Root rot diseases of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are a problem wherever they are grown, and are a major constraint to dry edible and snap bean production. Root rot is a primary yield limitation of snap bean production in the US, especially within the top three snap bean producing states of Wisconsin, Oregon and New York. Bean root rot pathogens will be present by the end of the first season even when starting with clean ground. The decline in yield can be relatively slow, so growers might not notice or appreciate the hidden yield cost associated with root rot disease. Traditional methods for disease control such as fungicides, crop rotations, cover crops, seedbed preparations have been proven ineffective (either physically ineffective or economically unviable) against root rot. Therefore, genetic resistance is needed. In order to address the need for genetic resistance to root rot in snap beans, the highly root rot resistant line RR6950, a small seeded black indeterminate type IIIA accession of unknown origin, was crossed with OSU5446, a highly root rot susceptible determinate type I blue lake four-sieve breeding line to produce the RR138 recombinant inbred mapping population. In this study we evaluated the RR138 RI population in the F₆ generation for resistance to Fusarium solani root rot in Oregon and Aphanomyces euteiches root rot in Wisconsin. We also evaluated this population for morphological traits and root structural traits including pod height, pod width, pod length, pod wall thickness, strings, seed color, flower color, tap and basal root diameter, and root angle measurements. The RR138 population was also genotyped on the 10K BeanCAP Illumina Beadchip. The Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) data was used to assemble a high-density linkage map and Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) for phenotypic data were evaluated. The linkage map produced from this study contained 1,689 SNPs across 1,196cM. The map was populated with 1 SNP for every 1.4cM, spanning across 11 linkage groups. Three QTL associated with A. euteiches root rot resistance were consistently expressed in 2011 and 2012 trials. A. euteiches QTL were found on Pv02, Pv04, and Pv06 and accounted for 7-17% of total genetic variation. Two QTL associated with F. solani were found in 2011 trial on Pv03 and Pv07, account for 9 and 22% of total genetic variation, respectively. We also found several QTL for morphological traits and root structural traits including QTL for pod fiber and pod height on Pv04, pod length on Pv01, strings on Pv01, taproot diameter on Pv05, and shallow basal root angle on Pv05, accounting for 21, 26, 12, 20, 11, and 19% of total genetic variation, respectively. QTL discovered from Oregon data for F. solani resistance did not cluster with QTL for A. euteiches root rot resistance. "SNP0928_7", was highly associated with F. solani resistance on Pv07 and "SNP0508_2", was highly associated with A. euteiches on Pv02. QTL and markers associated with QTL from this study will be of value to snap bean breeders developing root rot resistant lines with processing traits, and provide more information about targeting the mechanism of resistance. / Graduation date: 2013

In der Arbeit wurde gezeigt, dass mit Hilfe der gewählten zerstörungsfreien und -armen Prüfverfahren der Bezug zu festigkeitsrelevanten Parametern hergestellt werden kann. Insgesamt 58 ungeschädigte und durch Braunfäulepilze geschädigte Nadelholzbalken und daraus hergestellte Prismen wurden mit Ultraschallecho und Bohrwiderstand geprüft und grundlegende Erkenntnisse für die Prüfungen an Holzbauteilen gewonnen. Die Ergebnisse wurden mit zerstörenden Festigkeitsprüfungen kombiniert. Bei den Ultraschallechountersuchungen wurde festgestellt, dass sich für die geprüfte Rohdichtespanne die Schallgeschwindigkeit der Transversalwellen mit steigender Rohdichte erhöht. Ein enger Zusammenhang konnte auch bezüglich des Feuchtigkeitsgehaltes nachgewiesen werden. Nach Durchführung multipler Regressionsanalysen mit der Rohdichte, dem Feuchtegehalt und der Messfrequenz als unabhängige Variablen wurden sehr gute Korrelationen innerhalb der Holzarten ermittelt, so dass die Schallgeschwindigkeit gut abgeschätzt werden konnte. Die Lokalisierung von Ästen und Rissen ist gut möglich. Schädigungen wurden prinzipiell durch Ausbleiben des Echos der