O presente estudo possui delineamento transversal, de caráter descritivo correlacional, com utilização de levantamento censitário ou parametrizado. Buscou identificar a relação entre fatores de risco, proteção e resiliência entre crianças de 06 a 14 anos, com deficiência e/ou necessidades educativas especiais, matriculadas no 1o ao 5o ano do Ensino Fundamental Público Municipal na cidade de Pontal do Paraná, PR e que também frequentavam salas de apoio, recursos ou classes especiais. Participaram também do estudo, os 60 pais ou responsáveis e 42 professores dessas crianças. Foram elencados como pontos principais a serem investigados os recursos e adversidades relativos: a) às características pessoais (comportamento, autoconceito e fatores de resiliência); b) ambiente familiar (organização e relações familiares, condições socioeconômicas, eventos de vida adversos); c) contexto escolar (comportamento e relações com pares, eventos escolares estressores e desempenho acadêmico). Para a coleta de dados foram aplicados os seguintes instrumentos junto aos participantes: a) com os pais (Questionário de Caracterização para os Responsáveis; Critério de Classificação Econômica Brasil; Questionário de Capacidades e Dificuldades Versão para Pais; Escala de Eventos Adversos e Escala de Qualidade na Interação familiar); b) com a criança (Escala de Resiliência; Escala de Autoconceito Infanto- Juvenil e Inventário de Estressores Escolares); c) com os professores (Questionário de Caracterização para Professores, que inclui caracterização dos alunos e de seu desempenho acadêmico; Questionário de Capacidades e Dificuldades Versão para Professores). Os resultados em relação as famílias indicam, renda familiar média de até três salários mínimos, instabilidade financeira e elevada quantidade de adversidades e aproximadamente metade das famílias foram classificadas como fator de risco e 40% delas como fator de proteção. Em relação aos fatores pessoais entre as crianças, foi encontrada alta taxa de prevalência de problemas comportamentais/saúde mental, tanto na avaliação dos pais como dos professores; níveis de autoconceito classificados como baixo ou alto em aproximadamente 30% das crianças; índices de fatores de resiliência em nível médio para a maioria delas. No ambiente escolar foi observado alto índice de ocorrência de adversidades escolares; o desempenho acadêmico três quartos dos estudantes participantes, segundo a avaliação dos professores, foi classificado como baixo, com alto percentual de dificuldades de aprendizagem e alto índice de repetência. Foram encontrados índices de correlação significativa entre resiliência e as variáveis relacionadas aos problemas de comportamento/saúde mental, eventos adversos, qualidade da interação familiar e autoconceito social. Os resultados analisados indicam alto índice de crianças em situação de risco em diversas áreas estudadas e possibilidades de fatores de proteção relacionados à resiliência, apontando a importância que este constructo adquire para os trabalhos com crianças com necessidades educativas especiais, auxiliando na reflexão e proposição de ações voltadas para minimizar os efeitos desses problemas e maximizar os aspectos protetivos para essa população.

