Everything about the Republic of South Africa is said to be entering exciting times and facing new challenges. This is usually said within the context and against the backdrop of a changing face of South African political and economic landscapes from the past history of exclusion, deprivation, segregation and prejudice to the future of inclusion, tolerance, equal distribution and social harmony. The economic equal distributive idea is likened to the socio-democratic ideals of social justice, which advocates equal distribution of wealth to all citizens of the country. The South African idea is that South Africans are now in the new social era and the social transformation, on all fronts and most particularly the economic front, must move with the times and reflect the times that all its citizens find themselves in. On the political front, the year 1994 ushered in a new face of South Africa with the first democratic elections which, for the first time in hundreds of years, saw the inclusion and participation of the African majority of its citizens. These changes were soon entrenched by the adoption of the new South African Constitution, which espouses noble ideas of respect, equality, tolerance, economic development, distribution and access to country's wealth in a fair and equitable manner. The Constitution forces its citizens and the government to seek to redress the past imbalances particularly in the economic front and proactively take measures to see to this equilibrium of South Africa's wealth. Legislature, various political fronts and various economic fronts rallied around these principles and began talking the concept of Broad- Based Black Economic Empowerment. This concept has one central theme, which is to advance the economic participation of the previously (and in many respects the current) disadvantaged individuals into the mainstream economic activities of the country. It further aims to fast track their access to economic wealth and sharing of the fruit of common market and to seek to even out the economic disparities in many sectors of the society. As to how this empowerment process is being implemented and achieved, this paper will not even begin to traverse the diverse proposals and ideas of its implementation and realisations. Various economic sectors produced sector-specific economic empowerment charters in an attempt to lay the road maps on how to achieve this equilibrium of wealth distribution into the African hands. Virtually all-economic sectors are being active in that front including the mining sector. The Mineral and Petroleum Charter was among the first industry-specific charter to be produced after much publicised debates as to the best frame within which to approach and implement this concept. After that charter has been adopted and its implementation being realised, the South African government seeks now to introduces the Mineral and Petroleum Royalty Bill, which aims to collect monies from the mining houses that conduct mining activities in many areas. The move has caused many heated debates within the industry with the government forging ahead with its proposal subject to various consultative processes, while the business is also forging ahead with its attempts to halt this move right in its drafting stages. The purpose of this essay will be to look at the concept of the royalties, what they are, why is the South African government keen to introduce this Bill, why is business against them, why do we have them over and beyond the normal mining tax systems and the requirements of Black Economic Empowerment programs. In doing so, the article will also shed some light on their (royalties) nature and make necessary proposals in the process which, it is hoped, would in the main assist government and the Department of Minerals and Energy (DME) to implement, modify and manage royalty regime(s) in the mining and the petroleum industries. The essay will, to the extent that it can, rely on case law but the topic is mostly theoretical in South Africa and very few case law authority exist to clarify and provide thoroughly researched and considered legal analysis of the topic. The theoretical research of this article will take the reader to various countries that are in more or less the same boat as South Africa in terms of their relative reliance and dependence on mining industry and mining products for economic survival and activities. Similarities also extend to the relative sizes of these countries, similar perceptions of economic participation or lack thereof by mining houses vis-à-vis paying taxes that are congruent with their incomes, non-existing developmental corporate social responsibilities, no or less royalty payments and generally prevailing negative social-environmental impact of mines and mining houses on immediate communities within which they function and carry on their businesses. It is the writer's opinion that the political backgrounds of these countries, as compared with South Africa, also have huge impact and influence on how the concept of royalties can be understood locally. A comparative analysis of their modus operandi will be undertaken to see if the legislative attempts by South Africa is in or out of order in seeking to introduce royalties and whether its reasons are in or out of tune with sound local or international economic principles. Immediate economic concerns surrounding royalties are that royalties have the potential to attract or dismiss much needed investments, be it direct or indirect investment. Their effect on shareholders’ dividends, growing local mining costs/ business and their general impact on financial upkeep of mining operations in South Africa will also be researched in this essay. The essay will therefore assume this outline of topics, definition and origin of the concept; international comparative analysis; the South African past mining regimes visà- vis royalties; the current South African Royalty Bill; critics of the South African royalty Bill; the defenders of the Bill; some proposals; way forward; and conclusion.

