Denna rapport redogör för en undersökning inom säkerhetsaspekter i byggnader, medhuvudsaklig inriktning på säkerhet mot antagonistiska hot, då det är ett mindre utforskat ochdokumenterat ämne jämfört med exempelvis brandsäkerhet. Undersökningen redogör även förhur dessa säkerhetsaspekter påverkar eller påverkas av en byggnads huvudsakliga funktion ochverksamhet, beroende på om planerat byggprojekt gäller nybyggnation eller ROT-arbeten.Syftet med denna undersökning var att få en överblick över hur projektörer från relevantakonsultdiscipliner samt förvaltare av befintliga byggnader tänker och planerar kring säkerhet.Detta för att sedan sammanställa och analysera denna samlade erfarenhetsåterkoppling, i syfteatt skapa rekommendationer inför framtida byggprojekt om hur utformningen avsäkerhetsaspekter kan genomföras. Dessa rekommendationer skapas dels genom en samladerfarenhet från säkerhetsarbeten i tidigare projekt, dels genom önskemål om hursäkerhetsplaneringen kan förbättras till framtiden.Arbetet har genomförts med olika metoder; dels via intervjuer med relevanta projektörer,konsulter och förvaltare som har arbetat med säkerhetsarbetet i olika former. Vidare harstudiebesök genomförts till tre byggnader med varierande verksamheter baserade på enöppenhet till allmänheten, vilket medför att säkerhetsaspekter mot antagonistiska hot är avbetydelse.Arbetet resulterade i en upplysning av de problem kring säkerhetsprojektering som projektöreroch konsulter stöter på, exempelvis att planeringen kring säkerhet sker i ett för sent skede iprojekteringen. Detta medför att problem som missförstånd av kraven, felkalkyleringar samturval av material och produkter måste korrigeras, som i sin tur bidrar till större kostnad ochtidsförlust. Ett problem som även uppstår är att projektörer ofta saknar kompetensen ellerkunskapen om säkerhetsplanering mot antagonistiska hot, mestadels på grund av att denminimala kravställningen inte tydligt framgår i lagstiftning och föreskrifter, men framgår avstandarder och normer som få i branschen känner till. Dessa minimala krav påbyggs, omskrivsoch anpassas även av olika kravställare som försäkringsbolag, vilket bidrar till ytterligareförvirring om vilka krav som gäller. Rekommendationer om hur man kan förhindra ochförebygga uppkomsten av problem som dessa samt ytterligare problem framgår i ensammanställd checklista bland rapportens resultat, som kan vara till hjälp för både beställareoch konsulter i framtida projekt. / This thesis reports a study in safety aspects in buildings, with a focuson safety against antagonistic threats, as it is a less researched and documented topic compared to, for example, fire safety. The study also investigates how these safety aspects affect or are affected by a given building's main function and activities, depending on whether a planned construction project concerns new construction or renovation, reconstruction,and extension work. The purpose of this study was to get an overview of howdesigners from relevant consulting disciplines and managers of existing buildings think and plan about safety, to then compile and analyze this overall experience feedback, in order to create recommendations for future construction projects on how the design of safety aspects in eachconstruction project can be carried out. These recommendations are created partly through a collective experience from safety work in previous projects, and partly through wishes about how safety planning can be improved for the future.The work was carried out with different methods; partly with severalinterviews with relevant designers, consultants and managers who have worked with security work in various forms, partly on study visits to three buildings with varying activities based on openness to the public, which means that security aspects against antagonistic threats are important.The work resulted in an enlightenment of the problems regarding safety design that planners and consultants encounter, for example that the planning regarding safety takes place at a late stage in the design, which means that problems such as misunderstandings of requirements, miscalculations and selection of materials and products must be corrected. which contributes to greater cost and time loss. A problem that also arises is that designers often lack the competence or knowledge of safety planning against antagonistic threats, mostly because the minimum requirements are not clearly stated in legislation and regulations butappear in standards and norms that few know of in the industry. These minimum requirements are also supplemented, rewritten and adapted by various claimants such as insurance companies, which leads to further confusion about which requirements apply. Recommendations on how toprevent the occurrence of problems such as these and further problems appear in a compiled checklist amongthe report's results, which can be helpful for both clients and consultants in future projects.

