Recalcitrant seeds are those that are shed at high water contents, are actively metabolic throughout development, when they are, and remain, desiccation-sensitive, and may also be chilling sensitive. These properties preclude their conventional storage. Because recalcitrant seeds lose viability rapidly (within a few days to several months depending on the species) the long-term storage of their germplasm is achievable only by cryopreservation [i.e. storage at very low temperatures, generally in or over, liquid nitrogen at -196°C or -150°C, respectively. Generally the seeds are far too large to be cryostored, thus explants - most conveniently, excised zygotic embryonic axes - are used. As the axes of recalcitrant seeds are highly hydrated, specific pre-treatments prior to freezing have to be applied in order to avoid lethal ice crystal formation. During the course of this study, cryopreservation protocols were developed for excised zygotic embryonic axes of two different species (Quercus robur L. and Ekebergia capensis Sparrm.). Surface-sterilisation regimes were tested for axes of both species, with the use of a 1% sodium hypochlorite solution containing a wetting agent, emerging as the best. For both species, the vigour and viability of axes, assessed by in vitro germination performance, was tested after the implementation of four different rates of desiccation (achieved by a laminar-airflow; silica-gel-; flash- and fast flash-drying). The most rapid dehydration rate (fast flash-drying) facilitated the best germination rates (vigour) for both Q. robur and E. capensis axes after 240 and 20 min, when water contents were reduced to 0.37 ±0.04 and 0.39 ±0.06 g g-1 (dmb), respectively. Consequently, fast flash-drying was used in combination with three different freezing rates (slow, intermediate and ultra-rapid cooling). While axis viability was lost after slow or intermediate cooling, good survival was obtained for each species after ultra-rapid cooling. In addition to the optimisation of culture conditions, desiccation and freezing rates, the efficacy of different thawing media (distilled water, mannitol, sucrose, full-strength MS medium supplemented with sucrose and a 1 µM calcium/1 mM magnesium solution) was also assessed. The only thawing medium that ensured normal seedling production was the Ca2+Mg2+ solution, in which electrolyte leakage was significantly curtailed. In addition to vigour and viability assessment the responses of the embryos to the various manipulations were monitored by light microscopy and/or transmission electron microscopy. The results of the various manipulations are discussed in terms of the stresses imposed on the excised axes, by each of the procedures. For axes of Q. robu, the outcome of the presently developed successful procedure and two unsuccessful protocols from the published literature are compared and contrasted. It is concluded that while in vitro germination media need to be assessed on a species basis, use of the mildest effective surface-sterilant, in conjunction with the most rapid means to achieve dehydration and cooling/freezing, are likely to underlie generally successful cryopreservation. Additionally, thawing parameters have emerged as being critically important. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2000.

This thesis deals with management history of floodplain forests in south Moravia. Using dendrochronological and dendroclimatological analyses, we revealed past disturbances and inferred former forestry practices, and we demonstrated the effect of climate and decrease of water table on the growth of oak (Quercus robur).

This thesis deals with management history of floodplain forests in south Moravia. Using dendrochronological and dendroclimatological analyses, we revealed past disturbances and inferred former forestry practices, and we demonstrated the effect of climate and decrease of water table on the growth of oak (Quercus robur).