Bauteilrückseite detektiert. War der Übergang in Schallausbreitungsrichtung abrupt, wurden die Wellen reflektiert und erzeugten ein Echosignal. Die durchgeführten Bohrwiderstandsuntersuchungen belegen einen Zusammenhang zwischen Bohrwiderstand und Rohdichte sowohl für die Prismen als auch für die geprüften Balken. Die Streuung der Werte der Regressionsanalysen wurde bei Differenzierung der Bohrrichtung und des durchbohrten Bereiches des Balkenquerschnitts reduziert. Zwischen Bohrwiderstand und Rohdichte bestand auch in den Zonen des Schadensübergangsbereiches ein linearer Zusammenhang. An Balken und Prismen wurden Festigkeitsuntersuchungen durchgeführt und die Schadensübergangsbereiche gesondert betrachtet. Eine Differenzierung von Schädigungsgraden war in der Regel möglich. Bei den geschädigten Balken wurde der reale Querschnitt ermittelt und für die weiteren Berechnungen angesetzt. Danach wurde ein mittlerer Zusammenhang von Biegefestigkeit und E-Modul für die pilzgeschädigten Balken festgestellt. Die Kombination der ermittelten Festigkeiten mit dem Bohrwiderstand führte zu mittelgroßen bis starken Zusammenhängen. Die Differenzierung der Bereiche des Schadensüberganges war möglich. Im Hinblick auf die Einschätzung der Biegefestigkeit bestehender Träger wurden multiple Regressionsanalysen mit modifizierten Sortierkriterien, der Rohdichte, dem Feuchtigkeitsgehalt, der Querschnittszone, dem Bohrwiderstand und dem E-Modul durchgeführt und ergaben einen sehr starken Zusammenhang, der das erhebliche Potenzial der entwickelten Methodik bei der Bewertung geschädigter Tragkonstruktionen aufzeigt.

No description available.

In der Arbeit wurde gezeigt, dass mit Hilfe der gewählten zerstörungsfreien und -armen Prüfverfahren der Bezug zu festigkeitsrelevanten Parametern hergestellt werden kann. Insgesamt 58 ungeschädigte und durch Braunfäulepilze geschädigte Nadelholzbalken und daraus hergestellte Prismen wurden mit Ultraschallecho und Bohrwiderstand geprüft und grundlegende Erkenntnisse für die Prüfungen an Holzbauteilen gewonnen. Die Ergebnisse wurden mit zerstörenden Festigkeitsprüfungen kombiniert. Bei den Ultraschallechountersuchungen wurde festgestellt, dass sich für die geprüfte Rohdichtespanne die Schallgeschwindigkeit der Transversalwellen mit steigender Rohdichte erhöht. Ein enger Zusammenhang konnte auch bezüglich des Feuchtigkeitsgehaltes nachgewiesen werden. Nach Durchführung multipler Regressionsanalysen mit der Rohdichte, dem Feuchtegehalt und der Messfrequenz als unabhängige Variablen wurden sehr gute Korrelationen innerhalb der Holzarten ermittelt, so dass die Schallgeschwindigkeit gut abgeschätzt werden konnte. Die Lokalisierung von Ästen und Rissen ist gut möglich. Schädigungen wurden prinzipiell durch Ausbleiben des Echos der Bauteilrückseite detektiert. War der Übergang in Schallausbreitungsrichtung abrupt, wurden die Wellen reflektiert und erzeugten ein Echosignal. Die durchgeführten Bohrwiderstandsuntersuchungen belegen einen Zusammenhang zwischen Bohrwiderstand und Rohdichte sowohl für die Prismen als auch für die geprüften Balken. Die Streuung der Werte der Regressionsanalysen wurde bei Differenzierung der Bohrrichtung und des durchbohrten Bereiches des Balkenquerschnitts reduziert. Zwischen Bohrwiderstand und Rohdichte bestand auch in den Zonen des Schadensübergangsbereiches ein linearer Zusammenhang. An Balken und Prismen wurden Festigkeitsuntersuchungen durchgeführt und die Schadensübergangsbereiche gesondert betrachtet. Eine Differenzierung von Schädigungsgraden war in der Regel möglich. Bei den geschädigten Balken wurde der reale Querschnitt ermittelt und für die weiteren Berechnungen angesetzt. Danach wurde ein mittlerer Zusammenhang von Biegefestigkeit und E-Modul für die pilzgeschädigten Balken festgestellt. Die Kombination der ermittelten Festigkeiten mit dem Bohrwiderstand führte zu mittelgroßen bis starken Zusammenhängen. Die Differenzierung der Bereiche des Schadensüberganges war möglich. Im Hinblick auf die Einschätzung der Biegefestigkeit bestehender Träger wurden multiple Regressionsanalysen mit modifizierten Sortierkriterien, der Rohdichte, dem Feuchtigkeitsgehalt, der Querschnittszone, dem Bohrwiderstand und dem E-Modul durchgeführt und ergaben einen sehr starken Zusammenhang, der das erhebliche Potenzial der entwickelten Methodik bei der Bewertung geschädigter Tragkonstruktionen aufzeigt.