A pesquisa que intitulamos - Ektheósis Arsinoes: o culto de Arsinoe II Filadelfo, tem como objetivo analisar as razões, formato e alcance do culto religioso criado por Ptolomeu II Filadelfo para honrar a sua irmã-esposa. Sabe-se que a visão que os autores antigos e estudiosos modernos têm a respeito da rainha Arsinoe II era controversa no passado e continua a ser nos dias atuais. Da rainha ambiciosa a esposa devotada, poucos documentos existem sobre a sua passagem no Egito na década de 280/270 a.C. quando ela se tornou rainha durante o governo de seu irmão, embora a grande maioria dos testemunhos data do período que se segue à sua morte. Quem foi Arsinoe II Filadelfo? Por que Ptolomeu II estabeleceu um culto em memória de sua irmã-esposa? A importância de Arsinoe II pareceu residir na imagem de devoção popular que se criou em torno de sua pessoa, e que acabou favorecendo e prestigiando a dinastia Lagida. A nossa pesquisa se baseia em primeiro lugar na análise das fontes materiais, mas também das fontes textuais tanto do século III a.C. quanto de séculos posteriores. Partimos de uma exposição do fundo histórico em que se baseou e se constituiu a monarquia ptolomaica. Em seguida, refletimos brevemente sobre o papel e o status das rainhas helenísticas e faraônicas na antiguidade. No último capítulo, nos respaldando nos princípios teóricos e metodológicos da arqueologia do culto propostos por Colin Renfrew, fazemos uma longa digressão acerca das razões que levaram Ptolomeu II a estabelecer um culto para Arsinoe II nas esferas grega e egípcia da população. / This research, entitled - Ektheósis Arsinoes: Arsinoe II Philadelphus cult, has as its aim to analyze the reasons, the shape and the diffusion of the religious cult created by Ptolemy II Philadelphus to honor his sister-wife. It is well known that the historical character of Queen Arsinoe II has been controversial since the beginning of studies on Ptolemaic Egypt. From ambitious queen to dedicated wife, there are few documents regarding her life in Egypt in the decade of 280/270 B.C. when she became queen during her brother's reign. The majority of the testimonies are dated to the period after her death. Who was Arsinoe II Philadelphus? Why did Ptolemy II established a cult in memory of his sister-wife? Arsinoe's II importance seems to reside on the image of popular devotion created around her, which ended up favoring and giving prestige to the Lagid dynasty. Our research is based, first of all, on the analysis of material sources, as well as on the written sources both from the 2nd century B.C. and from later centuries. We begin with the discussion of the historical background of the ptolemaic monarchy. Next, we briefly establish some thoughts on the role and the status of the Hellenistic and Pharaonic queens in antiquity. In the last chapter, using Colin Renfrew's theoretical and methodological principles regarding cult archaeology, we make a long digression over the reasons that led Ptolemy II to establish a cult for Arsinoe II both within the Greek and the Egyptian population.

