Diploma thesis "The Political and Economic Relations of Spain and Morocco: interdependence or a security question? " deals with the political and economical relations of Spain and Morocco from the end of the 1950's to the present. The relationship between these two countries is based not only on mutual cooperation and support but also on mutual rivalry. The most sensitive area almost throughout the analyzed period is the fishing policy, and the territorial dispute over Western Sahara, Ceuta and Melilla, Sidi Ifni (Leila) and the island Isla de Perejil (arabic Leila). The main hypothesis of the thesis is that the relationship of Spain and Morocco corresponds to the neo-liberal theory and therefore a priority in their mutual relations is the economic objectives and to ensure the prosperity. The relation of these two countries doesn't correspond to the neo-realistic theory and the security objectives don't have high priority. We verified this hypothesis by using the Congruance Method, the comparative method of the study period and by the dependent and independent variables. Dependent variable include the political and economic relations and the independent variables include the economic reform in Morocco, mutual bilateral cooperation, fishing policy, the various Spanish governments' policies towards...

L’État peul du Macina a été fondé en 1818 par le pasteur Sékou Amadou (m. 1845), qui a entretenu des relations épistolaires avec la prestigieuse famille kunta de Tombouctou. Les informations rapportées de la tradition orale considèrent le rapport entre ces deux parties comme conflictuel. Selon cette dernière, les Kunta auraient été agitateurs qui tentaient de soulever les Touaregs contre les souverains peuls du Macina. Or, d’après leur diffèrent échanges épistolaires, il nous semble que leurs relations ont connu deux périodes distinctes La nature de leur rapport varie selon les époques : celle qui s’étend de la prise du pouvoir par Sékou Amadou jusqu’en 1847, puis celle qui s’ouvre avec Aḥmad al-Bakkāy al-Kuntī, notamment à partir de 1851/2, jusqu’à la victoire d’al-Ḥāğğ cUmar Tall sur le dernier émir, Amadou Amadou, en 1862.L’un des chefs kunta de la première période fut le cheikh al-Muḫtār aṣ-Ṣaġīr (m. 1847). Il a accompagné la dynastie peule du Macina, entretenu les bons rapports que ses prédécesseurs avaient noués avec les Peuls et entrepris des bons offices entre ces derniers et les Touaregs de Tombouctou. Cependant, au cours de la médiation du cheikh kunta entre les Peuls et les Touaregs, quelques difficultés sont survenues, des divergences d’avis et d’interprétation se sont révélées sans pour autant avoir des conséquences notoires sur leurs rapports. Ses correspondances avec les souverains peuls du Macina ont permis de traiter les sujets brûlants de son époque, dont certains sont toujours d’actualités au Mali.Notre travail se propose d’éditer, de faire le commentaire, de traiter les quelques épîtres manuscrites que ces hommes, religieux et politiques, ont échangées, de montrer à quel point les deux traditions, orale et écrite, convergent ou divergent, et de faire une étude historique de la question touarègue au Mali, qui devient un conflit cyclique ! / The Fulani state of Macina was founded in 1818 the shepherd Sékou Amadou (1845), who had epistolary relations with the Kunta family of Timbuktu. The reported information from the oral tradition considers the relationship between these two parties as conflictual. According to the latter, the Kunta were agitators attempting to rise up the Tuaregs against the Fulani rulers of Macina. Now, according to their different epistolary exchanges, it seemed to us that this relation had known two distinct periods the nature of which varies, according to that which extends from the rise to power of Sekou Amadou until 1847, or that which opens with Aḥmad al-Bakkāy al-Kuntī, especially from 1851/2 until the victory of al-Ḥāğğ cUmar Tall on the last emir, Amadou Amadou, in 1862.One of the Kunta chiefs of the first period was Sheikh al-Muḫtār al-ṣaġīr (1847). He accompanied the Fulani dynasty of Macina, maintained the good relationship that his predecessors had forged with the Fulani and undertook good offices between them and the Touaregs of Timbuktu. However, during the mediation of Sheikh Kunta between the Fulani and the Tuaregs, some difficulties arose, differences of opinion and interpretation without having noticeable consequences on their mutual relations. His correspondences with the Fulani rulers of Macina made it possible to treat the burning topics of his time, some of whichare still relevant in Mali.Our work proposes to publish, to comment, to treat the few handwritten epistles that these men, religious and political, have exchanged, to demonstrate to what extent the two traditions, oral and written, converge or diverge, and to make a historical study of the Tuareg question in Mali, which has become a recurrent conflict.