Les relations entre plantes et herbivores occupent une part importante des travaux concernant le rôle de la biodiversité dans le fonctionnement des écosystèmes. Les effets de la diversité des plantes sur les herbivores et la phytophagie se répartissent le long d’un continuum entre résistance et susceptibilité par association, ces deux concepts décrivant respectivement la réduction ou au contraire l’augmentation des dégâts causés par les herbivores avec la diversité des plantes dans les communautés végétales. Si de nombreux travaux menés dans différents écosystèmes suggèrent que la résistance par association est plus fréquente que la susceptibilité par association, les mécanismes sous jacents restent discutés et semblent dépendre de la plus ou moins grande spécialisation des herbivores et de l’identité des espèces végétales associées. En particulier deux questions se posent : (1) quel est l’effet de la diversité des plantes sur la diversité des insectes, et principalement sur les insectes herbivores ? (2) Quelle composante de la diversité des plantes explique le mieux la résistance et la susceptibilité par association ? La méta-analyse présentée dans cette thèse montre que la diversité des animaux augmente avec la diversité des plantes, quels que soient les écosystèmes et les taxons considérés. Dans le cas des Arthropodes, la richesse spécifique des herbivores est mieux corrélée à la richesse spécifique des plantes que celle des prédateurs. De plus, la diversité des herbivores augmente plus rapidement que la diversité des prédateurs avec la diversité des plantes. Ces observations soulèvent un paradoxe : si la diversité des herbivores augmente avec celle des plantes, comment expliquer les nombreux cas où la phytophagie diminue (résistance par association) ? Cette question a fait l’objet d’une approche expérimentale centrée sur le chêne pédonculé et fondée sur la manipulation de la diversité spécifique et génétique des essences forestières. Il en ressort que ces deux niveaux de diversité ont des effets contrastés sur la phytophagie. Les dégâts causés par les insectes herbivores généralistes tendent à augmenter avec la diversité génétique chez leur hôte (susceptibilité par association), alors que les spécialistes ne répondent pas à la diversité génétique chez le chêne. Au contraire, la diversité spécifique est à l’origine d’une résistance par association pour les herbivores spécialistes mais elle est sans effet sur les généralistes. Un résultat original émerge des travaux présentés dans cette thèse : les effets de la diversité des plantes sur les insectes herbivores et leurs dégâts s’exprimeraient principalement à l’échelle locale – celle d’un arbre et de ses voisins immédiats – au travers de « l’apparence » des arbres, une variable conditionnée par leur taille et celle de leurs voisins. La prise en compte de la spécialisation des insectes herbivores et des différentes composantes de la diversité des arbres contribue donc à une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes impliqués dans la résistance et la susceptibilité par association des forêts mélangées. / Functional and structural consequences of plant diversity on insect communities and herbivoryThe relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning remains a key issue in ecology. In particular it has been suggested that plant species diversity can trigger plant-insect interactions, ranging from associational resistance (higher herbivory in monocultures than in more diverse plant communities) to associational susceptibility (higher herbivory in plant mixtures). Although it is now widely acknowledged that associational resistance is more frequent than associational susceptibility, the underlying mechanisms are still debated and seem to depend on herbivore specialization and plant species identity. To contribute to this debate we addressed two questions: (1) What are the consequences of plant diversity for insect herbivore diversity? (2) Which component of plant diversity better accounts for herbivory? On the basis of a meta-analysis we show in this report that animal diversity significantly increase with increasing plant diversity, regardless of habitats or taxa. In arthropods, herbivores species richness increases more steeply with plant richness than predator richness. This result raises an apparent paradox: if herbivore diversity is positively correlated with plant diversity, why herbivory decreases with increasing plant diversity (associational resistance)? To solve this paradox we developed an experimental approach focused on pedunculate oak and based on the manipulation of tree genetic and species diversity. We showed that generalist and specialist herbivores respond differently to the two levels of tree diversity. Herbivory by generalist herbivores significantly increased with oak genetic diversity (i.e. associational susceptibility) while specialist herbivores did not respond to the genetic diversity of their host tree. Conversely, tree species diversity triggered associational resistance to specialist insect herbivores but had no effect on generalists.  The novelty of this works also lies in the identification of a new mechanism that may account for associational resistance in tree species mixtures: host apparency. More apparent oak trees – those that are taller than their neighbours – are more prone to insect damage. Increasing tree species diversity comes together with higher probability of associating faster growing species (such as pine or birch) than can hide neighbouring oaks, reducing their apparency and then their susceptibility. Our findings suggest that accounting for the diet breadth of insect herbivores and the different components of tree diversity can contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms leading to associational resistance or susceptibility in mixed forests.

Tüpfel ermöglichen den interzellularen Stoffaustausch im Holzkörper. Im Zuge der Prozessgestaltung in den Bereichen Holzschutz und Zellstoffherstellung sind genauere Kenntnisse über ihren Aufbau von grundlegender Bedeutung. Das anatomische Wissen ermöglicht eine verbesserte Einschätzung der Tränkbarkeit sowie allgemein über die Eindringwege von Flüssigkeiten im Holz. Die Arbeit fasst den aktuellen Wissensstand des Baus der Tüpfel im Laubholz zusammen. Dabei stehen die in Deutschland wichtigsten Laubbaumarten, namentlich die Rot-Buche (Fagus silvatica L.) und Stiel- sowie Traubeneiche (Quercus robur L. und Quercus petraea Liebl.), im Fokus der Untersuchung. Zunächst wird der allgemeine Aufbau der Tüpfel beschrieben und besonders neuere Erkenntnisse mit aufgegriffen. Im Anschluss wird der Wissensstand zur Tüpfelbau der Rot-Buche sowie der Stiel- wie Trauben-Eiche zusammengefasst dargestellt.

