Grindžiant sąsajas tarp ežero ir paežerės ekosistemų ir remiantis tuo, kad medžių lapų paklotės irimo produktai yra alochtoninės ištirpusios organinės anglies (IOA) šaltinis, buvo tiriamas paprastojo buko (Fagus sylvatica L.) ir paprastojo ąžuolo (Querqus robur L.) lapų vandeninių ekstraktų poveikis žvaigždėtojo maurašakio (Nitellopsis obtusa (Desv.) J. Groves) ląstelei fermentiniu, plazmalemos ir ląstelės gyvybingumo lygmeniu. Koncentracinėmis ir laiko priklausomybėmis parodyta, kad ekstraktai, tarp jų ir gauti per 30 dienų savaiminio lapų irimo, sukelia oksidacinio streso fermentų aktyvumo ir ląstelės membranos potencialo pakitimus bei ląstelių žūtį – taip preziumuojamas priežastinis ryšys tarp ankstyvųjų reakcijų ir letalumo. Santykinai jautresnės reakcijos vyko fermentiniame lygmenyje, negrįžtamiems ląstelės membranos ramybės potencialo pokyčiams ir mirtingumui aptikti reikia didesnių nei aptinkamų gamtiniuose vandens telkiniuose IOA koncentracijų arba ilgesnės poveikio trukmės. Tai leidžia manyti, kad paklotės lapai yra svarbus aplinkos veiksnys, turintis įtakos vandens augalijos rūšinei įvairovei gėlavandenėse ekosistemose. / Aqueous extracts of common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and European oak (Quercus robur L.) leaves from leaf litter were used as allochthonous source of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) to investigate cell response of starry stonewort (Nitellopsis obtusa (Desv.) J. Groves) at enzymatic, cell membrane and whole cell levels. Dose and time dependent exposure experiments with leaf litter extracts including 30 day leaf litter degradation ones, were carried out to show activity modulations of oxidative stress enzymes, cell resting potential (RP) and survivorship. Charophytes manifested a certain level of antioxidative resilience depending on the DOC source. Relatively more sensitive reactions were detected at enzymatic level, however, to identify irreversible cell RP changes and lethality, higher than those of natural aquatic bodies DOC concentrations or prolonged exposure were needed. Changes in activities of oxidative stress enzymes and cell membrane potential invoked by extracts predicted cell mortality, which allowed us to presume causality between more sensitive initial reactions and lethality. By linking lake and lake shore ecosystems it was concluded that beech and oak leaf litter has the potential to adversely affect algae and, thus, might eventually be important environmental factor impacting aquatic vegetation species diversity in freshwater ecosystems.

Aqueous extracts of common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and European oak (Quercus robur L.) leaves from leaf litter were used as allochthonous source of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) to investigate cell response of starry stonewort (Nitellopsis obtusa (Desv.) J. Groves) at enzymatic, cell membrane and whole cell levels. Dose and time dependent exposure experiments with leaf litter extracts including 30 day leaf litter degradation ones, were carried out to show activity modulations of oxidative stress enzymes, cell resting potential (RP) and survivorship. Charophytes manifested a certain level of antioxidative resilience depending on the DOC source. Relatively more sensitive reactions were detected at enzymatic level, however, to identify irreversible cell RP changes and lethality, higher than those of natural aquatic bodies DOC concentrations or prolonged exposure were needed. Changes in activities of oxidative stress enzymes and cell membrane potential invoked by extracts predicted cell mortality, which allowed us to presume causality between more sensitive initial reactions and lethality. By linking lake and lake shore ecosystems it was concluded that beech and oak leaf litter has the potential to adversely affect algae and, thus, might eventually be important environmental factor impacting aquatic vegetation species diversity in freshwater ecosystems. / Grindžiant sąsajas tarp ežero ir paežerės ekosistemų ir remiantis tuo, kad medžių lapų paklotės irimo produktai yra alochtoninės ištirpusios organinės anglies (IOA) šaltinis, buvo tiriamas paprastojo buko (Fagus sylvatica L.) ir paprastojo ąžuolo (Querqus robur L.) lapų vandeninių ekstraktų poveikis žvaigždėtojo maurašakio (Nitellopsis obtusa (Desv.) J. Groves) ląstelei fermentiniu, plazmalemos ir ląstelės gyvybingumo lygmeniu. Koncentracinėmis ir laiko priklausomybėmis parodyta, kad ekstraktai, tarp jų ir gauti per 30 dienų savaiminio lapų irimo, sukelia oksidacinio streso fermentų aktyvumo ir ląstelės membranos potencialo pakitimus bei ląstelių žūtį – taip preziumuojamas priežastinis ryšys tarp ankstyvųjų reakcijų ir letalumo. Santykinai jautresnės reakcijos vyko fermentiniame lygmenyje, negrįžtamiems ląstelės membranos ramybės potencialo pokyčiams ir mirtingumui aptikti reikia didesnių nei aptinkamų gamtiniuose vandens telkiniuose IOA koncentracijų arba ilgesnės poveikio trukmės. Tai leidžia manyti, kad paklotės lapai yra svarbus aplinkos veiksnys, turintis įtakos vandens augalijos rūšinei įvairovei gėlavandenėse ekosistemose.

