Thesis (MMus (Performance)--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The work represented here is a transcription for two pianos of Vladimir’s Round Table, a relatively unknown, large-scale orchestral work by Stefans Grove. This particular transcription involved an intensive study of the orchestral score in order to best reproduce the work in the most effective way possible for two pianos, as well as to create a sound and convincing work for the two-piano repertoire. The process involved academic as well as pianistic substantiations regarding the inclusion or exclusion of various elements of the orchestral score. It is my hope that the final product is a good representation of a work supported by academic research but not so much as to exclude the possibility of freedom of performance. The ultimate aim of this transcription is to hopefully re-ignite interest in the work as well as to expose it to a wider audience and, in turn, encourage performance of the work in its original form. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die werk wat hiermee voorgelê word, is 'n transkripsie vir twee klaviere van Stefans Grové se minder-bekende orkeswerk, Wladimir se Tafelronde (die Afrikaanse titel wat op die titelblad van die manuskrip verskyn). Die transkripsie het 'n deeglike studie van die orkespartituur behels om sodoende die werk ten beste in die klavier-duo genre weer te gee, en om n oortuigende dog bruikbare werk vir hierdie tipe repertorium te skep. Ten einde die insluiting of weglating van bepaalde elemente van die orkespartituur teen mekaar op te weeg, is die proses deur sowel akademiese- en pianistiese oorwegings ingegee. Ek hoop dat die finale produk verteenwoordigend is van n transkripsie wat deur n akademiese ondersoek ondersteun is, terwyl dit ruimte laat vir praktiese oorwegings wat met die uitvoeringsmoontlikhede en -beperkinginge van die klavier-duo weergawe ter sprake kom. Die hoofdoel met die transkripsie is om hopenlik hernude belangstelling in Grove se orkeswerkte te wek; om dit aan 'n wyer publiek bekend te stel, en op sy beurt uitvoerings van die werk in sy oorspronklike gedaante aan te moedig.

Aim: The overall aim is to examine how a patient perspective, grounded in caring science, can be preserved and developed in the context of hospital care.   Methods: The first study examines attitudes towards caring science in a clinical practice. Data were collected through focus group interviews with seven nurses, three head nurses and four senior preceptors. An interpretive approach guided the study. The results called for collaboration between clinical praxis and the academy, according to how caring science can be preserved and developed. Study II–III functioned in accordance with this goal and were conducted in collaboration with a hospital ward for people over seventy-five years of age. In an attempt to develop care the patients were invited to attend a team meeting. The data in these studies were collected using interviews and observations. Fifteen patients (study II) and nine nurses (study III) who had experienced patient participation in a team meeting participated. In these studies, a reflective lifeworld approach guided the research process. Study IV is presented as a general structure and philosophical examination in the light of Heidegger and Merleau-Ponty’s philosophies.   Main Findings: To preserve and develop a patient perspective is strongly connected to existential issues, such as lived time, intersubjectivity and a meaningful existence. For the patients, vulnerability is exposed and increased when the need for hospital care arises. The team meeting is experienced as an emotional situation where existential dimensions need to be recognized. The nurses desire to develop caring is challenged by organizational and economic demands. Time presents both a possibility for an encounter as well as a threat to excellent care.   Conclusions: There is a need to challenge narrow processes in modern health care that value the staffs’ work and the patients’ vulnerability in quantifiable measures of efficiency. The challenge is to take into account something that is invaluable - human existence.

This study analyzed the academic impact of year-round calendar schools as compared with the academic achievement of traditional calendar schools. The population studied was the 1998 public elementary schools in Texas. The academic impact was based upon the 1998 Texas Assessment of Academic Skills (TAAS) test administrated by the Texas Education Agency. The two groups of schools studied were Texas elementary schools that were on a year-round calendar schedule, and the Texas elementary schools on a traditional calendar schedule. Multiple regression statistics were used, in addition to means, and differences between the means of variables. Year-round schools (YRE), when compared to the means of traditional schools, have means lower in math scores (6.16 percent) than traditional schools. Year-round schools have fewer African Americans students (2.78%), White students (21.06%), and special education students (.25%). Year-round schools are higher in population size (72.72students), Economic Disadvantaged students (15.87%), Hispanic students (23.46%), and Mobility (3.23%).

