L'objectif a été d'évaluer à l'aide de techniques de phylogénie moléculaire la diversité bactérienne non cultivable dans la neige du Mont Blanc (MtBl) contenant de la poussière saharienne déposée au cours de quatre événements pendant la période 2006-2009. La diversité bactérienne a été évaluée par digestion enzymatique d'ADN et le séquençage partiel de la région V3-V5 du gène et des séquences complètes d'ARNr 16S. Nous avons étudié : (i) de la neige (MtBl) ne contenant aucune poussière saharienne (par ADNr et ARNr) ; (ii) du sable du Sahara (Tunisie) ; (iii) des poussières sahariennes collectées à Grenoble (200 m ASL) et de la neige récupérée au MtBl (4250 m ASL). Le contenu en espèces et en phylotypes dominants a varié dans la neige du MtBl associée aux quatre dépôts de poussière saharienne sur 3 années. Les phylotypes dominants appartiennent aux classes des Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Deinococcus-Thermus, Bacteroidetes et les Cyanobactéria. Cette variabilité semble être davantage causée par les conditions de transport de la poussière. Quinze phylotypes ont été reconnus comme candidats pour colonisation de la neige. Les représentants des genres Massilia, Tumebacillus, Phormidium et Stigonema sont les candidats les plus probables pour la propagation dans la neige. Parmi tous les phylotypes identifiés, 10% ont été classés comme HA-phylotypes basés sur leur similitude (≥98%) avec les représentants du microbiome humain et 11% ont montré moins de 90% de similarité avec les taxons connus. Le séquençage partiel (V3-V5) et complet des gènes codant l'ARNr 16S a permis de décrire la diversité microbienne plus complète et d'en obtenir une image plus détaillée.

<p>In this study a field study on the implementation of the United Nations Convention on Combating Desertification (UNCCD) in Tigray, Ethiopia has been carried out. The objective of this thesis is to study in general the implementa-tion of the UNCCD in Ethiopia. This thesis consequently focuses on how these issues are executed in practice at different levels, thus national, regional, district and community levels. However the focus is on some of the highly prioritised action programs that are presumed to facilitate the implementation of the UNCCD, which are the Action Programs for promoting awareness and participation, Action programs to improve institutional organisation and ca-pacity as well as Action program for empowerment of women. These action programs are studied in how they are presented at the National Action Plan (NAP) and Regional Action Plan (RAP) as well as how they are executed at different levels, i.e. at the Federal, Regional, district and Community levels. For this purpose the region of Tigray is chosen.</p><p>The result of this study shows that the vast majority of the respondents in the study areas indicated an awareness of desertification in regard to land degradation. The implementation of NAP at this stage, hasn’t reach all the regions around the country however, three regions in Ethiopia, thus the Afar, Tigray and Amhara regions have been chosen as pilot projects in attempt to implement the NAP at regional level and preparation are made to implement the con-vention at different community levels. Officially these regions have been chosen to launch pilot projects since they are situated in the dryland areas and they match the definition of the UNCCD for severely affected areas. At the re-gional level several pilot projects mainly conservation activities that involved the community members are launched in different parts of Tigray. Many opportunities to increase awareness of the land degradation and empower people are created in order to combat desertification, however the success of these activities varies from district to district and community to community and is dependent on the authorities’ intention, ambition, determination and interest as well as the relation they posses with the community members in the society.</p>

In this study a field study on the implementation of the United Nations Convention on Combating Desertification (UNCCD) in Tigray, Ethiopia has been carried out. The objective of this thesis is to study in general the implementa-tion of the UNCCD in Ethiopia. This thesis consequently focuses on how these issues are executed in practice at different levels, thus national, regional, district and community levels. However the focus is on some of the highly prioritised action programs that are presumed to facilitate the implementation of the UNCCD, which are the Action Programs for promoting awareness and participation, Action programs to improve institutional organisation and ca-pacity as well as Action program for empowerment of women. These action programs are studied in how they are presented at the National Action Plan (NAP) and Regional Action Plan (RAP) as well as how they are executed at different levels, i.e. at the Federal, Regional, district and Community levels. For this purpose the region of Tigray is chosen. The result of this study shows that the vast majority of the respondents in the study areas indicated an awareness of desertification in regard to land degradation. The implementation of NAP at this stage, hasn’t reach all the regions around the country however, three regions in Ethiopia, thus the Afar, Tigray and Amhara regions have been chosen as pilot projects in attempt to implement the NAP at regional level and preparation are made to implement the con-vention at different community levels. Officially these regions have been chosen to launch pilot projects since they are situated in the dryland areas and they match the definition of the UNCCD for severely affected areas. At the re-gional level several pilot projects mainly conservation activities that involved the community members are launched in different parts of Tigray. Many opportunities to increase awareness of the land degradation and empower people are created in order to combat desertification, however the success of these activities varies from district to district and community to community and is dependent on the authorities’ intention, ambition, determination and interest as well as the relation they posses with the community members in the society.

