Approximately 3% of 15 to 49-year-olds in Rwanda live with HIV, many of whom are young adults. They face multiple stressors including stigma, anxiety, depression, trauma, orphanhood, and poverty. Little is known about the types of coping that facilitate resilience. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) delivered by lay counselors can help decrease mental health symptoms in HIV+ youth, but there is little research on how administering CBT affects HIV+ lay counselors’ own coping and mental health. Participants included 69 Rwandans (ages 21-27, M=10 years of education, 38 female, 26 orphans), comprising four groups: (1) HIV+ lay counselors who administered CBT (Youth Leaders, YL) (n=17) (2) HIV+ peer-parents (PPs; facilitators of non-CBT support groups for HIV+ youth) (n=17); (3) HIV+ community members (HIV+C) (n=18); and (4) HIV- community members (HIV-C) (n=17). Groups were administered self-report measures translated into Kinyarwanda to compare use of (1) coping strategies, including mindfulness, critical consciousness (awareness of social inequities), self-blame, denial, behavioral disengagement, positive reframing, acceptance, active coping, and religious coping, and (2) mental health outcomes of anxiety/depression, self-esteem, and HIV-related stigma. Relations between coping and health outcomes across all groups were investigated. Principal components factor analysis of seven coping strategies revealed two factors: avoidant (self-blame, denial, behavioral disengagement) and approach (positive reframing, acceptance, active coping, religious coping). ANCOVAs, partial correlations, and multiple regressions indicated that YLs and HIV-Cs used significantly less avoidant coping than PPs. YLs reported less behavioral disengagement than PPs, and PPs reported more positive reframing than HIV-Cs. YLs and PPs reported higher self-esteem and less stigma than HIV-Cs. YLs demonstrated lower anxiety/depression than HIV+Cs. No other group differences were significant. Among the entire sample, approach coping and mindfulness related to higher self-esteem, whereas stigma and behavioral disengagement related to lower self-esteem. Stigma and denial related to higher anxiety/depression. Positive reframing and mindfulness related to higher self-esteem only for individuals with low critical consciousness. Results suggest that training lay counselors in CBT may reduce their own maladaptive coping and depression/anxiety. Further, facilitating critical consciousness or mindfulness/reframing and decreasing stigma may help increase self-esteem and reduce anxiety/depression in HIV+ Rwandan young adults.

Magister Artium (Social Work) - MA(SW) / The researcher's concern for the topic was founded on the fact that previous research on child labour in Rwanda did not qualitatively explore the working and living conditions of child domestic workers in this specific contextual setting. The aim of the study therefore, was to explore the living and working conditions of child domestic workers in a contextual setting of Kigali city and its periphery. To achieve the objectives of this study, a qualitative approach was envisaged, utilizing a case study strategy. The population was selected among child domestic workers in four districts of Kigali city and its periphery. The criteria of selection and reaching participants were snowball sampling and purposive sampling techniques. Data was collected by means of a semi-structured interview with open-ended questions. The collected data was analyzed through a model that is presented as a spiral image including: Collecting and recording data; managing data; reading and writing memos; describing, classifying and interpreting; representing and visualizing (Creswell, 1998: 142-165). In order to increase trustworthiness, triangulation as a process that uses multiple perceptions to clarify meaning, was used through child workers themselves, their employers, neighbours and local authorities. Colleagues helped to verify translations from mother tongue into English. Participants, especially child domestic workers revealed that the main factors pushing them into the job market was poverty and family and socio-political conflicts. Findings concerning working and living conditions also indicate experiences of exploitation and maltreatment. It has also been revealed that most participants were ignorant about children's rights. Finally discussions allowed the researcher to discover what participants and especially child domestic participants were expecting in their future and suggestions of how child domestic work would be abolished.