Bakgrund: Patientnära rond är ett teamarbete mellan framförallt patient, sjuksköterska och läkare. Ett bra samarbete förbättrar relationen dem emellan. Dessutom har en framgångsrik rond mellan patient och sjukvårdspersonal stor betydelse för att patienten ska kunna få en säker och personcentrerad vård. Därför är det viktigt att få en djupare förståelse för hur patienter och sjukvårdpersonal upplever patientnära rond samt för betydelsen av teamarbetet vid patientnära rond. Syfte: Att belysa vilka effekter patientnära rond har på vårdteam samt att undersöka upplevelsen av patientnära rond utifrån perspektiven från både patienter och sjukvårdspersonal (sjuksköterskor, läkare och medicinstudenter). Metod: En litteraturstudie baserad på 14 vetenskapliga originalartiklar. Databaser som användes i studien var PubMed, Cochrane Library, Cinahl, SBU och SveMed. Resultat: Resultatet av denna studie indikerar att både patienter och sjukvårdspersonal upplever en ökad tillfredsställelse vid patientnära rond. Vidare visar resultatet att patientnära rond bidrar till att sjukvårdpersonal kan ge patienter en proaktiv omvårdnad, att samarbetet sjukvårdpersonal emellan blir mer effektivt och att patientnära rond gynnar medicinstudenters utveckling samt ökar studenters tillfredsställelse med sin utbildning. En utmaning som sjuksköterskor upplever i samband med patientnära rond är tidsbegränsning – framför allt upplever de att det tar tid för sjuksköterskor och läkare att synkronisera och koordinera mötet mellan patient och vårdpersonal samt att tid för dokumentation är bristande. Läkare upplever dessutom att deras autonomi minskas i samband med patientnära rond. Slutsats: Överlag kan patientnära rond vara ett effektivt sätt att främja personcentrerad vård. Patientnära rond har en positiv inverkan på teamarbete sjukvårdpersonal emellan samt bidrar till ökad tillfredsställelse hos både patienter och sjukvårdspersonal. Det finns dock behov av ytterligare forskning om patienters upplevelse av patientnära rond och vilka specifika åtgärder som kan vidtas för att sjukvårdpersonalen ska kunna samarbeta på ett mer effektivt sätt. / Background: The ward round is a team collaboration mainly between patient, nurse and physician. A good collaboration enhances the relationship between them. In addition, a successful round between the patient and the medical personnel is of great significance for the patient to have a safe and person-centered care. Therefore it is important to gain a deeper understanding of how patients and medical staff experience ward rounds, as well as of the importance of team work during the ward rounds. Aim: To shed light upon the effects of ward rounding on healthcare teams and to explore the experience of ward rounds from the perspectives of both patients and medical staff (nurses, physicians and medical students). Method: A literature study based on 14 scientific articles. Databases used in the study were PubMed, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, SBU and SveMed. Results: The results of this study indicate that both patients and medical personnel experience an increased satisfaction during ward rounds. Furthermore, the results show that ward rounds contribute in making medical personnel provide a proactive care to their patients, that cooperation between medical staff becomes more efficient, and that ward rounding benefits medical students’ development and increases students’ satisfaction with their education. A challenge that nurses experience during ward rounds is time limitation – mainly they experience that it takes time for nurses and physicians to synchronize and coordinate the meeting between patient and medical personnel, and also that the time for documentation is inadequate. Physicians also experience that their autonomy is reduced in relation to ward rounds. Conclusion: Overall, ward rounding can be an effective way to promote person-centered care. Ward rounds have a positive impact on teamwork between medical personnel and contribute to increased satisfaction among both patients and medical staff. However, there is need for further research on patients' perception of ward rounding and which specific measures that can be taken for the medical staff to be able to collaborate more efficiently.