Ma recherche de doctorat propose d’examiner en parallèle l’existence possible de “signes de royauté“ présents en Italie méridionale dans les territoires de la Campanie, du Samnium, de la Lucanie (Basilicate) et de la Messapie (Pouilles). Le choix de telles zones d'intérêt est motivé par la présence de groupes indigènes cohabitant avec lesnouvelles réalités grecques, à savoir les colonies de la Grande Grèce. Bien conscient du grand problème historique (par exemple le manque de sources écrites indigènes sur ce thème) et archéologique (quels sont effectivement les signes pour identifier une royauté d’acception grecque et/ou comment les distinguer de ceux liés au monde indigène ? ), le présent sujet s’est formé en partant d’une idée et d’une volonté de Pierre Charlier : analyser et étudier les témoignages archéologiques de ces manifestations de pouvoir qui pouvaient être reconnues comme des signes de royautés, en les plaçant dans un contexte historique précis, riche de sources d’origine grecque mais pauvre du point de vue indigène. Son travail, “La Royauté en Grèce avant Alexandre”, en analysant un contexte social divers sur un arc chronologique ample, a été le point de départ de cette recherche, qui avait pour objectif de compléter ce panorama géographique, en incluant l’Italie du sud et la Grande Grèce. Au cours de l’enquête et sur la base des données recueillies dans les différentes zones géographiques prises en considération, il est apparu que les sources littéraires et autre productions de nature indigène pouvant se référer explicitement une royauté indigène manquent presque totalement et que les uniques attestations d’un point de vue historique sont donc d’origine grecque. / My research aims to examine from the archaeological record organization of power elites indigenous ee of what we might call "signs of royalty" present in Southern Italy in the territories which the Campania, the Sannio, the Lucania (Basilicata ) and essapia (Apulia). Well aware of the great historical problem (for example, the almost total lack of indigenous written sources on the subject) and archaeological (which are actually signs to identify a royalty of meaning Greek and / or how to distinguish them from those rather linked to indigenous world) the This argument has gone thus forming from an idea and the will of Pierre Carlier to analyze and document the archaeological evidence of these manifestations of power that could be recognized as signs of royalty setting them in a specific historical period rich sources of Greek origin but poor in terms of indigenous. His work "The royauté en Grèce avant Alexandre", while analyzing a different social context in a wider span, was the starting point for this research that his intention was to go to complete the geographic landscape also including the south Italy and Magna Grecia. In the remainder of the work, and with the acquisition of the data collected from the various geographical areas considered, we have realized the almost total absence to date of inscriptions, literary sources and whatnot matrix indigenous can refer explicitly to a indigenous royalty, the only statements of fact these elements from a historical point of view, as we shall see, are only of Greek origin.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T19:30:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andrea Rossini T Favaro.pdf: 799656 bytes, checksum: 0952ed8df4eaff987d0790e036ed9eda (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-11-03 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This M.A. dissertation analyzes the work Idylls of the King (1889), from the English poet Alfred Tennyson, as a historical source. Our first aim is to identify the context of the idylls production, associating the work to political, economical and social matters such as the ones that were formed at the Victorian England. The second one is to identify the singularities from the Tennyson´s authorship through the characters selection, episodes and approached themes from the achievement which we call temporal transition, associating the Arthurian myth to the English history. In that manner, we identify what the author believed to be the mission of the poet, linked to social function of culture. The third aim is to identify the royalty built by Tennyson, based on what he considered to be the tradition which passes through all the nation history, the political and personal virtues / Esta dissertação analisa a obra Idylls of the King (1889), do poeta inglês Alfred Tennyson, como documento ou registro histórico. Nosso primeiro objetivo é identificarmos o contexto de produção dos idílios, associando a obra as questões políticas, econômicas e sociais tal como se configuravam na Inglaterra vitoriana. O segundo é identificarmos as marcas da autoria de Tennyson por meio da seleção de personagens, episódios e temas abordados a partir da realização do que denominamos trânsito temporal, que associa o mito arthuriano à história inglesa. Dessa forma, identificamos aquilo que o autor acreditava ser a missão do poeta, vinculada à função social da cultura. O terceiro objetivo é identificarmos a realeza construída por Tennyson, fundamentada no que considerava ser a tradição que perpassara toda a história da nação, a virtude pessoal e política

The aim of this paper is to examine how the press describes the public and private role of the Swedish monarch in texts that report about the biography Carl XVI Gustaf – den motvillige monarken (Sjöberg et al. 2010) when it is published in November 2010. The examined period ranges between the days just before the release and a fortnight after. The analysis is limited to standard Swedish papers: a daily, Svenska Dagbladet, and an evening paper, Expressen. Questions asked in the study are: In what ways do the analysed texts raise a discussion about the monarchy’s importance or function in the society of today, that is a public debate on the monarchy? To what extension are status symbols used in the constructing of royalty, that is what Jürgen Habermas (2003) describes as representative publicity? What similarities and differences are found when comparing the news articles in the daily and in the evening paper? The method used to answer the aim and questions is the critical discourse analysis, as Norman Fairclough (1995) describes it, and the theoretical perspective of the essay is Jürgen Habermas’ (2003) theory about the bourgeois public sphere. The result shows that the news articles in the daily unsurprisingly construct only a public who wants to debate on the monarchy. The evening paper instead addresses its readers both as cultural consumers, which the study sees as representative publicity, and as civilians who want to discuss the monarchy’s importance or function of today’s society. Important to notice is that when the evening paper is challenging the monarchy it’s always made in an implicit manner. The public role of the monarch is in both the daily and the evening paper said to be powerful and his public role is said to influence his private role in different ways. It is also obvious that the focus in Expressen is upon the most intimate sphere of the privacy of the monarch. The description of the private room is important here, in addition the spatial portraying uses status symbols when constructing royalty. Finally, the analysis shows that the monarch simultaneously portrays both as an ordinary human being and as a very special person in exclusive surroundings. Earlier research has proved that Swedish media wants to describe royalty like this.