AbstractHedenborg, Magdalena (2020). En fallstudie av läsförståelsearbete i Rwanda. Speciallärarprogrammet, Institutionen för skolutveckling och ledarskap, Lärande och samhälle, Malmö universitet, 90 hp.Förväntat kunskapsbidragDen kunskap som detta arbete förväntas bidra med är hur en lärare engagerar och motiverar genom att använda estetiska lärprocesser i undervisningen. Eleverna görs på så vis också aktiva i sin egen förförståelse och samtidigt skapas upplevelser av litteraturen. Studien visar att det även skulle kunna vara ett sätt att öka elevers delaktighet, självtillit och metakognition. Syfte och frågeställningarSyftet med denna undersökning är att skapa kunskap kring hur en lärare arbetar med läsning i en gymnasieklass på en mindre ort i Rwanda och hur han och fyra elever upplever det arbetet. Detta för att tillföra kunskap kring hur en lärare i en annan del av världen arbetar inkluderande med förförståelse till läsning samt för att skapa en djupare förståelse kring upplevelsen av det arbetet. Förhoppningsvis inspirerar detta till nya vägar i undervisningen.•Hur arbetar en lärare med att skapa förförståelse vid skönlitterär läsning på en gymnasieskola på en mindre ort i Rwanda? •Hur arbetar läraren inkluderande?•Hur upplever läraren och fyra elever undervisningen? TeoriUppsatsen vilar på Vygotskijs sociokulturella teori om att lärande sker i samspel och att språket i alla dess former är ett verktyg för lärande. Även kognitionsvetenskapens teorier kring bland annat ömsesidighetens och självbildens betydelse för att skapa motivation är grundläggande för studien.MetodDe metoder som har använts i denna fallstudie är deltagande observationer och semistrukturerade intervjuer. Dessutom genomfördes en fokusgruppsintervju då de enskilda intervjuerna vid tillfället bedömdes ha varit för kortfattade.ResultatResultatet av denna studie visar hur en lärare i en mindre ort i Rwanda använder drama som en metod för att bygga förförståelse till en gemensam läsning av en skönlitterär roman. Genom det arbetet stärker läraren inte bara elevernas läsförståelse och självtillit utan även deras motivation och metakognition. Dessutom skapar läraren, med hjälp av de estetiska lärprocesserna, en inkluderande lärmiljö där allas röster är betydelsefulla och delaktigheten medverkar till gemenskap.Specialpedagogiska implikationerDe specialpedagogiska implikationer som arbetet bidrar med är hur estetiska lärprocesser kan användas för att skapa en inkluderande lärmiljö och utveckla god läsförståelse hos alla elever. Detta för att skapa ett bättre förebyggande arbete på alla nivåer.

Background Rwanda has made great progress since the genocide in 1994, but is still facing the challenge of reducing the high prevalence of stunted children. Childhood stunting is an indicator for multiple pathological disorders and gives an elevated risk of chronic disease in adulthood. Engaging fathers and a shared responsibility between two partners in childcare could improve children’s health and help decrease stunting among children in rural areas of Rwanda. Aim The aim was to describe at the primary healthcare level in Rwanda, registered nurses' perceptions and experiences of fathers’ engagement in childcare to prevent stunted growth in children. Method A qualitative field study at three community health centers in Huye district with a semi-structured interview form. A qualitative content analysis was made. Findings The perception among nurses was that it was important to engage fathers to prevent stunted growth in children. Fathers' low level of knowledge in childcare, and traditional gender roles were acting as the main barriers of fathers' engagement, communication campaigns and community training were presented as opportunities to improve the level of engagement of the fathers. Conclusion Fathers participate in childcare. Though, the process of changing traditional gender roles is slow. In order to make further progress the nurses has to emphasize communication between spouses and a shared responsibility for the childcare. More attention needs to be paid to sensitization of families as well as healthcare personnel regarding damaging stereotypes in a traditional Rwandan household.