Desde a criação da OMC em 1995, países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento intensificaram a busca por uma ação coordenada mais efetiva e, principalmente durante a Rodada Doha, passaram a influenciar o processo de tomada de decisão por meio da criação de coalizões internacionais. A atuação paradigmática do Brasil no processo de formação e atuação do G20 fez com que o país se tornasse um eminente player nas negociações agrícolas da Rodada de Desenvolvimento de Doha e entrasse de maneira definitiva no alto nível decisório da Organização. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho é explorar o debate relacionado à atuação das coalizões internacionais, bem como identificar os elementos que constituem a liderança política nesse modo de ação coletiva, sobretudo no que se relaciona ao caso da atuação do Brasil no G20 durante as negociações da Rodada Doha da OMC. / Since the creation of the WTO in 1995, developed and developing countries intensified the demand for a more effective and coordinated action, especially during the Doha Round, and began to influence the decision making process through the creation of international coalitions. The paradigmatic role of Brazil in the formation and performance of the G20 has rendered the country a prominent position in the agricultural negotiations of the Doha Development Round. Thus, the objective of this paper is to explore the debate related to the performance of international coalitions, and to identify the elements that constitute the political leadership in this mode of collective action, especially with regard to the case of Brazil\'s role in G20 during negotiations of the WTO Doha Round.

The aim of the study was to obtain and elaborate information focused on metamorphoses of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) spirochetes. The research included detection of various stress conditions for production of dormant forms of Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. spirochetes in vitro. Subsequently, metamorphoses from dormant to motile stages was observed under favourable conditions. Proper PCR method for primers aimed to detect dormant forms of Borrelia was delevoped. The infectious potential of dormant spirochetes of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto (s.s.) complex was observed in vivo. Transformations of spirochetes have also been observed in real time and individual stages have been recorded.

Une telle étude n'aurait pas été possible immédiatement après la conclusion de l'Accord de Marrakech, suite aux premières analyses. Des analyses qu'il convenait de prendre en compte avec du recul, la richesse du substrat est à souligner. Le choix de l'organisation, quant à lui, est dicté par un constat: l'Organisation Mondiale du Commerce qui est aussi en phase de mutation participe du réaménagement, de l'ordre économique mondial. Pour que cette participation de l'OMC contribue à l'équilibre global du système, il est nécessaire de proposer des pistes de travail aux représentants des Etats, aux négociateurs, aux différents groupes parties prenantes à ce processus évolutif. Proposer des pistes de réformes auto centrées exclusivement sur l'Organisation Mondiale du Commerce reviendrait, par le biais d'un schéma réducteur à l'excès, à ne pas tenir compte de la dimension de la sphère internationale. Le plan et le déroulement de la thèse ont été dictés par cet incontournable cahier des charges. Incontournable tout comme le constat qui a servi d'armature à la première partie, le modèle juridictionnel est accessible mais non atteint par l'OMC. Deux de ces éléments, l'existence d'un différend et l'application du droit ne posent pas de problèmes lorsqu'ils sont soumis à la matrice de règlement des différends de l'OMC. Mais le caractère obligatoire des recommandations pose le problème de la compatibilité avec les critères formel et organique du modèle juridictionnel. . L'atypisme de l'OMC est illustré par le dédoublement fonctionnel auquel se livre le Conseil Général-Organe de Règlement des Différends. La juridictionnalisation du traitement des différends commerciaux peut s'envisager via la configuration de nouveaux schémas coopératifs, y compris avec des ramifications hors du centre William Rappard. La conclusion de lathèse, tout en synthétisant les causes de la non validation du qualificatif juridictionnel pour l'OMC, rend compte de virages prospectifs qui pourraient permettre l'émergence d'une juridiction commerciale internationale entre Etats. / Such a study would not have been possible straight after the conclusion of the Agreement of Marrakesh, further to the first analyses. Analyses which it was advisable to take into account with hindsight, the wealth of the substratum should be noticed. As for the choice of the organization, it is dictated by a report stating that the World Trade Organization which is also in the pro cess of being transferred participates in the reorganization of the world economic order. In order for this participation of the WTO ( .. ) to contribute to the global balance of the system, it is necessary to propose working tracks to the representatives of the States, to the negotiators, to the various groups involved in this progressive process. Proposing means of reforms centred only on WTO, excessive reduction and not taking into account the dimension of the international sphere. The plan and the progress of the thesis were dictated by these unavoidable specifications. As inevitable as the report which was used as a basis of the first part, the jurisdictional model is accessible but not reached by the WTO ( .. ). Two out of these elements, the existence of a dispute and the application of law do not pose problems when they are subjected to the matrix of dispute settlement of the WTO ( .. ). But the compulsory character of the recommendations poses the problem of the compatibility with the formaI and organiccriteria of the jurisdictional model. The atypism of the WTO ( .. ) is illustrated by the functional splitting in which the General-Organ Council of Dispute settlement is engaged. The 'jurisdictionnalisation" of the treatment of the trade disagreements can be envisaged via the configuration of new cooperative plans, including ramifications outside the William Rappard Center. The conclusion of the thesis, while synthesizing the causes of the invalidation of the jurisdictional qualifier for the WTO ( .. ), justifies means of prospection allowing the emergence of an international commercial jurisdiction between States.