Ekträd har en central roll i den biologiska mångfalden, där de utgör både livsrum och födkrok för ett stort antal insekter, lavar, svampar och fåglar under sin långa livstid och därefter i den döda veden. Ek har minskat dramatiskt under de senaste 200 åren, men orsakerna till detta är inte helt klarlagda. I östra Nordamerika har den försämrade föryngringen av ek kopplats till de betydligt färre skogsbränderna och ur detta har den s.k. brand-ek-hypotesen uppstått. Denna säger att branden spelar en viktig roll i ekens föryngring i östra USA och i Nordamerika p.g.a. att eken är bättre anpassad än många andra träd för att klara brand, vilket ger den en konkurrensfördel som gör att den inte bara gynnas av brand, utan också kan vara beroende av den. Jag har studerat hur föryngring av ek påverkats av en naturvårdsbränning som genomförts i Krogölen i Allgunnens naturreservat i sydöstra Sverige. Hypotesen är att brand har en gynnsam effekt på ekföryngring även i Sverige och att brand-ek-hypotesen är tillämpbar också här. Detta kunskapsområde är relevant för naturvården i Sverige när det gäller att planera naturvårdsbränningar i områden med förekomst av ek. Eftersom studien har genomförts som en pilotstudie, där endast ett brandområde studerats, kan inga slutsatser om generella brandfältseffekter dras. Mina resultat talar för att krontäckning har en effekt på tätheten av fröplantor i Krogölen, och att den har större betydelse i brandfältet än i det obrända området, vilket talar emot brand-ek-hypotesen. Effekten av brand och krontäckning förklarar i denna studie 21,8% av variationen i den rottransformerade fröplanttätheten per 12,6 m2. Det går inte att se någon ökning av fröplantor eller rotskott i det brända området jämfört med det obrända. För framtida studier skulle det vara intressant att titta på fröplantors dödlighet i olika livsstadier under varierande ljusförhållanden, effekten av predation i brandfält, hur olika brandintensitet kan inverka på ekens föryngring samt bestående effekter av brand över tid och betydelsen av i vilket utvecklingsstadie branden skett. / Oak trees have a central role in biodiversity, where they serve as both a habitat and a feeding ground for a large number of insects, lichens, fungi and birds during its long life and thereafter in the dead wood. Oak has declined dramatically over the past 200 years, but the reasons for this are not entirely known. In eastern North America, the deteriorating regeneration of oak has been linked to the significantly less forest fires and from this the so-called fire-oak hypothesis have emerged. It states that the fire plays an important role in the regeneration of the oak in the eastern United States and North America due to the oak being better adapted than many other trees to endure fire, which gives it a competitive advantage that makes it not only benefit from fire, but also possibly depend on it. I have studied how the regeneration of oak has been affected by a prescribed fire in Krogölen in the Allgunnen nature reserve in the south-east of Sweden. My hypothesis is that fire has a favorable effect on oak regeneration also in Sweden and that the fire-oak hypothesis is also applicable here. This area of ​​knowledge is relevant for nature conservation in Sweden in planning prescribed fires in oak areas. As the study has been carried out as a pilot study, studying only one burned area compared to a none burned area, no conclusions about general fire effects can be drawn. My results suggest that canopy cover has an effect on the density of seed plants in Krogölen, and that it is more comprehensive in the fire field than in the unburned area, which is not conclusive with the fire-oak hypothesis. The effect of fire and canopy cover in this study explains 21.8% of the variation in the root-transformed seed plant density per 12.6 m2. There is no increase in seed plant density or root sprout density in the burned area compared to the unburned area. For future studies, it would be interesting to look at seed plant mortality in different life stages under varying light conditions, the effect of predation in fire fields, how different fire intensities can affect oak regeneration, lasting effects of fire over time and the significance of the oak developmental stage when the fire occurs.

