Public demands have forced countries to explore new ways of rendering primary health care to reach the poor who are not within reach of the modern health care systems. New categories of health care personnel, like lay health workers emerged. There are vast differences in the roles of these lay health workers as was revealed with an extensive literature search. The phenomenology qualitative research method was used to investigate perceptions of farm lay health workers regarding their roles in rural areas. A convenience, non-random sample (N=5) was used for focus group discussions and in-depth interviews to collect data. The latter revealed five main themes associated with the role of farm lay health workers: (1) community link; (2) carer; (3) community developer; (4) counsellor and (5) role model. Guidelines were formulated to enhance the role of lay health workers in the rural Western Cape Province and to improve the quality of care to rural communities / Health Studies / M.A. (Health Studies)

German text / In dieser Forschungsarbeit wird der Change Management Prozess des gesellschaftsrelevanten Gemeindebaus in der Evangelischen Gemeinschaft Rechtenbach untersucht. Das Ziel der Arbeit ist es, herauszufinden, wie dieser navigierte Wandlungsprozess von Gemeindegliedern bewertet, gedeutet und verinnerlicht wurde, um Handlungsstrategien für ähnliche Projekte ableiten zu können. Dazu werden zunächst die theoretischen Grundlagen des missionalen Change Managements und der diesbezügliche Praxisvollzug beschrieben. Anschließend werden anhand des empirisch-theologischen Praxiszyklus sowohl Planung und Durchführung als auch die Ergebnisse qualitativer Interviews dargestellt, die mit zwölf Teilnehmern des oben genannten Prozesses geführt wurden. Als Ergebnis des mehrmaligen Kodierens unter Anwendung der Grounded Theory lassen sich vier Typologien der Akzeptanz des Prozesses herausarbeiten. Auf der Grundlage der Forschungsergebnisse werden Thesen bezüglich der weiteren Umsetzung des gesellschaftsrelevanten Gemeindebaus und dessen Reproduzierbarkeit aufgezeigt. Die vorliegende Studie will einen Beitrag zur missionalen Diskussion im besonderen Hinblick auf den gesellschaftsrelevanten Gemeindebau und dessen Umsetzung leisten. / This research examines the change management process of community-relevant church building in the Evangelical Community in Rechtenbach. The aim of the study is to ascertain how church members assessed, interpreted and internalized this navigated change process in order to derive strategies for similar projects. Firstly it describes the basis for missional change management and the related practice. Based on the empirical-theological practice cycle, it then presents the planning and execution as well as the results of qualitative interviews that were carried out with twelve participants in the process mentioned above. The study extracted four typologies of acceptance of this process through repeated coding using the Grounded Theory. Based on the research results it puts forward theses regarding further implementation of community-relevant church building and its reproducibility. This study is intended to contribute to the missional discussion, in particular to community-relevant church building and its implementation. / Christian Spirituality, Church History & Missiology / M. Th. (Missiology)

This study examines the value of travellers’ written records of their trips with specific reference to the journals of five French travellers who visited Scotland between 1780 and 1830. The thesis argues that they contain material which demonstrates the merit of journals as historical documents. The themes chosen for scrutiny, life in the rural areas, agriculture, industry, transport and towns, are examined and assessed across the journals and against the social, economic and literary scene in France and Scotland. Through the evidence presented in the journals, the thesis explores aspects of the tourist experience of the Enlightenment and post -Enlightenment periods. The viewpoint of knowledgeable French Anglophiles and their receptiveness to Scottish influences, grants a perspective of the position of France in the economic, social and power structure of Europe and the New World vis-à-vis Scotland. The thesis adopts a narrow, focussed analysis of the journals which is compared and contrasted to a broad brush approach adopted in other studies.

In this essay I investigate the role of civil society in relation to migrants in the municipality of Kalix, in a rural area in northern Sweden. The purpose is to discover which subject positions that leaders from the civil society describe as possible and which positions they see as possible for migrants. I also want to see which discourses the leaders from the civil associations are a part of and contribute to. The material comes from interviews completed with people involved in civil society and from meetings, organized by the municipality and with participants from civil associations, discussing the subject. The method used is discourse analysis, influenced by Laclau and Mouffes theory about discourses. Foucault´s theory of governmentality is used to examine how civil society and migrants are affected by state control. This control manifests in control mechanisms such as the Swedish government’s establishment program, legislation about migrants rights and economic grants. The analysis is supported by earlier research and theories about multiculturalism and rights. The leaders mainly moved within four discourses: ´multicultural´, ´repressive liberalism´, ´rural preservation´ and ´quality of life and humanity´. The multicultural discourse had a positive view of cultural and religious differences. This discourse made the subject positions of organizer of cultural activities possible for the leaders. Migrants were described as having the position of representatives of specific cultural groups and as group members in need of extra support. The repressive liberalism discourse viewed difference as something negative. The goal was for migrants to be assimilated into the local culture. The leaders adopted the role of tutors. Migrants were described as occupying the subject positions of employment oriented, able to assimilate, and as representatives of all immigrant people. In the discourse about ‘rural preservation’ activities were motivated by goals for a bright future for Kalix. The leaders’ subject positions were understood as coordinators, mentors and debaters. Migrants were understood as competent in particular professions and as desirable long term residents of Kalix. Governmental Control mechanics were considered to be something that limited migrants’ possibilities. The quality of life and humanity discourse has the goal that everyone shall have the possibility to live a good life. The leaders adopted the role as creators of safety and confidence and migrants were considered to be both victims of unfair regulation that limited their legitimacy, and as developers of civil associations. There were antagonisms between the discourses about rights/justice, integration and culture. Because of these conflicts the activities are striving towards different goals and consider different phenomena to be obstacles. Cooperation and the possibilities of getting along are therefore made difficult. Both these antagonisms and the governmental control mechanisms affect which activities can be performed and thereby which subjects positions that are made possible.