Current congestion control approaches that attempt to provide fair bandwidth allocation among competing flows primarily consider only data rate when making decisions on which packets to drop. However, responsive flows with high round trip times (RTTs) can still receive significantly less bandwidth than responsive flows with low round trip times. This paper proposes a congestion control scheme called WHITE that addresses router unfairness in handling flows with significantly different RTTs. Using a best-case estimate of a flow's RTT provided in each packet by the flow source or by an edge router, WHITE computes a stabilized average RTT. The average RTT is then compared with the RTT of each incoming packet, dynamically adjusting the drop probability so as to protect the bandwidth of flows with high RTTs while curtailing the bandwidth of flows with low RTTs. We present simulation results and analysis that demonstrate that WHITE provides better fairness than other rate-based congestion control strategies over a wide-range of traffic conditions. The improved fairness of WHITE comes close to the fairness of Fair Queuing without requiring per flow state information at the router.

La phase d’allumage est une composante critique à prendre en compte lors de la conception et du dimensionnement d’une chambre de combustion aéronautique, en particulier lorsque de nouvelles technologies ou architectures sont envisagées dans l’objectif de réduire les émissions de polluants causées par la combustion de carburants d’origine fossile. Il est donc primordial d’atteindre une compréhension détaillée du processus complexe qu’est l’allumage dans des conditions réalistes afin d’être en mesure de choisir les meilleures géométries qui assurent un fonctionnement fiable, stable et sûr des moteurs tout au long de leur cycle de vie. Des simulations aux grandes échelles de l’allumage circulaire d’une chambre de combustion annulaire avec injection de carburant liquide sont réalisés pour trois points de fonctionnement et comparées avec les données expérimentales en termes de structure de flamme et de délai d’allumage. Une analyse détaillée des trois séquences d’allumage numériques permet d’identifier certains aspects clés de la propagation de la flamme dans le mélange froid diphasique. Enfin, les pertes thermiques aux parois sont prises en compte, dans l’objectif d’évaluer la capacité de la simulation à retrouver la forte chute de la vitesse de propagation observée expérimentalement lorsque les parois sont à température ambiante. / Ignition is one of the critical issues that arise in the design and dimensioning of aeronautic combustors, in particular when new technologies are envisioned to reduce the amount of pollutants generated by the combustion of fossil fuels. It is therefore important to achieve a detailed understanding of this complex process in realistic conditions in order to enable informed design choices leading to reliable, stable and safe operation of the engines.Large eddy simulations of the light-round with two phase injection are carried out for three operating conditions and compared to experimental data in terms of flame structure and global duration. The liquid phase is described with a mono-disperse Eulerian approach.A detailed analysis of the three numerical light-round sequences allows to identify some key aspects of the flame propagation in the two-phase mixture. Interactions between the flame, the flow field and the liquid sprays create heterogeneities in the liquid repartition and wakes on the downstream side of the swirling jets formed by the injectors, with notable effects on the motion of the leading point and on the absolute flame velocity.Finally, heat losses at the walls are accounted for during the light-round in order to assess the simulation's ability to retrieve the marked slowdown of the flame propagation observed experimentally when the quartz walls are at ambient temperature.