Dans le contexte historique des conflits casamançais (1982-2005), nous avons abordé le rapport entre l’institution de la royauté sacrée de Youtou et le rétablissement de l’ordre dans le village. L’intérêt scientifique de ce rapport tient à ce qu’il permet d’identifier la dynamique de changement d’un groupe - relevant plus précisément de l'ethnie joola-ajamaat -, au moment où il est confronté au conflit. À Youtou, la dévastation des quartiers de Kagar et de Kanokindo, l’exode de la population, la destruction et l’abandon des cultes ont profondément altéré la structure sociale et territoriale entre 1995 et 2005. L’analyse de cette période - qui constitue la dernière phase du conflit casamançais -, nous a permis de déterminer comment les espaces de pouvoirs, les O.N.G. et les institutions traditionnelles ont créé et recréé des représentations sociales favorables au retour de la paix. L’ingérence des institutions traditionnelles (le conseil d’anciens, les kulangaka, les jirembeyi, la royauté sacrée joola-ajamaat et l’assemblée villageoise) dans le processus de pacification du village a été décisive. Nous avons étudié avec une attention toute particulière l’institution de la royauté sacrée joola-ajamaat à partir du cas de Youtou, parce qu’il n’existe pas d’autre organisation dans ce peuple qui puisse intégrer simultanément et d'une manière très complexe le pouvoir politique et le pouvoir religieux. Nous avons examiné les fonctions de l'arambeu de Youtou et notamment celles qui touchent au rétablissement de l'ordre, à la gestion de la violence et à la médiation au cours de conflits à la lumière de la dialectique tradition-modernité. / : In the historical context of the conflict in Casamance (1982-2005), we have addressed the relationship between the institution of sacred royalty of Youtou and the restoration of order in that village. The scientific interest of this relationship is to identify the group’s dynamics of change specifically showing the Joola-ajamaat ethnic group – at the time when it is confronted with the conflict.In Youtou, the devastation of neighbourhoods’ Kagar and Kanokindo, the exodus of the population, the destruction and abandonment of the cults have altered deep social and territorial structure between 1995 and 2005. The analysis of this period – which is the last phase of the conflict in Casamance – has allowed us recognize the way in which the spaces of power, NGOs and traditional institutions have created and recreated social representations favourable to the return of peace.The meddling of traditional institutions (the Council of Elders, the kulangaka, the jirembeyi, Joola - ajamaat sacred royalty and the village assembly) in the process of pacification of people has been crucial.We have thoroughly studied the institution of Joola-ajamaat sacred royalty from Youtou’s case, because there’s no other organization in this village that can integrate simultaneously and in such a complex way the political power and religious power as well. We have examined functions arambeu of Youtou - and specially those affecting the restoration of order, the management of violence and mediation during conflicts in the light of the dialectic of tradition - modernity.