Thesis (M. of Military Art and Science)--U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, 2007. / The original document contains color images. Also available via the Internet.

The South African Schools' Act No 84 (SASA 1996) replaced Parents, Teacher and Students' Associations ( PTSAs) with School Governing Bodies whose members are democratically elected to perform mandated duties. The study focused on the role of SGBs in improving school performance in rural areas. The purpose was to investigate the role SGBs play in improving school performance in the rural areas of Taung. The SGB, as a concept and praxis, emanated from the need to involve communities, especially parents, in education. The assumption was that school improvement is dependent on responsibilities delegated to community members, especially parents, in the affairs of public schools. The study investigated the topic by a literature review on school governance, observation and interviews conducted with SGB members in three selected schools. Six focus group interviews were conducted on parents and educator components of the SGBs. The principals of the three selected schools were interviewed individually for the views on the topic. The data collected were arranged under selected themes and manually analysed and interpreted. The study reveals that * community members, particularly parents, caregivers and guardians are beginning to see themselves as equal partners with educators in education of children * the improvement in learner performance is the co-responsibility of the home and the school * community members (parents and guardians) must be empowered with relevant skills to enable them perform their tasks as school governors. The study recommends further research into greater representivity and involvement in Education. / Educational Studies / M. Ed (Education Management)

One of the challenges facing education systems worldwide is the motivation of qualified teachers to teach at rural schools. Teaching at rural schools is a challenge as rural areas are characterised by adverse living and working conditions, making qualified teachers prefer living and working at urban schools where conditions are more comfortable. Namibia implemented the financial incentive to motivate qualified teachers to teach at rural schools and improve learner performance. The implementation of the financial incentive in Namibia has received little research attention in establishing its effectiveness. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the financial incentive on the performance of learners at rural schools, as this performance relates to teacher motivation. To achieve this, a literature study and an empirical investigation were conducted. An interpretivist research paradigm informed the methodology for the study. A mixed-methods research approach, which relied more on a qualitative research design, included a research sample of 28 teachers, five school principals and two education officials. Data were collected through interviews and document analysis. Individual interviews were conducted with education officials and school principals. Focus group interviews were conducted with teachers. Document analysis entailed accessing applicable documents of each research site in the office of the school principal. Textual data were analysed and presented thematically and numeric data were analysed and presented as frequencies and percentages. Key findings established that financial incentive has contributed little to the performance of learners in rural schools. The fact that rural schools are not properly categorised according to environmental challenges results in teachers not receiving realistic financial incentive. Teachers were therefore not motivated by financial incentive, but by other factors relating to being tuned to nature in rural areas, being exposed to lower living costs and enjoying accommodating school leadership and community care. A revisiting of the implementation of the financial incentive is recommended in order to negate shortcomings and enhance the potential of financial incentive to contribute to improved learner performance as steered by motivated teachers. / Educational Studies / Ph. D. (Education)

Text in English / The contribution of general diagnostic imaging in the diagnosis and clinical management of patients in rural hospitals of South Africa is enormous. To provide high quality diagnostic imaging services for specific contexts requires radiographers who have up-to-date skills and expertise. Thus, rural radiographers require, over and above traditional radiographic expertise, additional competencies which are unique to rural practice. To date, however, little is known about additional core competencies and skills needed by radiographers working in rural areas. Previous studies have focused more attention primarily on other rural health professionals such as doctors and nurses. The aim of this mixed methods study was to investigate and identify additional core competencies required by radiographers working in rural district hospitals of KZN in order to propose a CPD strategy aimed at rural radiographers. An exploratory sequential design was utilised. There were seven participants in the qualitative phase of the study. In the quantitative phase a convenient sample of 109 respondents was surveyed using a structured questionnaire. Three major themes and seven categories emerged from Phase I of the study. These themes and categories were then used to develop a data collection instrument for Phase II of the study. Collectively, the findings of this mixed methods research revealed that there were a number of additional core competencies such as, but not limited to, teamwork, ability to do basic obstetric ultrasound scans, leadership, management, attitude and behaviours, and reporting on plain x-ray films, all of which are required by rural radiographers. Supporting evidence from the study indicated that the majority of these competencies were either partially or not at all covered in the audited curriculum. The study further revealed that the audited curriculum and the scope of radiography in its current form appear to focus attention on minimum competencies that do not promote the expansion and extension of the role of radiographers in rural areas. The study results also revealed a number of challenges faced by rural radiographers. / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)