IT-system kan delas upp i två huvudgrupper: Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)-system och Best of Breed (BoB)-system. Ett ERP-system definieras som ett system vars funktioner använder en gemensam databas och kan därigenom binda ihop olika IT-system. Användaren kan då enkelt komma åt data inom den egna organisationen från sin egen arbetsstation utan att söka igenom flera olika system, jämfört med system som arbetar parallellt och inte samlar data i en gemensam databas. BoB-system är inriktade på en specifik tjänst, men är utvecklade för att klara av att utföra den så bra som möjligt. De är inriktade på sina specifika uppgifter och använder inte någon gemensam databas, eftersom de är byggda av olika utvecklare och leverantörer. När ett företag ska investera i ett system finns det flera aspekter att ta hänsyn till, exempelvis om värdet systemet väntas ge kommer överstiga utvecklings- samt driftkostnaden och/eller vilken systeminvestering som kommer effektivisera arbetet mest. I denna uppsats presenteras en fallstudie som genomförts på Swedbank Robur AB, Sveriges största fondförvaltningsbolag. Fallstudien utfördes med syftet att påvisa centrala aspekter och problem vad gäller systemmiljö och val av systemtyp i relation till detta. Tre personer med olika positioner och arbetsuppgifter har intervjuats på Robur, för att erhålla en helhetsbild av systemmiljön från flera perspektiv, vilket säkerhetsställs genom det faktum att de personer som intervjuats har olika roller och ansvar i samband med systemnyttjandet. En mer generell intervju utöver fallstudien, har även genomförts med Microsofts utvecklingschef för att uppnå jämförbarhet med andra system och användare. Baserat på de fakta studien redovisat har det blivit uppenbart att det är mycket svårt för företag att enbart använda sig av ERP-system då viss funktionalitet är specifik för företaget. Studien har även funnit att begreppet ERP är väldigt vagt och kan tolkas på många sätt. / IT-systems can be divided into two distinct groups, Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems and Best of Breed (BoB) systems. An ERP-system is defined as a system where a number of functions are brought together and use a common database, in order to link different IT-systems. It makes it easier to access data within the organization from the users own workstation without looking through several different systems, compared to systems that work in parallel and do not collect data in a common database. BoB-systems are geared towards a specific service and are developed to be able to perform their tasks as good as possible. They are focused on their specific tasks and are not joined together through a common database, since there are different developers or vendors for the different systems. When a company is going to invest in a system there are many aspects to consider, for example whether the expected value will exceed the associated development and operating costs, and/or which system will increase the efficiency of the tasks the most. This thesis presents a case study done at Swedbank Robur AB, Sweden’s largest fund management company. The case study was carried out with the aim to find central aspects and problems with different IT-environments and the choice of systems in relation to these. Three persons with different positions and work tasks were interviewed at Robur, to give their individual opinions and a good overall picture of their system environment. A more general interview was also carried out with Microsoft’s development manager to achieve comparability with other systems and users. This thesis shows that it is not possible for large companies to only use ERP-systems, when certain functionality is specific to the company. We have also seen that the concept of ERP is very vague and can be interpreted in different ways. It is also concluded that the definition of ERP is very vauge and can thus be interpreted in several ways.