The purpose of this study is to examine and analyse how corruption can have different outcome on economic growth. A clear  division can be seen in Sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia where corruption have different economic outcomes. The countries in this study are the following: Botswana,  Nigeria, Kenya, South Africa, South Korea, Thailand, Vietnam and Indonesia. The thesis composes of data over corruption indexes, annual growth in GDP, and socio-economic indicators such as political stability and Rule  of Law. The result from theassembled statistics is analysed through the Principal -Agent theory as well as previous research. Previous research includes both positive and negative studies on corruption. The  conclusion is that corruption has not a direct effect on economic growth but socio-economic indicators have an important role to explain the different outcome on corruption. The Principal-Agent theory helps us to un derstand the structure of the governmental body and the outcome of corruption.

Securing access to affordable energy services is of central importance to our societies. To do this sustainably, energy systems design should be – amongst other things – environmentally compliant and reconcile with the integrated management of potentially limiting resources. This work considers the role for so-called 'Smart Grids' to improve the delivery of energy services. It deals with the integration of renewable energy technologies to mitigate climate change. It further demonstrates an approach to harmonise potentially conflicting energy, water and land-use strategies. Each presents particular challenges to energy systems analysis. Computer aided models can help identify energy systems that most effectively meet the multiple demands placed on them. As models constitute a simple abstraction of reality, it is important to ensure that those dynamics that considerably impact results are suitably integrated. In its three parts, this thesis extends long-term energy system models to consider improved integration between: (A) supply and demand through Smart Grids; (B) timeframes by incorporating short-term operating constraints into long-term models; and (C) resource systems by linking multiple modelling tools. In Part A, the thesis explores the potential of Smart Grids to accelerate and improve electrification efforts in developing countries. Further, a long-term energy system model is enhanced to investigate the Smart Grid benefits associated with a closer integration of supply, storage and demand-side options. In Part B, the same model is extended to integrate flexibility requirements. The benefits of this integration are illustrated on an Irish case study on high levels of wind power penetrations. In Part C, an energy model is calibrated to consider climate change scenarios and linkages with land-use and water models. This serves to assess the implications of introducing biofuels on the small island developing state of Mauritius. The thesis demonstrates that too weak integration between models and resource systems can produce significantly diverging results. The system configurations derived may consequently generate different – and potentially erroneous – policy and investment insights. / Säker och prisvärd tillgång till energitjänster är en central fråga för dagens samhällen. För att tillgodose samhällen med hållbara energitjänster bör energisystemen designas för att – bland annat – möta de miljömässiga kraven samt hantera potentiellt begränsade resurser. Den här avhandlingen undersöker de ”smarta” elnätens roll för bättre tillhandahållande av energitjänster. Avhandlingen behandlar integration av förnybar energiteknik för minskad klimatpåverkan samt demonstrerar ett tillvägagångssätt för att förena potentiellt motstridiga energi-, vatten- och markanvändningsstrategier. Dessa uppvisar särskilda utmaningar i energisystemanalyser. Datorstödda modeller kan användas för att identifiera energisystem som på effektivast sätt möter samhällets krav. Datorstödda modeller är, per definition, förenklingar av verkligheten och det är därför viktigt att säkerställa en korrekt representation av det verkliga systemets dynamik. Den här avhandlingen förstärker energisystemmodeller för långsiktsprognoser utifrån tre aspekter: förbättra integrationen av (A) tillgång och efterfrågan genom smarta elnät; (B) olika tidsaspekter genom att inkludera kortsiktiga operativa begränsningar; samt (C) resurssystem genom att sammanlänka olika modelleringsverktyg. I del A utforskades de smarta elnätens potential för att förbättra elektriska system i utvecklingsländer. En befintlig energisystemmodell förstärktes för att behandla smarta elnät och kan därmed fånga fördelarna förknippade med energilagring och energianvändning. I del B utvidgades en