No description available.

The United Nations aims to achieve net-zero carbon emissions by 2050, while Sweden has seta target to reach net-zero emissions in the construction industry by 2045. In 2020, constructionaccounted for approximately 21% of Sweden's domestic CO2 emissions. To meet these goals, a roadmap has been developed, targeting net-zero emissions by 2045. Skolfastigheter AB, among others, are compelled to take action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and one wayto align with the climate objectives is to promote reuse. However, the company currently lacksan established approach for reuse. This report focuses on reducing the environmental impact of renovation projects within Skolfastigheter AB through reuse. The objective is to identify reuse prerequisites and developstrategies for promoting reuse in renovation projects. The theoretical background covers the circular economy, waste hierarchy, material reusepotential, requirements, specifications, sales, and BIM in relation to reuse. Two schools under Skolfastigheter AB:s management are observed, and interviews are conducted with nine actors in the construction industry. The results reveal a similar material structure in the observed schools. Furthermore, it reveals challenges such a lack of documentation of materials, reoccurring vandalism and that reuse has been absent withing the management. The interviews provide nine categories to promote reuse in renovation projects: a systematic working model, inventory, quality, BIM tools, competence, design choices, hazardous substances, collaboration, and EPDs. Conclusions highlight the prioritization of installations and porcelain for reuse, emphasizing the importance of the working model, inventory, and quality as key factors for promoting reuse.

Wastewater from the textile industry is difficult to treat effectively due to the prevalent use and wide variety of synthetic dyes that are resistant to conventional treatment methods. White-rot fungi, such as Trametes versicolor, have been found to be effective in decolorizing many of these synthetic dyes and current research is focusing on their application to wastewater treatment. Although numerous studies have been conducted on the ability of both living and nonliving Trametes versicolor to separately decolorize textile dyes, no studies were found to have investigated the use of a mixture of live and dead fungus for decolorization. This study explored potential interactions between live and dead, autoclaved Trametes versicolor biomass in a mixed system by utilizing a series of batch tests with two structurally different synthetic textile dyes. Samples were analyzed by spectrophotometer and compared with controls to determine the effect of any interactions on decolorization. The results of this study indicate that an interaction between living and nonliving biomass occurred that affected the specific dye removal for both Reactive Blue 19, an anthraquinone textile dye, and Reactive Orange 16, an azo textile dye. This interaction was seen to improve the specific dye removal during the first 10-46 hours of experimentation but then diminish the specific dye removal after this period. This effect could be due to hydrophobins, which are surface-active proteins excreted by live fungi that may alter hydrophobicity. Additionally, the presence of adsorptive dead biomass could affect dye contact with degrading enzymes released from the live fungus. By expanding current knowledge of the interactions that take place in a fungal bioreactor and their effect on textile dye decolorization, this research aims to inspire more effective and less costly bioreactor designs for the treatment of textile wastewater.

No description available.