My dissertation is based on the appraisal of wooden roof construction in baroque church Nanebevzetí Panny Marie in Vranově nad Dyjí. The main reason of this appraisal was preserving the church´s interior which was newly reconstructed with high historical value. The dissertation includes also the rehabilitation solution. The appraisal was based on the research witch used sense and instrumental methods. In the first part were found out all size of each construction´s parts and was established the type of rafters´ systém. Then the research solved some impaired wooden parts and their reasons. For suitable rehabilitation solution was defined the transition between well and impaired part. The best rehabilitation solution is the construction solution by the conditions using further procedures, e.g. preventive chemical protection.

No description available.

Les équations de Maxwell en régime harmonique comportent plusieurs difficultés lorsque la fréquence est élevée. On peut notamment citer le fait que leur formulation variationnelle n’est pas définie positive et l’effet de pollution qui oblige à utiliser des maillages très fins, ce qui rend problématique la construction de solveurs itératifs. Nous proposons une stratégie de solution précise et rapide, qui associe une discrétisation par des éléments finis d’ordre élevé à des préconditionneurs de type décomposition de domaine. La conception, l’implémentation et l’analyse des deux méthodes sont assez difficiles pour les équations de Maxwell. Les éléments finis adaptés à l’approximation du champ électrique sont les éléments finis H(rot)-conformes ou d’arête. Ici nous revisitons les degrés de liberté classiques définis par Nédélec, afin d’obtenir une expression plus pratique par rapport aux fonctions de base d’ordre élevé choisies. De plus, nous proposons une technique pour restaurer la dualité entre les fonctions de base et les degrés de liberté. Nous décrivons explicitement une stratégie d’implémentation qui a été appliquée dans le langage open source FreeFem++. Ensuite, nous nous concentrons sur les techniques de préconditionnement du système linéaire résultant de la discrétisation par éléments finis. Nous commençons par la validation numérique d’un préconditionneur à un niveau, de type Schwarz avec recouvrement, avec des conditions de transmission d’impédance entre les sous-domaines. Enfin, nous étudions comment des préconditionneurs à deux niveaux, analysés récemment pour l’équation de Helmholtz, se comportent pour les équations de Maxwell, des points de vue théorique et numérique. Nous appliquons ces méthodes à un problème à grande échelle qui découle de la modélisation d’un système d’imagerie micro-onde, pour la détection et le suivi des accidents vasculaires cérébraux. La précision et la vitesse de calcul sont essentielles dans cette application. / The time-harmonic Maxwell’s equations present several difficulties when the frequency is large, such as the sign-indefiniteness of the variational formulation, the pollution effect and the problematic construction of iterative solvers. We propose a precise and efficient solution strategy that couples high order finite element (FE) discretizations with domain decomposition (DD) preconditioners. High order FE methods make it possible for a given precision to reduce significantly the number of unknowns of the linear system to be solved. DD methods are then used as preconditioners for the iterative solver: the problem defined on the global domain is decomposed into smaller problems on subdomains, which can be solved concurrently and using robust direct solvers. The design, implementation and analysis of both these methods are particularly challenging for Maxwell’s equations. FEs suited for the approximation of the electric field are the curl-conforming or edge finite elements. Here, we revisit the classical degrees of freedom (dofs) defined by Nédélec to obtain a new more friendly expression in terms of the chosen high order basis functions. Moreover, we propose a general technique to restore duality between dofs and basis functions. We explicitly describe an implementation strategy, which we embedded in the open source language FreeFem++. Then we focus on the preconditioning of the linear system, starting with a numerical validation of a one-level overlapping Schwarz preconditioner, with impedance transmission conditions between subdomains. Finally, we investigate how two-level preconditioners recently analyzed for the Helmholtz equation work in the Maxwell case, both from the theoretical and numerical points of view. We apply these methods to the large scale problem arising from the modeling of a microwave imaging system, for the detection and monitoring of brain strokes. In this application accuracy and computing speed are indeed of paramount importance.