energisystemmodell för långsiktsprognoser med flexibilitet för kortsiktiga operativa begränsningar. En fallstudie fokuserad på ett vindkraftsdominerat irländskt elnät genomfördes för att demonstrera fördelarna av modellutvecklingen. I del C kalibrerades en energisystemmodell för att ta klimatscenarier i beaktande samt energisystemets kopplingar till markanvändning och vattenresurssystem. En fallstudie fokuserad på Mauritius energisystem genomfördes för att undersöka konsekvenserna av en potentiell introducering av biobränslen. Avhandlingen demonstrerar att undermålig integration av energimodeller och resurssystem kan leda till avsevärda avvikelser i resultaten. Slutsatser som dras utifrån dessa resultat kan därmed leda till vitt skilda – och potentiellt felaktiga – underlag för investeringar och energipolitiska rekommendationer. / <p>QC 20131118</p>

Cette recherche porte sur la pertinence et la faisabilité d’un programme de formation continue à distance des enseignants qualifiés de l’enseignement secondaire général public du Bénin. Elle a deux objectifs spécifiques : l’identification et l’analyse des besoins de formation continue des enseignants du secondaire du Bénin et l’étude des modalités administratives, pédagogiques et techniques de mise en place d’un tel programme dans le contexte béninois. Les recherches sont effectuées sur la base de la mise en œuvre de la technique du groupe nominal (TGN) qui a permis de générer un premier questionnaire soumis à un échantillon de 278 enseignants représentatifs des 1 488 enseignants qualifiés de l’enseignement secondaire général public du Bénin et trois autres questionnaires, basés sur la technique Delphi, adressés à 13 experts du système éducatif béninois. Il apparaît qu’un futur programme de formation continue à distance des enseignants du secondaire devrait comporter, principalement, les trois thèmes ci-après, classés par ordre de priorité : «Technologies de l’information et de la communication »; «Méthodes pédagogiques» et « Matière de spécialité ». L’utilisation de la technique Delphi a permis d’établir une liste de 23 items correspondant aux modalités administratives, pédagogiques et techniques pour la mise en œuvre de la formation. L’analyse des résultats de la technique Delphi et celle des réponses au questionnaire adressé aux enseignants ont permis d’opérer un choix de médias à utiliser et/ou à intégrer pour transmettre le savoir et soutenir l’apprentissage. Il ressort des résultats de la recherche que les enseignants béninois du secondaire ont d’importants besoins de formation continue et que la conception et la mise en œuvre d’un programme de formation à distance axée sur l’utilisation des TIC sont pertinentes et faisables au Bénin. Un modèle organisationnel de formation continue à distance a été proposé. / This study focuses on the relevance and feasibility using Information and Communications Technologies (ICT) for in-service training of qualified teachers of secondary general public school in Republic of Benin through a distance education program. There were two specific objectives: the identification and analysis of in-service training needs of teachers and the study of administrative procedures, educational and technological development of such a program in the context of Republic of Benin. The population of the study was made up of 1 488 qualified teachers and a sample of 278 teachers representing them in general secondary public education of the Republic of Benin. The research was conducted on the basis of the implementation of two types of questionnaire. We used the Nominal Group Technique (NGT) to generate a data bank for designing a questionnaire to collect information from qualified teachers, and three questionnaires based on the Delphi Technique were submitted to 13 experts from the Beninese education system. It was found that a future in-service training program on distance education for secondary school teachers should include mainly the following three themes, in order of priority: 1. Information Technologies and Communications; 2. Teaching methods; 3. Specific subject areas. Experts from the Beninese education system used the Delphi Technique and established a list of 23 items corresponding to the administrative procedures, and teaching techniques for the implementation of training. Analysis of the results of the Delphi technique and the answers of the questionnaire to teachers showed that the use/integration of a variety of media to transmit knowledge and support learning is very necessary. The results of the research also showed that teachers in general secondary education need continuing education which can be facilitated by the use of distance education with the aid of ICT. An organizational model of in-service training based on the use of ICT has been suggested.