Tüpfel ermöglichen den interzellularen Stoffaustausch im Holzkörper. Im Zuge der Prozessgestaltung in den Bereichen Holzschutz und Zellstoffherstellung sind genauere Kenntnisse über ihren Aufbau von grundlegender Bedeutung. Das anatomische Wissen ermöglicht eine verbesserte Einschätzung der Tränkbarkeit sowie allgemein über die Eindringwege von Flüssigkeiten im Holz. Die Arbeit fasst den aktuellen Wissensstand des Baus der Tüpfel im Laubholz zusammen. Dabei stehen die in Deutschland wichtigsten Laubbaumarten, namentlich die Rot-Buche (Fagus silvatica L.) und Stiel- sowie Traubeneiche (Quercus robur L. und Quercus petraea Liebl.), im Fokus der Untersuchung. Zunächst wird der allgemeine Aufbau der Tüpfel beschrieben und besonders neuere Erkenntnisse mit aufgegriffen. Im Anschluss wird der Wissensstand zur Tüpfelbau der Rot-Buche sowie der Stiel- wie Trauben-Eiche zusammengefasst dargestellt.

Veteran trees such as large Quercus robur L. function as biodiversity hotspots and provide a number of valuable ecological functions. This study aimed to increase knowledge about the mechanisms that influence the longevity of Q. robur by: (i) describing the status of veteran Q. robur in Linköping municipality, (ii) describing findings of valuable lichens among these trees, (iii) examine whether land use, nature type, crown layer closure, land management, or overgrowth of brushwood or forest in 2018 or an earlier year could explain girdle growth or crown vitality in Q. robur, and (iv) predict the future population of veteran Q. robur. Data was collected from 51 Q. robur with a circumference larger than 450 cm in April 2018 in Linköping municipality, Sweden. Out of these, 28 individuals could be compared to data from a previous inventory. These were the basis for statistical analyses of correlations between environmental factors, growth and crown vitality. Generally, most Q. robur individuals were standing in pastures, had high crown vitality, had a low amount of overgrowth of brushwood or forest around them, and many of them hosted indicator lichens. The main correlation found was between crown vitality and overgrowth of brushwood. The girdle growth was 1.81 cm year-1 and the mortality was 0.18 % year-1 on average. Based on these growth and mortality numbers, and data from other studies, the future population of veteran Q. robur was predicted to increase from 471 to 2996 individuals in the area in the next 100 years (1615-3433 pcs). / Grova, gamla träd som Quercus robur L. (skogsek) kan fungera som s.k. hotspots för biologisk mångfald och tillhandahåller en mängd värdefulla ekologiska funktioner. Denna studie syftade till att öka förståelsen kring de mekanismer som påverkar livslängden för Q. robur genom fyra syften: (i) att beskriva status för grova Q. robur i området, (ii) att beskriva förekomster av värdefulla lavar hos dessa träd, (iii) att undersöka om någon av omgivningsfaktorerna markanvändning, naturtyp, slutenhet i kronskikt, markskötsel, eller igenväxning av sly eller skog vid 2018 års inventering eller tidigare inventering kan förklara tillväxt eller kronvitalitet hos Q. robur, och (iv) förutsäga framtidens tillgång av grova Q. robur. Data samlades in genom fältinventering av 51 Q. robur större än 450 cm i omkrets i april 2018 i Linköpings kommun. Av dessa kunde 28 jämföras med data från en tidigare inventering. Dessa 28 individer låg till grund för statistiska analyser av samband mellan omgivningsfaktorer och tillväxt och kronvitalitet. De flesta individer av Q. robur stod i betesmark, hade hög kronvitalitet, hade låg grad av igenväxning av sly eller skog runt sig, och på många av individerna förekom signalartslavar. Det huvudsakliga sambandet som konstaterades var att igenväxning av sly var negativt för kronvitalitet. Hos grova ekar var omkretstillväxten 1,81 cm år-1 och mortaliteten 0,18 % år-1. Baserat på dessa tillväxt- och mortalitetsdata samt data från andra studier beräknades populationen av grova Q. robur öka från 471 till 2996 (1615-3433 st) individer de kommande 100 åren.