The United Nations (2016) and International Olympic Committee (2015) have offered analyses highlighting sport's contributions to societal well-being. More particularly, and for their part, scholars have suggested that sport for development (SFD) initiatives can encourage the development of social capital (Kidd and Donnelly, 2007; Nicholson and Hoye, 2008; Lyras and Welty Peachy, 2011; Coalter, 2013). This dissertation investigated those researchers' claims by exploring the relationship between two SFD organization sports programs and social capital formation among their youth participants in Kigali, Rwanda. I conducted semi-structured interviews with the leaders of both SFD entities to obtain their perceptions concerning whether and how the efforts I examined were linked to social capital creation. I utilized the World Bank's Social Capital Initiative Networks View of social capital for my analysis (Woolcock and Narayan, 2000). This study's participants, coaches and curriculum designers, argued that sport for development initiatives fostered such relationships in a variety of ways, including easing ethnic divisions among those participating and challenging social norms, especially as related to gender. Those interviewed for this inquiry also suggested that SFD programs encouraged the formation of simultaneous amalgams of bonding and bridging social capital among participating youth; novel and potentially powerful evidence of the efficacy of sport programming. / Doctor of Philosophy / The United Nations (2016) and International Olympic Committee (2015) have each highlighted the significant contributions sport has made, and can make, to societal well-being. Previous research has suggested that sport for development (SFD) initiatives encourage these results be encouraging the development of social capital (Kidd and Donnelly, 2007; Nicholson and Hoye, 2008; Lyras and Welty Peachy, 2011; Coalter, 2013). This inquiry explored the relationship between SFD and three forms of social capital as perceived by interviewees drawn from the leaders of two such nongovernmental programs in Kigali, Rwanda. The study utilized the Networks View of social capital developed by the World Bank's Social Capital Initiative to examine whether sport for development initiatives fostered social capital (Woolcock and Narayan, 2000). According to this study's participants, such efforts did indeed promote social capital in a variety of ways, including easing ethnic divides and challenging social norms related to gender. Additionally, interviewees also suggested that SFD programs encouraged the formation of simultaneous bundles of bonding and bridging social capital among participating youth; novel and potentially powerful evidence of the efficacy of sport programming.

Fältstudiens syfte har varit att analysera och beskriva jämställdhets effekter på den unga generationen i dagens Rwanda. Min uppsats utfördes med en kvalitativ ansats där intervjuer har varit centrala som metod för att samla in mitt material och data. Jag har intervjuat unga vuxna kvinnor som är entreprenör eller i ledare position. Mitt resultat erhålls genom deras berättelser och upplevelser om jämställdheten i Rwanda. Rwanda har haft en stor representation av kvinnor i parlamentet vilket har i sin tur påverkat dessa unga kvinnor. Genom mina intervjuer har jag kommit fram till att Kvinnor i Rwanda tar mer plats som aldrig förr. Sammanfattningsvis har Rwanda gjort en stor skillnad för deras kvinnor. Den stora representationen av kvinnor i höga positioner har haft en bra inverkan på nästa generation och har inspirerat dem att drömma stort. Även om Rwanda har kommit långt när det gäller jämställdhet, utmaningar finns fortfarande och hela arbetet är inte gjort.

Twenty years after the 1994 Rwandan Genocide, Violet Walters makes her way to the tiny village of Murumba to fulfill her dream of becoming a philanthropist. In addition to the shock of a new culture, Violet must now contend with Bret Calloway, a hardened philanthropist whose ten years at Murumba have made him less than happy about the arrival of Violet and her optimistic new perspective. Amid the mounting tension of their relationship, war looms in the background. What ensues is a testament to the transformational nature of a culture and its people. Gukundana seeks to illuminate injustices related to civil strife and genocide from an outsider's perspective. The character of Violet acts as a stable lens from which western viewers can engage with cultural hardships very different from their own. Within this, the connection between the warring ideologies of Bret and Violet against the background of the mounting violence around them serves as another window into greater emotional engagement with themes of violence and war. Ultimately, this screenplay's mission is to bridge cultural barriers in order to endear viewers to the unity, resiliency, and power of the Rwandan people, thus sparking change within a viewing audience's surrounding community.

This thesis argues that the different reactions of the population and rival elites to executive attempts to extend term limits in Rwanda and Burundi reflect the different ways civil wars ended in these two countries. In Rwanda, a military victory resulted in institutions that placed less constraint on the ruling party, while in Burundi, a negotiated settlement placed comparatively greater constraints on the ruling party. As a result, the major party in Rwanda was more powerful than the major power in Burundi, and thus more capable to co-opt or coerce the opposition. This paper uses a most-similar case design to test the hypothesis that civil wars that end in negotiated settlements are more likely to become unstable than a civil war that ends in a military victory when executives attempt to extend their term limits and finds that the civil war outcome was instrumental in explaining the divergent reactions in both countries. This paper has important implications for those interested in post-conflict situations and executive term-limit extensions.

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