Die Studie mit Fokus auf die Übernahme von Fischproduktion und konservierender Bodenbearbeitung (KB) in Sub-Sahara Afrika (SSA) verdeutlicht 1) die Komplexität von Übernahme- und Diffusionsprozessen landwirtschaftlicher Innovationen in SSA, vertieft 2) den Wissensstand zur Diffusion dieser zwei Innovationen und, leistet 3) einen Beitrag zur Entwicklung eines neuen methodischen Ansatzes für den Forschungsgegenstand. Neben der Darstellung der wesentlichen Konzepte und Literatur basieren die empirischen Daten auf semi-strukturierten Interviews, Fokusgruppendiskussionen, Teilnehmerbeobachtung und QAToCA, einem in der Studie entwickelten, partizipativen und expertenbasierten Bewertungsansatz. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Fischzucht – speziell im Fall von Kamerun – eine attraktive Beschäftigung für mittelständische Landwirte ist. Zur weiteren Verbreitung dieser Innovation besteht jedoch Bedarf für 1) zielgerichtete Förderung mittelständischer Landwirte, 2) Verbesserung der Organisationsstruktur der Landwirte, 3) Stärkung des Beratungssystems, und 4) Verbesserung der Forschung für Jungfischaufzucht. Mit Anwendung von QAToCA für die Übernahme von KB zeigen die Ergebnisse i) hohes Übernahmepotential in Malawi, Sambia, Tansania, Kenia – aufgrund positiver institutioneller Faktoren, ii) geringes Übernahmepotential für Simbabwe – bezüglich der instabilen Marktlage, iii) geringes Übernahmepotential in Süd-Burkina Faso – aufgrund der Konkurrenz um Ernterückstände zwischen KB und Tierproduktion, und iv) hohes Übernahmepotential für Nord-Burkina Faso – was sich darauf zurückführen lässt, dass Alternativen zu KB nicht bestehen. Für eine anhaltende Übernahme landwirtschaftlicher Innovationen in SSA zeigt die Arbeit Handlungsbedarf auf für 1) Berücksichtigung des Bedarfs für neue Absatzmärkte, 2) Anpassung von Innovationen an bestehende Managementstrukturen von Betrieben und, 3) Entwicklung von fördernden politischen und institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen auf Dorf- und Regionalebene. / Focusing on adoption of Fish farming and Conservation Agriculture (CA) in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), this study: 1) partly demonstrate that, the reality of adoption and diffusion of agricultural innovations in SSA is a more complex issue, 2) improve on the knowledge and understanding of diffusion for these two innovations in SSA and, 3) develop and contribute to a new methodological approach in this field of study. Apart from reviewing concepts and relevant literature, empirical data for this work was obtained by using semi structured interviews, focus group discussions and participant observation alongside a participatory expert-based assessment approach (QAToCA) - developed within this work. Results revealed that, Fish Farming especially for the case of Cameroon remains an attractive activity for medium-scale farmers. However for a sustained adoption of this innovation, there is need for 1) targeted support to medium-scale farmers, 2) improving organisational structures of farmers, 3) strengthening the fragile extension system, and, 4) improving research on fingerlings production. Following application of QAToCA in assessing CA adoption, results reveal i) high adoption potential for Malawi, Zambia, Tanzania, Kenya - explained by presence of positive institutional factors, ii) low adoption potential for Zimbabwe - attributed to unstable and less secured market conditions, iii) low adoption potential for Southern Burkina Faso - explained by strong competition of CA with livestock over residue, and iv) high adoption potential for northern Burkina Faso - explained by the fact that farmers have no alternative than to adopt CA. For long lasting adoption of agricultural innovations in SSA, this work calls for 1) addressing emerging needs for new input and output market outlets, 2) adapting innovations to existing management structures of adopting farms and, 3) developing a supportive political and institutional frame condition at village and regional levels.