Tomate (S. lycopersicum L.) und Ackerbohne (P. vulgaris L.) sind ein wichtiges landwirtschaftliches Erzeugnis, das weltweit angebaut wird. Ertragseinbußen bei diesen Kulturen werden unter anderem durch die Anfälligkeit für das Pepino mosaic virus und Rhizoctonia solani verursacht. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde daher das Potential von Endophyten und kommerziell formulierten produkten - RhizoVital 42® fl., FZB24® WG, T-Gro, Prestop®, und Cérès sowohl in vitro als auch in vivo bei Tomaten und zur Unterdrückung von durch PepMV oder R. solani ausgelösten Erkrankungen oder zur Förderung des Pflanzenwachstums ermittelt. Bei den in-vivo-Studien die individuelle Behandlung von PepMV-infizierten Tomatenpflanzen mit Prestop® und T-Gro führte zu einer Steigerung der Pflanzenbiomasse bzw. der Pflanzenhöhe im Vergleich zu gesunden, unbehandelten Kontrollpflanzen. Die ANOVA-Analyse zeigte eine geringere PepMV-Akkumulation bei PepMV-infizierten Pflanzen, die dreimal mit Prestop® behandelt wurden, im Vergleich zu PepMV-infizierten und unbehandelten Kontrollpflanzen. Die Ko-Behandlung mit RhizoVital 42® fl. und T-Gro war bei Ackerbohnen am erfolgreichsten bei der Unterdrückung des Ausmaßes der Rhizoctonia-Wurzelfäule und bei der Verbesserung des Pflanzenwachstums und der Ertragsparameter im Vergleich zu den mit R. solani infizierten und unbehandelten Kontrollpflanzen. Eine Co-Inokulation mit T-Gro und RhizoVital 42® fl. steigerte den Tomatenfruchtertrag der R.solani-infizierten Tomatenpflanzen im Vergleich zu den R. solani infizierten unbehandelten Kontrollpflanzen. Unabhängig davon, ob die BCAs einzeln oder in Kombination angewendet wurden, kam es nach jeder Behandlung zu einem verbesserten Pflanzenwachstum und einer starken antagonistischen Aktivität gegen R. solani. Diese Ergebnisse unterstreichen das Potenzial des Einsatzes der Mikroorganismen und ihres Konsortiums als Biodünger zur Verbesserung des Pflanzenwachstums und der Kontrolle von RRR bei Bohnen- und Tomatenpflanzen. / Tomato (S. lycopersicum L.) and common bean (P. vulgaris L.) are valuable agricultural commodities worldwide. Yield losses in these crops are caused by, susceptibility to Pepino mosaic virus and R. solani. This study sought to evaluate the efficacy of endophytes and commercially formulated products- RhizoVital 42® fl., FZB24® WG, T-Gro, Prestop® and Cérès, both in vitro and in vivo, for their potential to suppress PepMV infection and Rhizoctonia root rot (RRR) and promote plant growth in tomato and beans. Under in vivo studies, treatment of PepMV-infected tomato plants with Prestop® and T-Gro enhanced plant biomass and height, respectively compared to healthy untreated control plants. ANOVA analysis showed lower levels of PepMV accumulation in PepMV-infected plants treated with Prestop® thrice compared to other bioagents. Co-inoculation with RhizoVital 42® fl. and T-Gro was the most successful in suppressing RRR severity in beans. Treatment with T-Gro significantly recorded the highest number of pods and total number of seeds per plant. In tomato, application of RhizoVital 42® fl. exhibited the strongest suppressive effect against RRR. Co-inoculation with T-Gro and RhizoVital 42® fl. significantly enhanced the total yield of fruits in R. solani-infected plants compared to R. solani-infected untreated controls. Irrespective of whether the BCAs were applied singly or in combination, there was improved growth and potent antagonistic activity against R. solani which highlights the potential of using bioagents and their consortium as biofertilizers for the improvement of plant growth and control of RRR in common beans and tomatoes.