De nombreux et divers micro-organismes vivent dans les tissus interne et externe desfeuilles des plantes, la phyllosphère. Ils influencent de nombreux traits, les interactions biotiques,le flux d’énergie, la tolérance au stress de leur hôte et en fin de compte la valeur sélectivede leurs hôtes. Il a été montré que plusieurs traits quantitatifs de plantes structurentla communauté microbienne de la phyllosphère. Ainsi des Loci de ces traits quantitatifs(Quantitative Trait Loci QTL) liés à la structure de cette communauté étaient attendus.L’objectif principal de ce travail était de rechercher des régions génomiques chez le chêne(Quercus robur L.), dont l’effet se prolonge jusqu’au niveau de la communauté, influençantainsi le microbiote de la phyllosphère. Tout d’abord, nous avons étudié la composition etle réseau d’interactions du microbiote de la phyllosphère partant un intérêt particulier àErysiphe alphitoides, un agent pathogène majeur pour les chênes. Nous avons montré quel’infection par E. alphitoides est accompagnée par des changements dans la composition dela communauté fongique foliaire, mais pas dans le composition de la communauté bactérienne.Nous avons souligné certains partenaires d’interaction d’E. alphitoides et nous avonsmontré que le réseau d’interactions microbiennes, contrairement aux résultats précédents,été dominé par des interactions positives. Ensuite nous avons effectué une analyse QTLde descripteurs de la communauté microbienne dans une population de pleins frères. Nousavons trouvé 8 QTL correspondant à des traits de la communauté microbienne: compositionfongique et bactérienne, diversité fongique, pourcentage de Erysiphe alphitoides. Troisd’entre eux sont colocalisés avec un QTL de sensibilité à E. alphitoides, suggèrent un fortdéterminisme génétique de la résistance à l’oïdium chez Q. robur. Enfin, nous présentonsles résultats préliminaires d’une étude d’association génétique et discutons nos résultatsavec une perspective évolutive. / Numerous and various microorganisms inhabit inner and outer tissues of plant leaves, thephyllosphere. They influence many plant traits, biotic interactions, energy flux, host stresstolerance and ultimately the fitness of their hosts. Many plant quantitative traits wereshown to structure the phyllosphere microbial community. Hence quantitative trait loci(QTLs) linked to the structure of this community were expected. The main objective ofthis work was to search for genomic regions in oak (Quercus robur L.), whose effect extendsto the community level, influencing the phyllosphere microbiota. First, we studied thecomposition and the interaction network of oak phyllosphere microbiota with specific focuson Erysiphe alphitoides, a major biotrophic pathogen of oak. We showed that infection byE. alphitoides is accompanied by changes in the foliar fungal community composition butnot in the bacterial community composition. We highlighted likely interaction partners ofE. alphitoides and we showed that the complex microbial interaction network, in contrastto previous findings, was dominated by positive interactions. Next we performed QTLanalysis of microbial community descriptors in a full-sib mapping population of oak. Wefound 8 QTLs for microbial community traits: fungal and bacterial composition, fungaldiversity, and percentage of Erysiphe alphitoides reads. Three of these QTLs colocalizedwith a QTL for powdery mildew sensibility, suggesting for strong genetic determinism ofpowdery mildew resistance in Q. robur. Finally we present preliminary results of a geneticassociation study and discuss our findings within an evolutionary perspective.