Die vorliegende Dissertation beinhaltet eine detaillierte Analyse traditioneller und moderner Bioenergie, sowie deren möglicher Entwicklungspfade und Auswirkung auf Ernährungssicherheit im ländlichen Tansania. Die Arbeit bereichert die wissenschaftlichen Debatten mittels Aufzeigen von Optionen der nachhaltigen Produktion und Verbrauch von Bioenergie. Der Komplex wird in vier separaten und begutachteten Fachartikeln (drei publiziert, einer under review) bearbeitet. Alle Publikationen erzielen Aussagen für vier Einkommensgruppen auf lokaler Ebene. Für eine optimale Analyse ist die Arbeit thematisch in die Forschungsgebiete traditionelle und moderne Bioenergie unterteilt, die sich auch in den Kapiteln bzgl. des aktuellen Forschungsstandes sowie der Abfolge der Fachartikel widerspiegeln. Die erste Publikation beschäftigt sich mit traditionellem Bioenergiekonsum und der postulierten Einführung eines feuerholz-spezifischen, energetisch optimierten Kochers in dem Hauptuntersuchungsdorf Laela. Die Effekte einer Einführung von technologisch optimierten Holzkohlemeilern werden in der zweiten Publikation widergegeben. Nach diesem Fokus auf traditionelle Bioenergie analysiert der dritte Artikel die Effekte auf Nahrungsmittelsicherheit, die sich aus der angenommenen Verstromung von Pflanzenölen ergeben. Der vierte Artikel analysiert die Möglichkeiten einer erhöhten Palmölproduktion und leitet Ergebnisse für die tansanische Region Kigoma ab. Eine finale Empfehlung dieser Dissertation ist, dass die Verbreitung und Nutzung von verbesserten Kochern stark erhöht werden muss. Gleichzeitig sollten politischen Maßnahmen ergriffen werden, die Zugang und Verfügbarkeit von verlässlicher, erschwinglicher und nachhaltiger traditioneller wie moderner Bioenergie garantieren. Zudem muss die Etablierung einer effizienteren wie nachhaltigeren Holzkohle-Wertschöpfungskette vorangetrieben werden. Pflanzenölbasierte Elektrizitätsproduktion dagegen wirkt sich negativ auf die Ernährungssicherheit aus. / This PhD thesis provides a detailed analysis of the traditional and modern bioenergy situation as well as their development pathways and their respective influence on food security in case study villages in rural Tanzania. It adds to the current literature as it provides a profound understanding of how to enhance and sustain bioenergy production and consumption in terms of resource capacity and overall sustainability. For this, it comprises four peer-reviewed papers (3 published, one under review). All papers derive results for four income groups at local level. For an optimized analysis, the dissertation is thematically subdivided into the research areas of traditional and modern bioenergy which is displayed in the state of art research sections as well as the clustering of the papers. The first paper focuses on traditional bioenergy consumption and the potential introduction of a firewood-efficient stove in the major case-study village Laela. The effects of the introduction of more efficient kiln technology on resource consumption in the same village are mirrored in the second publication. After this focus on traditional bioenergy, the third paper investigates food security effects resulting out of the assumed use of vegetable oil for electrification purposes. The fourth paper analyses options for increased palm oil production and derives results for the Tanzanian region of Kigoma. The final recommendation of the thesis is that the prevalence and use of improved stoves needs to be increased substantially. Simultaneously, policy measures that foster the access to and availability of reliable, affordable and sustainable traditional as well as modern energy should be implemented. Furthermore, the establishment of a more efficient and sustainable charcoal value chain needs to be promoted. Vegetable oil based electrification, however, does not contribute towards food security.