Sizing (hydrophobization) is one of the most important process steps within the added-value chain of about 1/3rd of the worldwide produced paper & board products. Even though sizing with so-called reactive sizing agents, such as alkenyl succinic anhydride (ASA) was implemented in the paper industry decades ago, there is no total clarity yet about the detailed chemical and physical mechanisms that lead to their performance. Previous research was carried out on the role of different factors influencing the sizing performance, such as bonding between ASA and cellulose, ASA hydrolysis, size revision as well as the most important interactions with stock components, process parameters and additives during the paper making process. However, it was not yet possible to develop a holistic model for the explanation of the sizing performance given in real life application. This thesis describes a novel physico-chemical approach to this problem by including results from previous research and combining these with a wide field of own basic research and a newly developed method that allows tracing back the actual localization of ASA within the sheet structure. The carried out measurements and trial sets for the basic field of research served to evaluate the stock and process parameters that most dominantly influence the sizing performance of ASA. Interactions with additives other than retention aids were not taken into account. The results show that parameters, such as the content of secondary fibers, the degree of refining, the water hardness as well as the suspension conductivity, are of highest significance. The sample sets of the trials with the major impacting parameters were additionally analyzed by a newly developed localization method in order to better understand the main influencing factors. This method is based on optical localization of ASA within the sheet structure by confocal white light microscopy. In order to fulfill the requirements at magnification rates of factor 100 optical zoom, it was necessary to improve the contrast between ASA and cellulose. Therefore, ASA was pretreated with an inert red diazo dye, which does not have any impact on neither the sizing nor the handling properties of ASA. Laboratory hand sheets that were sized with dyed ASA, were analyzed by means of their sizing performance in correlation to measurable ASA agglomerations in the sheet structure. The sizing performance was measured by ultrasonic penetration analysis. The agglomeration behavior of ASA was analyzed automatically by multiple random imaging of a sample area of approx. 8650 µm² with a minimum resolution for particles of 500 nm in size. The gained results were interpreted by full factorial design of experiments (DOE). The trials were carried out with ASA dosages between 0% and 0.8% on laboratory hand sheets, made of 80% bleached eucalyptus short fiber kraft pulp and 20% northern bleached softwood kraft pulp, beaten to SR° 30, produced with a RDA sheet former at a base weight of 100 g/m² oven dry. The results show that there is a defined correlation between the ASA dosage, the sizing performance and the number and area of ASA agglomerates to be found in the sheet structure. It was also possible to show that the agglomeration behavior is highly influenced by external factors like furnish composition and process parameters. This enables a new approach to the explanation of sizing performance, by making it possible to not only examine the performance of the sizing agent, but to closely look at the predominant position where it is located in the sheet structure. These results lead to the explanation that the phenomenon of sizing is by far not a pure chemical process but rather a more physical one. Based on the gained findings it was possible so far to optimize the ASA sizing process in industrial-scale by means of ~ 50% less ASA consumption at a steady degree of sizing and improved physical sheet properties.