<p>Many species and hence biodiversity depend on old, large oaks (Quercus robur) with hollow trunks. The populations of oak-living organisms have to migrate to a nearby old oak in order to survive the death of the host. The oak district south of Linköping, Sweden, is unique in area and the number of old oaks. It is anyway doubtful whether regeneration of oak will secure future continuity. Oaks are light-demanding and thrive in open pastures. Grazers also pose a problem, eating acorns and seedlings not protected by e.g. thorny shrubs. This is a study of regeneration of young oaks in the oak district and the influence of management, light conditions and thorny shrubs. There were less grown-up oaks up to 40 cm diameter than between 40 and 80 cm in grazed areas. The occurrence of oak seedlings was very low in dark un-grazed areas. Seedlings were much more common under than outside of oak canopies regardless of management. Ground coverage was lower at seedlings than in random plots. In grazed areas the density of seedlings was 30 times higher in thorny shrub than outside, but few seedlings were higher than 80 cm. The study showed that thorny shrubs are vital for establishment and survival of oak seedlings in grazed areas. It also showed that there is a risk of gaps in oak age distribution in the oak district. Management should spare thorny shrub and help seedling establishment outside of oak canopies, were oak seedlings are more likely to become trees.</p>

Many species and hence biodiversity depend on old, large oaks (Quercus robur) with hollow trunks. The populations of oak-living organisms have to migrate to a nearby old oak in order to survive the death of the host. The oak district south of Linköping, Sweden, is unique in area and the number of old oaks. It is anyway doubtful whether regeneration of oak will secure future continuity. Oaks are light-demanding and thrive in open pastures. Grazers also pose a problem, eating acorns and seedlings not protected by e.g. thorny shrubs. This is a study of regeneration of young oaks in the oak district and the influence of management, light conditions and thorny shrubs. There were less grown-up oaks up to 40 cm diameter than between 40 and 80 cm in grazed areas. The occurrence of oak seedlings was very low in dark un-grazed areas. Seedlings were much more common under than outside of oak canopies regardless of management. Ground coverage was lower at seedlings than in random plots. In grazed areas the density of seedlings was 30 times higher in thorny shrub than outside, but few seedlings were higher than 80 cm. The study showed that thorny shrubs are vital for establishment and survival of oak seedlings in grazed areas. It also showed that there is a risk of gaps in oak age distribution in the oak district. Management should spare thorny shrub and help seedling establishment outside of oak canopies, were oak seedlings are more likely to become trees.

<p>Saproxylic species living in old hollow trees have low dispersal rate. Many of the species are threatened since their micro habitats are rare. To prevent some of these species from going extinct their habitats have to have the right management. In some areas artificial environment could be a solution. The aim of this study was to investigate if the insects that are dependent on tree cavities with wood mould would colonize an artificially created habitat: large wooden boxes filled with artificial wood mould placed on tree trunks. The boxes were filled with substrates like oak saw dust, oak leaves, dead hens, hen excrements, medicago (Medicago falcata flour) or potatoes. Over three years, 136 species and 10 380 specimens were caught in 47 boxes. The groups classified as specialists were in general statistically significant more often than groups classified as generalists. Dead hen was the substrate with the highest number of species, although differences were small. In conclusion, a large number of species, including red listed ones and saproxylic specialists used the boxes. A dead hen in the box gave some extra species and 1800 meters was too long for some of the species to disperse. Hence, the prospects for using artificial environments are good especially to reduce habitat availability gaps in time and space.</p>

Saproxylic species living in old hollow trees have low dispersal rate. Many of the species are threatened since their micro habitats are rare. To prevent some of these species from going extinct their habitats have to have the right management. In some areas artificial environment could be a solution. The aim of this study was to investigate if the insects that are dependent on tree cavities with wood mould would colonize an artificially created habitat: large wooden boxes filled with artificial wood mould placed on tree trunks. The boxes were filled with substrates like oak saw dust, oak leaves, dead hens, hen excrements, medicago (Medicago falcata flour) or potatoes. Over three years, 136 species and 10 380 specimens were caught in 47 boxes. The groups classified as specialists were in general statistically significant more often than groups classified as generalists. Dead hen was the substrate with the highest number of species, although differences were small. In conclusion, a large number of species, including red listed ones and saproxylic specialists used the boxes. A dead hen in the box gave some extra species and 1800 meters was too long for some of the species to disperse. Hence, the prospects for using artificial environments are good especially to reduce habitat availability gaps in time and space.