Cette recherche porte sur la pertinence et la faisabilité d’un programme de formation continue à distance des enseignants qualifiés de l’enseignement secondaire général public du Bénin. Elle a deux objectifs spécifiques : l’identification et l’analyse des besoins de formation continue des enseignants du secondaire du Bénin et l’étude des modalités administratives, pédagogiques et techniques de mise en place d’un tel programme dans le contexte béninois. Les recherches sont effectuées sur la base de la mise en œuvre de la technique du groupe nominal (TGN) qui a permis de générer un premier questionnaire soumis à un échantillon de 278 enseignants représentatifs des 1 488 enseignants qualifiés de l’enseignement secondaire général public du Bénin et trois autres questionnaires, basés sur la technique Delphi, adressés à 13 experts du système éducatif béninois. Il apparaît qu’un futur programme de formation continue à distance des enseignants du secondaire devrait comporter, principalement, les trois thèmes ci-après, classés par ordre de priorité : «Technologies de l’information et de la communication »; «Méthodes pédagogiques» et « Matière de spécialité ». L’utilisation de la technique Delphi a permis d’établir une liste de 23 items correspondant aux modalités administratives, pédagogiques et techniques pour la mise en œuvre de la formation. L’analyse des résultats de la technique Delphi et celle des réponses au questionnaire adressé aux enseignants ont permis d’opérer un choix de médias à utiliser et/ou à intégrer pour transmettre le savoir et soutenir l’apprentissage. Il ressort des résultats de la recherche que les enseignants béninois du secondaire ont d’importants besoins de formation continue et que la conception et la mise en œuvre d’un programme de formation à distance axée sur l’utilisation des TIC sont pertinentes et faisables au Bénin. Un modèle organisationnel de formation continue à distance a été proposé. / This study focuses on the relevance and feasibility using Information and Communications Technologies (ICT) for in-service training of qualified teachers of secondary general public school in Republic of Benin through a distance education program. There were two specific objectives: the identification and analysis of in-service training needs of teachers and the study of administrative procedures, educational and technological development of such a program in the context of Republic of Benin. The population of the study was made up of 1 488 qualified teachers and a sample of 278 teachers representing them in general secondary public education of the Republic of Benin. The research was conducted on the basis of the implementation of two types of questionnaire. We used the Nominal Group Technique (NGT) to generate a data bank for designing a questionnaire to collect information from qualified teachers, and three questionnaires based on the Delphi Technique were submitted to 13 experts from the Beninese education system. It was found that a future in-service training program on distance education for secondary school teachers should include mainly the following three themes, in order of priority: 1. Information Technologies and Communications; 2. Teaching methods; 3. Specific subject areas. Experts from the Beninese education system used the Delphi Technique and established a list of 23 items corresponding to the administrative procedures, and teaching techniques for the implementation of training. Analysis of the results of the Delphi technique and the answers of the questionnaire to teachers showed that the use/integration of a variety of media to transmit knowledge and support learning is very necessary. The results of the research also showed that teachers in general secondary education need continuing education which can be facilitated by the use of distance education with the aid of ICT. An organizational model of in-service training based on the use of ICT has been suggested.

This dissertation focuses on the sub-national impact of foreign aid on civil conflicts by asking the question: How does foreign aid committed to contested areas affect the intensity of violence in those areas? The main theoretical contribution is to focus on how aid influences warring parties’ decisions to engage in contests over territorial control and how that in turn influences violence intensity. The study introduces two concepts: funding concentration and barriers to exploiting aid. A contested area has greater concentration of funding if warring parties expect a high value of aid to be distributed to only a few locations. Funding is instead diffused if the parties expect aid to be spread over many locations. A low barrier to exploiting aid is present if it is of a type that both state and non-state actors could potentially misuse. There is a high barrier if territorial control is required in order to exploit funding channels. The theory introduces three testable implications: First, greater funding concentration encourages conventional contests over territorial control, which increases military fatalities. The second proposal is that if there is a low barrier to exploiting aid (e.g. humanitarian and food aid) then there will be increased competition between warring parties and civilians, and hence more civilian fatalities. Third, high barrier funding (e.g. education aid) will motivate contests over territorial control and increase military fatalities. This dissertation uses geo-coded aid commitments data and introduces data of warring parties’ battleground control in sub-Saharan Africa, 1989–2008. The research design relies on propensity score matching where pairs of observations are matched based on a range of covariates. The results concerning barriers to exploitation are partially supported. High barrier aid increases military fatalities whereas low barrier aid has little impact on violence. Greater funding concentration increases military fatalities substantially compared to if there is low or no funding concentration. In line with theory, greater funding concentration does not increase civilian fatalities.

Univ., Diss. u.d.T.: Harttgen, Kenneth: Four essays on the empirical analysis of determinants, distribution and dynamics of poverty--Göttingen, 2007. / Parallelt.: Four essays on the empirical analysis of determinants, distribution and dynamics of poverty.