A pesquisa que intitulamos - Ektheósis Arsinoes: o culto de Arsinoe II Filadelfo, tem como objetivo analisar as razões, formato e alcance do culto religioso criado por Ptolomeu II Filadelfo para honrar a sua irmã-esposa. Sabe-se que a visão que os autores antigos e estudiosos modernos têm a respeito da rainha Arsinoe II era controversa no passado e continua a ser nos dias atuais. Da rainha ambiciosa a esposa devotada, poucos documentos existem sobre a sua passagem no Egito na década de 280/270 a.C. quando ela se tornou rainha durante o governo de seu irmão, embora a grande maioria dos testemunhos data do período que se segue à sua morte. Quem foi Arsinoe II Filadelfo? Por que Ptolomeu II estabeleceu um culto em memória de sua irmã-esposa? A importância de Arsinoe II pareceu residir na imagem de devoção popular que se criou em torno de sua pessoa, e que acabou favorecendo e prestigiando a dinastia Lagida. A nossa pesquisa se baseia em primeiro lugar na análise das fontes materiais, mas também das fontes textuais tanto do século III a.C. quanto de séculos posteriores. Partimos de uma exposição do fundo histórico em que se baseou e se constituiu a monarquia ptolomaica. Em seguida, refletimos brevemente sobre o papel e o status das rainhas helenísticas e faraônicas na antiguidade. No último capítulo, nos respaldando nos princípios teóricos e metodológicos da arqueologia do culto propostos por Colin Renfrew, fazemos uma longa digressão acerca das razões que levaram Ptolomeu II a estabelecer um culto para Arsinoe II nas esferas grega e egípcia da população. / This research, entitled - Ektheósis Arsinoes: Arsinoe II Philadelphus cult, has as its aim to analyze the reasons, the shape and the diffusion of the religious cult created by Ptolemy II Philadelphus to honor his sister-wife. It is well known that the historical character of Queen Arsinoe II has been controversial since the beginning of studies on Ptolemaic Egypt. From ambitious queen to dedicated wife, there are few documents regarding her life in Egypt in the decade of 280/270 B.C. when she became queen during her brother's reign. The majority of the testimonies are dated to the period after her death. Who was Arsinoe II Philadelphus? Why did Ptolemy II established a cult in memory of his sister-wife? Arsinoe's II importance seems to reside on the image of popular devotion created around her, which ended up favoring and giving prestige to the Lagid dynasty. Our research is based, first of all, on the analysis of material sources, as well as on the written sources both from the 2nd century B.C. and from later centuries. We begin with the discussion of the historical background of the ptolemaic monarchy. Next, we briefly establish some thoughts on the role and the status of the Hellenistic and Pharaonic queens in antiquity. In the last chapter, using Colin Renfrew's theoretical and methodological principles regarding cult archaeology, we make a long digression over the reasons that led Ptolemy II to establish a cult for Arsinoe II both within the Greek and the Egyptian population.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:44:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_dolia_melania_garcete_gonzalez.pdf: 1460451 bytes, checksum: b96fb4b4959cb547d89099b527aad075 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-20 / The soybean Glycine max. (L.) Merrill is a very important item for Paraguay, which ranks the country among the world's sixth largest producer. It is a crop with higher production area in Paraguay, for its great economic return for producers. In the past three years the average increase in surface area was about 6% environment, while the average increase in productivity was 13%, which implies that the incorporation of edge germplasm and crop management through technological tools available in the market, have proven positive effect on soybean production at national and regional levels. Other major factors which have been found a significant improvement in the national productive sector is the implementation of private agreements for recognition by the use of biotech events, the same could not be positive effect on the use of germplasm although means for accessing main events are to biotechnology therethrough. This work will seek to assess all situations regarding capture systems either by the use of biotechnology, or the use of germplasm, as well as discuss the benefits of the agreement in Paraguay and the results of the application of those funds. The AMBA signed in Paraguay is highly successful in the soy production chain; with the soybean seed system by charging the beneficiary of the technology fee, these resources also allows all participants an intense economic activity. / La soja Glycine max. (L.) MERRIL, es un rubro de mucha importancia para el Paraguay, la cual posiciona al país entre el sexto productor del mundo. Es un cultivo con mayor área de producción en el Paraguay, por su gran retorno económico para los productores. En los tres últimos años la media de aumento de superficie fue entorno de aproximadamente 6%, mientras que la media de aumento en la productividad fue de 13%, lo que implica que la incorporación de germoplasma de vanguardia y el manejo del cultivo a través de las herramientas tecnológicas disponibles en el mercado, han demostrado su efecto positivo en la producción del cultivo de soja a nivel nacional y regional. Otro de los principales factores por el cual se ha constatado una mejora significativa en el sector productivo nacional es la implementación de acuerdos privados para el reconocimiento por el uso de los eventos biotecnológicos, ese mismo efecto positivo no pudo darse en el uso del germoplasma aunque el principal medio para acceder a los eventos biotecnológicos sean a través de los mismos. Este trabajo buscará evaluar todas las situaciones referentes a los sistemas de captura ya sea por el uso de la biotecnología, o por el uso del germoplasma, así como también discutir sobre los beneficios del acuerdo en Paraguay y los resultados de la aplicación de dichos fondos. El Acuerdo Marco sobre incorporación de Biotecnología Agrícola (AMBA) firmado en el Paraguay es altamente exitoso dentro de la cadena productiva de la soja, siendo el sistema de semillas de soja el beneficiado por el cobro de la tasa tecnológica, estos recursos disponibles también permite a todos los participantes una intensa actividad económica.