Sizing (hydrophobization) is one of the most important process steps within the added-value chain of about 1/3rd of the worldwide produced paper & board products. Even though sizing with so-called reactive sizing agents, such as alkenyl succinic anhydride (ASA) was implemented in the paper industry decades ago, there is no total clarity yet about the detailed chemical and physical mechanisms that lead to their performance. Previous research was carried out on the role of different factors influencing the sizing performance, such as bonding between ASA and cellulose, ASA hydrolysis, size revision as well as the most important interactions with stock components, process parameters and additives during the paper making process. However, it was not yet possible to develop a holistic model for the explanation of the sizing performance given in real life application. This thesis describes a novel physico-chemical approach to this problem by including results from previous research and combining these with a wide field of own basic research and a newly developed method that allows tracing back the actual localization of ASA within the sheet structure. The carried out measurements and trial sets for the basic field of research served to evaluate the stock and process parameters that most dominantly influence the sizing performance of ASA. Interactions with additives other than retention aids were not taken into account. The results show that parameters, such as the content of secondary fibers, the degree of refining, the water hardness as well as the suspension conductivity, are of highest significance. The sample sets of the trials with the major impacting parameters were additionally analyzed by a newly developed localization method in order to better understand the main influencing factors. This method is based on optical localization of ASA within the sheet structure by confocal white light microscopy. In order to fulfill the requirements at magnification rates of factor 100 optical zoom, it was necessary to improve the contrast between ASA and cellulose. Therefore, ASA was pretreated with an inert red diazo dye, which does not have any impact on neither the sizing nor the handling properties of ASA. Laboratory hand sheets that were sized with dyed ASA, were analyzed by means of their sizing performance in correlation to measurable ASA agglomerations in the sheet structure. The sizing performance was measured by ultrasonic penetration analysis. The agglomeration behavior of ASA was analyzed automatically by multiple random imaging of a sample area of approx. 8650 µm² with a minimum resolution for particles of 500 nm in size. The gained results were interpreted by full factorial design of experiments (DOE). The trials were carried out with ASA dosages between 0% and 0.8% on laboratory hand sheets, made of 80% bleached eucalyptus short fiber kraft pulp and 20% northern bleached softwood kraft pulp, beaten to SR° 30, produced with a RDA sheet former at a base weight of 100 g/m² oven dry. The results show that there is a defined correlation between the ASA dosage, the sizing performance and the number and area of ASA agglomerates to be found in the sheet structure. It was also possible to show that the agglomeration behavior is highly influenced by external factors like furnish composition and process parameters. This enables a new approach to the explanation of sizing performance, by making it possible to not only examine the performance of the sizing agent, but to closely look at the predominant position where it is located in the sheet structure. These results lead to the explanation that the phenomenon of sizing is by far not a pure chemical process but rather a more physical one. Based on the gained findings it was possible so far to optimize the ASA sizing process in industrial-scale by means of ~ 50% less