Differences in pea (Pisum sativum L.) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) microbial compatibility and/ or their associated farming practices may influence root fungi of the following crop and affect the yield. The main objective of this research was to explain the difference in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) yield the year after pea and chickpea crops through changes in the functional diversity of wheat root fungi. The effect of fungicides used on chickpea on the root fungi of a following durum wheat crop was studied using plate culture and pyrosequencing. Pyrosequencing detected more Fusarium spp. in the roots of durum wheat after fungicide-treated chickpea than in non-fungicide treated chickpea. Plate culture revealed that the functional groups of fungi responded differently to fungicide use in the field but the effect on total community was non-significant. Highly virulent pathogens were not affected, but antagonists were suppressed. More fungal antagonists were detected after the chickpea CDC Luna than CDC Vanguard. Fungal species responded differently to the use of fungicides in vitro, but the aggregate inhibition effect on antagonists and highly virulent pathogens was similar. The effect of chickpea vs. pea previous crop and different chickpea termination times on root fungi of a following durum wheat crop was studied. The abundance of Fusarium spp. increased after cultivation of both cultivars of chickpea as compared to pea according to pyrosequencing and was negatively correlated with durum yield. Plate culture analysis revealed that fungal antagonists were more prevalent after pea than both cultivars of chickpea and chickpea CDC Vanguard increased the abundance of highly virulent pathogens. The abundance of highly virulent pathogens in durum wheat roots was negatively correlated to durum yield. Early termination of chickpea did not change the community of culturable fungi in the roots of a following durum crop. It is noteworthy that Fusarium redolens was identified for the first time in Saskatchewan and its pathogenicity was confirmed on durum wheat, pea and chickpea. The classical method of root disease diagnostics in cereals is based on the examination of the subcrown internode. I evaluated the method by comparing the fungal communities associated with different subterranean organs of durum wheat. The fungal community of the subcrown internode was different from that of roots and crown, suggesting cautious use of this method.

Fluoxetine and escitalopram are the only antidepressants approved by the Food and Drug Administration of the United States of America (FDA) for treatment of major depression in children and adolescents. Both drugs are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). In recent years there has been a growing concern over the long-term developmental effects of early-life exposure to SSRIs. The current study employed male Flinders Sensitive Line (FSL) rats, a well described and validated translational model of depression, to investigate the long term effects of pre-pubertal fluoxetine exposure. First we examined the effect of such early-life exposure on the development of depressive-like behaviour, locomotor activity and anxiety-like behaviour as manifested in early adulthood. Next, the current study investigated the effect of pre-pubertal fluoxetine exposure on the acute monoaminergic stress response, as displayed later in life. Animals received either saline (vehicle control), or 10 mg/kg/day fluoxetine from postnatal day (ND+) 21 to ND+34 (pre-puberty). The treatment period was chosen to coincide with a developmental phase where the serotonergic system’s neurodevelopment had been completed, yet the noradrenergic and dopaminergic systems had not, a scenario comparable to neurodevelopment in human adolescents. Both behavioural and in vivo intra-cerebral microdialysis experiments were conducted after ND+60 (early adulthood). On ND+60 rats allocated to behavioural experiments were evaluated for depressive-like behaviour in the forced swim test (FST), locomotor activity in the open field test (OFT), and anxiety-like behaviour in the OFT. Corticosterone concentrations were shown to be significantly higher in male FSL rats exposed to a 10 minute forced swim stress when compared to male FSL rats not exposed to a forced swim stress on ND+60. In the microdialysis experiments the rats were exposed to an acute 10 minute forced swim stress and the concentrations of the monoamines and their metabolites were measured before, during, and after the acute stressor. Relative to saline-treated (control) rats, fluoxetine-treated FSL rats did not show long-term changes in immobility in the FST (i.e. no anti-depressant-like activity) on ND+60. Like-wise anxiety-like behaviour in the OFT did not change. However, a significant decrease in locomotor activity was observed in fluoxetine-treated FSL rats compared to saline-treated (control) rats. These data suggest that a long-lasting anti-depressant-like effect of fluoxetine may be masked by the effect on locomotor activity. With measurements from the microdialysis experiments a significant attenuation of the noradrenergic stress response was observed in fluoxetine-treated rats compared to saline controls. A similar picture was observed for 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA), a metabolite of serotonin (5-HT), although the latter was not statistically significant. At baseline, before the stressor, significant increase in dopamine (DA) levels were observed in fluoxetine treated rats when compared to saline controls, suggesting that enhanced dopamine neurotransmission may comprise a long-term effect of pre-pubertal fluoxetine treatment. There were no discernible differences in homovanilllic acid (HVA) concentrations between fluoxetine-treated rats and saline controls. In conclusion significant developmental effects of pre-pubertal fluoxetine exposure were observed later in life and these findings warrant further investigation. / MPharm (Pharmacology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Fluoxetine and escitalopram are the only antidepressants approved by the Food and Drug Administration of the United States of America (FDA) for treatment of major depression in children and adolescents. Both drugs are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). In recent years there has been a growing concern over the long-term developmental effects of early-life exposure to SSRIs. The current study employed male Flinders Sensitive Line (FSL) rats, a well described and validated translational model of depression, to investigate the long term effects of pre-pubertal fluoxetine exposure. First we examined the effect of such early-life exposure on the development of depressive-like behaviour, locomotor activity and anxiety-like behaviour as manifested in early adulthood. Next, the current study investigated the effect of pre-pubertal fluoxetine exposure on the acute monoaminergic stress response, as displayed later in life. Animals received either saline (vehicle control), or 10 mg/kg/day fluoxetine from postnatal day (ND+) 21 to ND+34 (pre-puberty). The treatment period was chosen to coincide with a developmental phase where the serotonergic system’s neurodevelopment had been completed, yet the noradrenergic and dopaminergic systems had not, a scenario comparable to neurodevelopment in human adolescents. Both behavioural and in vivo intra-cerebral microdialysis experiments were conducted after ND+60 (early adulthood). On ND+60 rats allocated to behavioural experiments were evaluated for depressive-like behaviour in the forced swim test (FST), locomotor activity in the open field test (OFT), and anxiety-like behaviour in the OFT. Corticosterone concentrations were shown to be significantly higher in male FSL rats exposed to a 10 minute forced swim stress when compared to male FSL rats not exposed to a forced swim stress on ND+60. In the microdialysis experiments the rats were exposed to an acute 10 minute forced swim stress and the concentrations of the monoamines and their metabolites were measured before, during, and after the acute stressor. Relative to saline-treated (control) rats, fluoxetine-treated FSL rats did not show long-term changes in immobility in the FST (i.e. no anti-depressant-like activity) on ND+60. Like-wise anxiety-like behaviour in the OFT did not change. However, a significant decrease in locomotor activity was observed in fluoxetine-treated FSL rats compared to saline-treated (control) rats. These data suggest that a long-lasting anti-depressant-like effect of fluoxetine may be masked by the effect on locomotor activity. With measurements from the microdialysis experiments a significant attenuation of the noradrenergic stress response was observed in fluoxetine-treated rats compared to saline controls. A similar picture was observed for 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA), a metabolite of serotonin (5-HT), although the latter was not statistically significant. At baseline, before the stressor, significant increase in dopamine (DA) levels were observed in fluoxetine treated rats when compared to saline controls, suggesting that enhanced dopamine neurotransmission may comprise a long-term effect of pre-pubertal fluoxetine treatment. There were no discernible differences in homovanilllic acid (HVA) concentrations between fluoxetine-treated rats and saline controls. In conclusion significant developmental effects of pre-pubertal fluoxetine exposure were observed later in life and these findings warrant further investigation. / MPharm (Pharmacology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

The remediation of persistent chlorinated aromatic compounds has become a priority of great relevance due to the teratogenic, carcinogenic and endocrine-disrupting properties of these xenobiotics. The use of biological methodologies for the clean-up of contaminated sites, collectively referred to as "bioremediation", has been gaining an increasing interest in recent years because it represents an effective, cost-competitive and environmentally friendly alternative to the physico-chemical and thermal treatments. In this respect, "white rot" fungi, an ecological subgroup of filamentous fungi, display features that make them excellent candidates to design an effective remediation technology ("mycoremediation"). In spite of this, fungi have not been widely exploited for their metabolic capabilities and the mechanism by which they are able to degrade the aforementioned pollutants has not been fully elucidated yet. Within this frame, the present Ph.D thesis was aimed at: i) assessing the efficiency of different mycoremediation strategies for the clean-up of a polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs)-contaminated soil; ii) understanding the fungal degradation pathways of polychlorinated biphenyls and their major metabolites, namely chlorobenzoic acids (CBAs) and hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs). i)...