M.Comm. (International Taxation) / Lyn Bourne (n.d.) once wrote "The concept of royalties evolved from a time when the government owned all of the land, including mines, to the situation where free miners won the right to claim minerals, but paid a portion of their production to the royal treasury. Today, a mineral royalty is a payment to the owner of the mineral rights for the privilege of producing the mineral commodity"...

Magíster en Gestión y Dirección de Empresas / Existen pruebas de utilización de cobre en la Cordillera de los Andes cientos de años antes de Cristo. Con el nacimiento de los atacameños y los diaguitas, quienes perfeccionaron su arte antes de la llegada de los españoles, comienza la historia del cobre de Chile. Desde aquella época, el cobre ha pasado por altos y bajos, provocados por la guerra del Pacífico y la crisis del salitre, entre otros. Sin embargo, la apertura de nuestro cobre al mundo no llegó sino hasta comienzos del siglo XX con el ingreso de grandes consorcios, creándose los yacimientos mineros de El Teniente y Chuquicamata. Con la llegada de Eduardo Frei Montalva a la presidencia, se dá comienzo a una cruzada por recuperar este recurso, efectuando el proceso de Chilenizacción (1966) y la posterior Nacionalización (1971) en el gobierno de Salvador Allende, marcando así un tímido avance de una política más activa para recuperar la renta del cobre. Con el nuevo gobierno (o dictadura) militar, Chile entrega nuevamente el poder a los inversores extranjeros mediante las Concesiones plenas , la cual permite a los ciudadanos explorar y explotar los minerales hasta agotar los recursos. Esto exigió a Codelco entregar sus dominios, hasta un escaso 31% de las tierras explotables, volviendo los grandes inversores a explotar las riquezas sin pagar impuestos durante más de quince años. No fue hasta el año 2005 que se firmó el primer Impuesto Específico a la Minería que fue modificado el año 2010. Sin embargo, queda seguir preguntándonos; ¿Recibimos lo suficiente por ceder nuestros recursos naturales? ¿Cuánto beneficio podemos exigir los grandes conglomerados y seguir siendo un país grato en inversiones? La presente tesis analiza el impuesto pagado por las empresas mineras al Estado desde el año 2005 en adelante, arrojando como resultado que tan sólo un 10% de la renta del cobre ingresa a las arcas fiscales. Al probar un aumento de royalty para financiar el actual proyecto educacional, se concluye que llevando la carga tributaria hasta un 15% a las empresas mineras, su utilidad se ve afectada escasamente. Como conclusión se propone aumentar el royalty a las mineras, sin embargo con el DL 600 existiendo dificulta el ingreso de cualquier impuesto que se pague bajo inversiones por sobre los cincuenta millones de dólares, lo que hace apremiante su derogación. Se propone un diálogo y profundización de las propuestas de re-nacionalización del cobre basada en experiencias exitosas como la de Petrobras en Brasil y la Statoil en Noruega, nacionalizaciones apoyadas por proyectos sociales y reestructuraciones de las empresas estatales, la que en nuestro caso afectaría a Codelco.