ASA consumption at a steady degree of sizing and improved physical sheet properties.:Acknowledgment I Abstract III Table of Content V List of Illustrations XI List of Tables XVI List of Formulas XVII List of Abbreviations XVIII 1 Introduction and Problem Description 1 1.1 Initial Situation 1 1.2 Objective 2 2 Theoretical Approach 3 2.1 The Modern Paper & Board Industry on the Example of Germany 3 2.1.1 Raw Materials for the Production of Paper & Board 5 2.2 The Sizing of Paper & Board 8 2.2.1 Introduction to Paper & Board Sizing 8 2.2.2 The Definition of Paper & Board Sizing 10 2.2.3 The Global Markets for Sized Paper & Board Products and Sizing Agents 11 2.2.4 Physical and Chemical Background to the Mechanisms of Surface-Wetting and Penetration 13 2.2.4.1 Surface Wetting 14 2.2.4.2 Liquid Penetration 15 2.2.5 Surface and Internal Sizing 17 2.2.6 Sizing Agents 18 2.2.6.1 Alkenyl Succinic Anhydride (ASA) 19 2.2.6.2 Rosin Sizes 19 2.2.6.3 Alkylketen Dimer (AKD) 23 2.2.6.4 Polymeric Sizing Agents (PSA) 26 2.2.7 Determination of the Sizing Degree (Performance Analysis) 28 2.2.7.1 Cobb Water Absorption 29 2.2.7.2 Contact Angle Measurement 30 2.2.7.3 Penetration Dynamics Analysis 31 2.2.7.4 Further Qualitative Analysis Methods 33 2.2.7.4.1 Ink Stroke 33 2.2.7.4.2 Immersion Test 33 2.2.7.4.3 Floating Test 34 2.2.7.4.4 Hercules Sizing Tester (HST) 34 2.2.8 Sizing Agent Detection (Qualitative Analysis) and Determination of the Sizing Agent Content (Quantitative Analysis) 35 2.2.8.1 Destructive Methods 35 2.2.8.2 Non Destructive Methods 36 2.3 Alkenyl Succinic Anhydride (ASA) 36 2.3.1.1 Chemical Composition and Production of ASA 37 2.3.1.2 Mechanistic Reaction Models 39 2.3.1.3 ASA Application 42 2.3.1.3.1 Emulsification 42 2.3.1.3.2 Dosing 44 2.3.1.4 Mechanistic Steps of ASA Sizing 46 2.3.2 Physico-Chemical Aspects during ASA Sizing 48 2.3.2.1 Reaction Plausibility 48 2.3.2.1.1 Educt-Product Balance / Kinetics 48 2.3.2.1.2 Energetics 51 2.3.2.1.3 Sterics 52 2.3.2.2 Phenomena based on Sizing Agent Mobility 53 2.3.2.2.1 Sizing Agent Orientation 54 2.3.2.2.2 Intra-Molecular Orientation 55 2.3.2.2.3 Sizing Agent Agglomeration 55 2.3.2.2.4 Fugitive Sizing / Sizing Loss / Size Reversion 56 2.3.2.2.5 Sizing Agent Migration 58 2.3.2.2.6 Sizing Reactivation / Sizing Agent Reorientation 59 2.3.3 Causes for Interactions during ASA Sizing 60 2.3.3.1 Process Parameters 61 2.3.3.1.1 Temperature 61 2.3.3.1.2 pH-Value 62 2.3.3.1.3 Water Hardness 63 2.3.3.2 Fiber Types 64 2.3.3.3 Filler Types 65 2.3.3.4 Cationic Additives 66 2.3.3.5 Anionic Additives 67 2.3.3.6 Surface-Active Additives 68 2.4 Limitations of State-of-the-Art ASA-Sizing Analysis 69 2.5 Optical ASA Localization 71 2.5.1 General Background 71 2.5.2 Confocal Microscopy 72 2.5.2.1 Principle 72 2.5.2.2 Features, Advantage and Applicability for Paper-Component Analysis 74 2.5.3 Dying / Staining 75 3 Discussion of Results 77 3.1 Localization of ASA within the Sheet Structure 77 3.1.1 Choice of Dyes 77 3.1.1.1 Dye Type 78 3.1.1.2 Evaluation of Dye/ASA Mixtures 80 3.1.1.2.1 Maximum Soluble Dye Concentration 80 3.1.1.2.2 Thin Layer Chromatography 81 3.1.1.2.3 FTIR-Spectroscopy 82 3.1.1.3 Evaluation of the D-ASA Emulsion 84 3.1.1.4 Paper Chromatography with D-ASA & F-ASA Emulsions 85 3.1.1.5 Evaluation of the D-ASA Emulsion’s Sizing Efficiency 86 3.1.2 The Localization Method 87 3.1.2.1 The Correlation between ASA Distribution and Agglomeration 88 3.1.2.2 Measurement Settings 89 3.1.2.3 Manual Analysis 90 3.1.2.4 Automated Analysis 92 3.1.2.4.1 Automated Localization / Microscopy Measurement 92 3.1.2.4.2 Automated Analysis / Image-Processing 93 3.1.2.5 Result Interpretation and Example Results 96 3.1.2.6 Reproducibility 97 3.1.2.7 Sample Mapping 98 3.1.3 Approaches to Localization-Method Validation 102 3.1.3.1 Raman Spectroscopy 102 3.1.3.2 Confocal Laser Scanning Fluorescent