Det övergripande syftet med studien är att undersöka eventuella skillnader och likheter mellan missbrukets svårighetsgrad av alkohol och narkotika och ett antal riskfaktorer hos ungdomar som varit inskrivna på någon av landets Maria-mottagningar. Ytterligare ett syfte är att undersöka om det finns skillnader mellan pojkar och flickor i detta avseende. Studiens frågeställningar är: Påverkar missbrukets svårighetsgrad förekomsten av riskfaktorer i uppväxtmiljö och social situation? Finns det könsskillnader när det gäller missbrukets svårighetsgrad och riskfaktorer? Den metodologiska utgångspunkten är kritisk realism, som modifiering av positivistisk utgångspunkttveckling. faktorer. ORER. lket  av agerat it med uppgifter för vidare kunskaps- och forskningsutveckling. faktorer. ORER. lket  med en kvantitativ ansats. Studien är en tvärsnittsstudie med UngDOKs inskrivningsformulär som grund. Resultat visar på signifikanta skillnader mellan hög svårighetsgrad och låg svårighetsgrad samt en del signifikanta könsskillnader både i låg svårighetsgrad och i hög svårighetsgrad. Resultat visar på att ungdomarna i hög svårighetsgrad är mer belastade med riskfaktorer än ungdomarna i låg svårighetsgrad. Gruppen hög svårighetsgrad var procentuellt mer belastade i 14 av 17 riskfaktorer jämfört med gruppen låg svårighetsgrad. De riskfaktorer som utmärker sig mest grupperna emellan är under kategorin skola och kamratrelationer. Fler av ungdomarna i hög svårighetsgrad har problematiska kamratrelationer och umgås i högre utsträckning med vänner som tar droger och vänner som begår brott. Gällande könsskillnader visar resultat på att i 8 av 17 externa riskfaktorer finns signifikanta skillnader i både låg och hög svårighetsgrad där flickorna är mer belastade än pojkarna. Den mest uppmärksammade skillnaden mellan pojkarna och flickorna var psykiskt- och/eller sexuellt våld där flickorna var överrepresenterade i båda riskfaktorerna. I både låg och hög svårighetsgrad har flickorna i större utsträckning varit med om mer traumatiska händelser i sitt liv.

Statens institutionsstyrelse (SiS) tar emot omkring 1 000 ungdomar till sina 23 särskilda ungdomshem varje år. Ungdomarna som kommer till SiS har fått beslut om tvångsvård enligt LVU eller LSU, eller i vissa fall enlig frivilliga insatser i SOL. Behandlingen på SiS är främst inriktad mot ungdomarnas eget beteende och det läggs inget större fokus vid ungdomarnas föräldrarelationer. Ändå är detta någonting som verkar vara av stor vikt för många av ungdomarna. Detta framkommer av de böcker som av SiS skolverksamhet årligen ges ut. Böckerna består av texter skrivna av frivilligt medverkande ungdomar på SiS ungdomshem. Många av texterna involverar deras föräldrarelationer. Uppsatsens syfte är att undersöka hur tvångsvårdade ungdomar skildrar och förstår sina föräldrarelationers inverkan i deras liv. En analys sker utifrån Bowlby och Ainsworth anknytningsteori och risk- och skyddsfaktorer. Tre teman som sticker ut är följande: föräldrar som är närvarande eller stöttande, föräldrar som brister i sitt föräldraskap eller i sin omsorg, och föräldrar som avlidit. Det framkommer tydligt att många av ungdomarna relaterar sina föräldrarelationers inverkan i deras liv till både deras dåvarande, nuvarande och även tänkbara framtida omständigheter i livet. Och även till deras fysiska och psykiska hälsa. Således är slutsatsen att en förälders roll, oavsett vilken kategori den faller inom, är viktig för tvångsvårdade ungdomar när de själva reflekterar över sina liv, omständigheter, utveckling och hälsa. Detta bekräftar även den vikt som ovanstående teorier lägger vid barn och ungas relationer till sina föräldrar. / The State Institution Board receives about 1 000 youths to its 23 different Youth Homes every year. Youths coming to live in these homes are there due to decisions on compulsory care according to LVU or LSU or in certain cases according to voluntary efforts in SOL. The treatment in these Youth Homes targets primarily the youth ́s own behaviour while there is no major focus on the parent-child relationship.Yet this particular relationship seems to be of greater importance to many youths. This emerges when you read the annual publication of texts voluntarily written by the youths themselves, published by the State Institution Board. Many stories involve the parent-child relationship. The purpose of this essay is to investigate how youths in compulsory care depict and understand the impact of the parent-child relationship in their lives. The analysis is done from Bowlby ́s and Ainsworth ́s attachment theory and risk- and protective factors. The following three themes stand out: Present or supportive parents, parents lacking in care or parenthood, and deceased parents. It is obvious that many youths relate the impact of their parent-child relationship to their circumstances of life, now, before and in a possible future as well as on their physical and mental health. And thus the conclusion is that a parent’s role, no matter what category it falls into, is important to youths in compulsory care when they themselves reflect upon their lives, circumstances, development and health. This is confirmed by the importance the above theories give the parent-child relationship.