Ces dernières décennies ont vu apparaître de nombreuses innovations dans le domaine de la combustion afin de réduire la consommation et les émissions polluantes. De nouveaux types d'injecteur, de type LPP - Lean Premixed Prevaporized, ont été mis au point permettant de diminuer le rapport combustible/air et visent à pré-vaporiser le carburant en amont de la combustion afin de mieux le mélanger à l'air issu du compresseur. Cette architecture permet une amélioration de la consommation et des émissions polluantes, mais rend les foyers annulaires plus sensibles à des phénomènes instationnaires qui perturbent le fonctionnement du système, accroissent les flux de chaleur vers les parois de la chambre, induisent des vibrations de structures, entrainent une fatigue cyclique des pièces mécaniques et dans des cas extrêmes conduisent à des dommages irréversibles. L'objectif est de poursuivre l'effort engagé au laboratoire EM2C sur ce thème et plus particulièrement sur celui de la dynamique de la combustion dans les chambres annulaires. La thèse concerne plus spécialement le cas où l'injection du combustible s'effectue sous forme liquide. La configuration reproduit sous forme idéalisée celle que l'on trouve en pratique dans les moteurs aéronautiques. La chambre, désignée sous le nom de MICCA-Spray, est équipée de 16 injecteurs swirlés pouvant être alimentés par un combustible liquide ou gazeux, permettant ainsi une combustion diphasique ou prémélangée. Le système possède des parois en quartz donnant un accès optique à la zone de flamme. Il est aussi équipé d'un ensemble de diagnostics tels des microphones, des photomultiplicateurs ainsi que des systèmes d'imagerie à haute cadence. / These last decades have seen many innovations in the field of combustion to reduce fuel consumption and pollutant emissions. New types of injector, for example LPP - Lean Premixed Prevaporized, have then been developed to reduce the fuel / air ratio and aim to pre-vaporize the fuel upstream of the combustion in order to mix it better with the air coming from the compressor. Unfortunately this architecture makes annular chambers more sensitive to unsteady phenomena which disturb the functioning of the system, increase the heat flows towards the walls of the chamber, induce vibrations of structures, cause cyclic fatigue of mechanical parts and in extreme cases lead to irreversible damage. The objective of this thesis is to continue the effort undertaken at the EM2C laboratory on this topic and more particularly on the dynamics of combustion in annular chambers comprising a set of injectors. The thesis concerns more particularly the case where the injection of the fuel takes place in liquid form. This configuration reproduces, in idealized form, what can be found in practice in aeronautical engines. It is also a configuration studied at the fundamental level. The chamber, known as MICCA-Spray, is equipped with 16 swirled injectors that can be powered by liquid or gaseous fuel, thus enabling two-phase or fully premixed combustion. The system has quartz walls giving optical access to the flame zone. It is also equipped with a set of diagnostics such as microphones, photomultipliers and high-speed imaging systems.