Microscopy 102 3.1.3.3 Decolorization 103 3.2 Factors Impacting the Sizing Behavior of ASA 104 3.2.1 ASA Type 105 3.2.2 Emulsion Parameters 107 3.2.2.1 Hydrolyzed ASA Content 107 3.2.2.2 ASA/Starch Ratio 109 3.2.2.3 Emulsion Age 110 3.2.3 Stock Parameters 111 3.2.3.1 Long Fiber/Short Fiber Ratio 111 3.2.3.2 Furnish Type 112 3.2.3.3 Degree of Refining 114 3.2.3.4 Filler Type/Content 116 3.2.4 Process Parameters 119 3.2.4.1 Temperature 119 3.2.4.2 pH-Value 120 3.2.4.3 Conductivity 122 3.2.4.4 Water Hardness 123 3.2.4.5 Shear Rate 125 3.2.4.6 Dwell Time 127 3.2.4.7 Dosing Position & Dosing Order 128 3.2.4.8 Drying 130 3.2.4.9 Aging 131 3.3 Factors Impacting the Localization Behavior of ASA 132 3.3.1 Degree of Refining 132 3.3.2 Sheet Forming Conductivity 135 3.3.3 Water Hardness 136 3.3.4 Retention Aid (PAM) 137 3.3.5 Contact Curing 138 3.3.6 Accelerated Aging 139 3.4 Main Optimization Approach 141 3.4.1 Optimization of ASA Sizing Performance Characteristics 142 3.4.2 Emulsion Modification 144 3.4.2.1 Lab Trials / RDA Sheet Forming 146 3.4.2.2 TPM Trials 147 3.4.2.3 Industrial-Scale Trials 149 3.4.2.4 Correlation between Sizing Performance Optimization and Agglomeration Behavior on the Example of PAAE 152 3.5 Holistic Approach to Sizing Performance Explanation 154 4 Experimental Approach 157 4.1 Characterization of Methods, Measurements and Chemicals used for the Optical Localization-Analysis of ASA 157 4.1.1 Characterization of used Chemicals 157 4.1.1.1 Preparation of Dyed-ASA Solutions 157 4.1.1.2 Thin Layer Chromatography 157 4.1.1.3 Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy 157 4.1.1.4 Emulsification of ASA 158 4.1.1.5 Paper Chromatography 159 4.1.1.6 Particle Size Measurement 159 4.1.2 Optical Analysis of ASA Agglomerates 160 4.1.2.1 Microscopy 160 4.1.2.2 Automated Analysis 163 4.1.2.2.1 Adobe Photoshop 163 4.1.2.2.2 Adobe Illustrator 164 4.1.2.3 Confocal Laser Scanning Fluorescent Microscopy 166 4.2 Characterization of Used Standard Methods and Measurements 166 4.2.1 Stock and Paper Properties 166 4.2.1.1 Stock pH, Conductivity and Temperature Measurement 166 4.2.1.2 Dry Content / Consistency Measurement 167 4.2.1.3 Drainability (Schopper-Riegler) Measurement 167 4.2.1.4 Base Weight Measurement 168 4.2.1.5 Ultrasonic Penetration Measurement 168 4.2.1.6 Contact Angle Measurement 169 4.2.1.1 Cobb Measurement 169 4.2.1.2 Air Permeability Measurements 170 4.2.1.3 Tensile Strength Measurements 170 4.2.2 Preparation of Sample Sheets 171 4.2.2.1 Stock Preparation 171 4.2.2.2 Laboratory Refining (Valley Beater) 171 4.2.2.3 RDA Sheet Forming 171 4.2.2.4 Additive Dosing 173 4.2.2.5 Contact Curing 174 4.2.2.6 Hot Air Curing 174 4.2.2.7 Sample Aging 174 4.2.2.8 Preparation of Hydrolyzed ASA 175 4.2.2.9 Trial Paper Machine 175 4.2.2.10 Industrial-Scale Board Machine 177 4.3 Characterization of used Materials 178 4.3.1 Fibers 178 4.3.1.1 Reference Stock System 178 4.3.1.2 OCC Fibers 179 4.3.1.3 DIP Fibers 179 4.3.2 Fillers 180 4.3.3 Chemical Additives 180 4.3.3.1 ASA 180 4.3.3.2 Starches 181 4.3.3.3 Retention Aids 181 4.3.3.4 Poly Aluminum Compounds 181 4.3.3.5 Wet Strength Resin 181 4.3.4 Characterization of used Additives 182 4.3.4.1 Solids Content 182 4.4 Description of Implemented Advanced Data Analysis- and Visualization Methods 183 4.4.1 Design of Experiments (DOE183 4.4.2 Contour Plots 184 4.4.3 Box-Whisker Graphs 185 5 Conclusion 186 6 Outlook for Further Work 191 7 Bibliography 192 Appendix 207 7.1 Localization Method Reproducibility 207 7.2 DOE - Coefficient Lists 208 7.2.1 Trial 3.3.4 – Impact of Retention Aid (PAM) on Agglomeration Behavior and Sizing Performance 208 7.2.2 Trial 3.3.5 – Impact of Contact Curing on Agglomeration Behavior and Sizing Performance 208 7.2.3 Trial 3.3.6 – Impact of Accelerated Aging on Agglomeration Behavior and Sizing Performance 209

No description available.