Colour and appearance of hardwood are of great importance for the interiorand furniture industry. The widespread use of transparent surface treatmentand a fashion that prescribe light colour on many species, means that deviationfrom the ideal have considerable impact on the industrial operations. Kilndrying is generally regarded as the process that has the greatest impact on thecolour of Nordic hardwood species. The lack of satisfactory explanation modelsfor many types of discoloration, however, complicates the control of the dryingprocess.This thesis is an attempt to increase the knowledge of which factors thatcontrol the appearance of some commonly found discolorations associated withdrying of beech, birch and oak. The main focus is on convection drying but alsothe influence of timber storage, pre-steaming and press drying has beeninvestigated for individual species. The studies have been conducted ascomparative studies based on design of experiments in which the colour wasdetermined using a colorimeter.Results show that reddish and dark discoloration of beech and birch duringconvective drying is mainly dependent on the temperature and time of exposurewhen the local moisture content exceeds the fibre saturation point. Theconversion of naturally occurring substances in birch into coloured compoundsis not due to active precursors created at high moisture content levels duringthe subsequent drying at low moisture content levels. Interior grey stain inbeech is caused by slow initial drying at low temperatures. Log storage in coldwinter and spring climate does not cause discoloration in beech. Birch becomeslighter when press-dried at high temperatures, resulting in a colour comparableto that of traditionally kiln dried wood. Steaming of oak before kiln dryingreduce the presence of brown discoloration, a general darkening of the woodoccurs at temperatures above 50°C.

L'objectif de cette étude est d'estimer et de préciser la qualité du bois du chêne pédonculé (Quercus robur) et du chêne rouvre ou sessile (Quercus petraea) qui constituent une ressource en bois feuillu d'une importance économique considérable, notamment pour leur aptitude à être utilisés en bois de tonnellerie. Dans les vingt dernières années, il a été constaté que : - La demande annuelle de grumes de chênes français pour la fabrication de merrain avait augmenté régulièrement pour atteindre 320 000 m3 en 2002, soit près de 10% de la récolte totale en chêne français, soit une fabrication de 650 000 fûts d'une capacité de 228 litres qui se commercialisent à un prix unitaire de 500

Aerodynamically rough surfaces of forests provide for efficient air/ canopy exchange of mass, heat and momentum. In that context, the effects of forest edges come into focus, and therefore, coastal-zone forests constitute aparticular concern. Aerosol-sink modelling is of importance to the global-scalecontext, because sink strengths influence the concentration of aerosol particles in the atmosphere, and that concentration, in turn, influences climate. Dry deposition models are insufficient due to a lack of semi-empirical data and because of difficulties in parameterization of the efficiency (E) with which leaves capture aerosols. Quantifications of such parameters promote possibilities for modelling aerosol-sink processes within various canopy layers. This thesis focuses on studies of sea-salt aerosol dry deposition within models of oak canopies exposed to artificially generated aerosols in a wind tunnel. The overall goal is to advance the understanding of deposition processes in forest ecosystems. Aims are to determine capture efficiencies and deposition velocities (Vd) for oak (Quercus robur L.), to investigate E and Vd dependence on aerosol particle size, wind velocity and vegetation structural elements such as Leaf Area Index (LAI), to explore edge effects on deposition, to relate my results to natural situations in the field, and to address modelling applications. This thesis is a result of five studies. The first study is based on developing awind tunnel approach with a main focus on establishing reference conditions.The next step is to quantify E and provide estimates of how E, with respect toa well defined mass-vs-particle-size distribution, varies with wind speed. To that end, a special wash-off technique is developed. Finally, edge effects ondeposition processes are investigated. Results demonstrate that forest ecosystems would experience substantially increased deposition at edges. The findings suggest that field measurements of deposition in the interior of a forest “island” in an otherwise open landscape would underestimate the deposition to the entire forest. Results clearly indicate needs for further research on the effects of LAI on capture efficiency and deposition velocity. The obtained capture efficiencies can be translated into deposition velocities for trees with a specific leaf area. An increase of Vd with increasing wind speed is found, and is consistent with other studies. Results confirm advantages of the wind tunnel approach, including its ability to enable experiments under controlled conditions. However, several problems require that explicit sub-models be developed of wind-speed dependent effects on leaf posture in the aerosol flow field and that gradients in relative humidity close to leaf surfaces need further attention. The results also propose needs for a range of further experimental investigations regarding aerosol deposition across the complete sea-to-land aerodynamic transition.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Alnarp : Sveriges lantbruksuniv. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.