Cette thèse porte sur la place nouvellement attribuée aux énergies renouvelables dans un département français encore largement rural, la Charente-Maritime, alors que commence à se poser, ici comme ailleurs, la question du changement climatique et celle de l’épuisement des énergies fossiles dans un contexte privilégiant de plus en plus la mise en place de mesures de protection de l’environnement. La thèse passe en revue les différentes énergies renouvelables d’ores et déjà produites et utilisées en Charente-Maritime ou dont la mise en œuvre est envisagée (hydroélectricité, solaire, éolien, énergie issue de la biomasse). Plusieurs exemples précis d’exploitations agricoles impliquées dans la production et la consommation de ces nouvelles énergies sont longuement présentés. La thèse s’intéresse également au potentiel de développement de ces énergies, à leurs retombées sur l’environnement et à la façon dont elles sont perçues, tant par les agriculteurs que les élus locaux, les responsables d’associations ou les habitants en général. Il apparaît clairement que la politique de développement des énergies renouvelables actuellement menée en Charente-Maritime est incitative, tout particulièrement en ce qui concerne l’énergie solaire et la biomasse énergie au profit desquelles les aides régionales et départementales sont importantes (mise en œuvre d’une filière locale bois – énergie dans le pays Saintonge Romane). Par contre, l’édification de parcs éoliens est freinée par les pouvoirs publics en raison de leur trop fort impact paysager dans un département à vocation touristique affirmée. La thèse montre, en fin de compte, que le bilan environnemental que l’on peut tirer de toutes ces innovations apparaît mitigé : le recours aux énergies renouvelables réduit un peu la dépendance des campagnes charentaises à l’égard des énergies fossiles, mais l’impact environnemental direct de ces nouvelles sources d’énergie apparaît ambigu et pour le moins contrasté. L’étude, quoique conduite dans un cadre territorial relativement restreint, est néanmoins largement représentative des transformations en cours dans les campagnes françaises, voire européennes, les particularités locales et nationales ayant été clairement soulignées. / This thesis deals with the newly role given to the renewable energies in a still rural French area, The Charente Maritime, while here and there, two issues are at stake : the question of climate change as well as the dramatic decrease of fossil energy stocks, in a period more and more turning towards the implementation of environment protection measures.Our research makes a review of the different renewable energies. Firstly the ones already produced and used in Charente Maritime, secondly the ones whose implementation is planned and eventually those which are in a state of project. (hydroelectric, solar, wind and biomass energies). The thesis is also about the potential of these energies expansion, about their consequences on environment, and in the way farmers, local representatives, association leaders and inhabitants view them.As a conclusion the thesis shows that environment results that we can draw from all these innovations is mixed : while the use of renewable energies reduce a little the dependence of Charentaises countries from fossil energies, the direct environment impact of these new energy sources appears ambiguous and especially contrasted. The study has been made in a quite little geographical area. It is all the same representative of the current changes in the French as well as the European countryside, the local and national specificities having been clearly underlined.

German text / In dieser Forschungsarbeit wird der Change Management Prozess des gesellschaftsrelevanten Gemeindebaus in der Evangelischen Gemeinschaft Rechtenbach untersucht. Das Ziel der Arbeit ist es, herauszufinden, wie dieser navigierte Wandlungsprozess von Gemeindegliedern bewertet, gedeutet und verinnerlicht wurde, um Handlungsstrategien für ähnliche Projekte ableiten zu können. Dazu werden zunächst die theoretischen Grundlagen des missionalen Change Managements und der diesbezügliche Praxisvollzug beschrieben. Anschließend werden anhand des empirisch-theologischen Praxiszyklus sowohl Planung und Durchführung als auch die Ergebnisse qualitativer Interviews dargestellt, die mit zwölf Teilnehmern des oben genannten Prozesses geführt wurden. Als Ergebnis des mehrmaligen Kodierens unter Anwendung der Grounded Theory lassen sich vier Typologien der Akzeptanz des Prozesses herausarbeiten. Auf der Grundlage der Forschungsergebnisse werden Thesen bezüglich der weiteren Umsetzung des gesellschaftsrelevanten Gemeindebaus und dessen Reproduzierbarkeit aufgezeigt. Die vorliegende Studie will einen Beitrag zur missionalen Diskussion im besonderen Hinblick auf den gesellschaftsrelevanten Gemeindebau und dessen Umsetzung leisten. / This research examines the change management process of community-relevant church building in the Evangelical Community in Rechtenbach. The aim of the study is to ascertain how church members assessed, interpreted and internalized this navigated change process in order to derive strategies for similar projects. Firstly it describes the basis for missional change management and the related practice. Based on the empirical-theological practice cycle, it then presents the planning and execution as well as the results of qualitative interviews that were carried out with twelve participants in the process mentioned above. The study extracted four typologies of acceptance of this process through repeated coding using the Grounded Theory. Based on the research results it puts forward theses regarding further implementation of community-relevant church building and its reproducibility. This study is intended to contribute to the missional discussion, in particular to community-relevant church building and its implementation. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / M. Th. (Missiology)