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Le présent mémoire pose un regard critique sur les nouvelles politiques de sauvegarde et de promotion de la diversité culturelle de l'UNESCO dans les pays en voie de développement plus particulièrement sur le concept de « tourisme écoculturel », Ces politiques ont pour particularité de faire du patrimoine culturel matériel et immatériel des communautés indigènes du sud un véritable outil de « développement » par l'entremise d'un projet de développement touristique. En se basant sur un projet de développement destiné à préserver le patrimoine culturel des communautés touarègues d'Algérie, Le Sahara des cultures et des peuples nous cherchons à démontrer les différents types de contraintes qui empêchent la réalisation de la mission que s'est donnée l'UNESCO. Le premier faisceau de contraintes découle de la nature autoritaire de l'État algérien qui a pour effet de court-circuiter les moyens proposés par l'organisation qui permettraient aux touaregs de prétendre à une certaine forme d'autonomie économique et politique. Nous croyons que le nationalisme algérien rend impossible toute prise en compte réelle de la volonté de ces sociétés ce qui contredit l'un des critères fondamentaux de la réussite du projet, c'est-à-dire la participation des communautés culturelles concernées. Le deuxième faisceau de contraintes a trait à la promotion de l'industrie touristique comme moyen de préserver le patrimoine culturel. En ce domaine, nous soutenons que la position de l'UNESCO fait abstraction des rapports de domination entre les communautés réceptrices du sud et les pays du nord. Selon nous, le fait de soumettre le patrimoine culturel de ces communautés aux attentes des touristes étrangers contribue à une extériorisation et à une « folklorisation » encore plus grande du patrimoine culturel des sociétés touarègues d'Algérie. Cette marchandisation du patrimoine témoigne d'une transformation de la philosophie de l'Organisation qui semble vouloir se conformer de plus en plus au discours d'autres organisation chargées des questions de développement dont la principale est la Banque Mondiale. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Algérie, Développement, Patrimoine culturel matériel et immatériel, Tourisme, Touareg, UNESCO.

Texte remanié de: Thèse de doctorat--Sciences économiques--Poitiers, 1996. Titre de soutenance : L'indicateur de développement humain du PNUD. / PNUD = Programme des Nations Unies pour le développement. En appendice, choix de documents. Glossaire.

This dissertation asks how conceptions of race have informed popular cultural expressions in post-independence Morocco. Further, how have these expressions helped shape Moroccan modernity? What does an analysis of the history of the Gnawa in Morocco tell us about changes in Moroccan society, including the religious landscape, and the relation of these changes to globalization? This dissertation tracks the often contradictory paths that modernity has taken in Morocco through a focus on one racialized subculture, the Gnawa, ritual musicians originally from sub-Saharan Africa who have lived in Morocco for centuries without losing a certain African identity. The first part of the dissertation assesses Blackness in Morocco, considering Moroccan history in light of its relations across the Sahara desert. I examine cultural patterns of the Niger River region to which the Gnawa trace their origins, as well as crucial elements in the Moroccan past that involve racial formation. The second part of the dissertation considers how newcomers come to take on these new spiritual and musical identities, whether through a kind of musical transposition or an economic conversion. I argue that mass media have been central in Gnawa conversion narratives in the past, while more recent Gnawa identities have revolved around the consumption of commodities. The third section details my own conversion through a series of engagements with the Essaouira Festival of world music and Gnawa music in Morocco. I attended the festival as an informed tourist and also behind the scenes as an interested participant, and I found that the festival serves multiple purposes in Morocco's cultural economy. I conclude that Morocco's aesthetic history is deeply influenced by conceptions of race. These conceptions have in turn influenced commercial media expressions of post-independence Moroccan identities. Finally, since the opening of Moroccan society in the 1990s, the clearest expression of the future of Moroccan expressive and popular culture has been the rise of music festivals. / text

Introduction : Un jour, au Musée de l'Homme, la lecture dans l'"Afrique préhistorique" de quelques lignes consacrées par H. Breuil aux formidables gisements d'El Azrir et Tachenghit" au Sahara occidental, dans la région de Tabelbala, nous laissa rêvant à une sorte d'El Dorado de la préhistoire. En ayant parlé à ce fidèle ami de l'Abbé Breuil qu'était H. Kelley, celui-ci nous dit, comme un secret, que l'un des grands projets de l'"abbé" était d'aller accomplir là-bas une grande mission.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) are infectious diseases wreaking irreparable havoc on the lives of millions all around the world. Of those infected and affected by HIV in the United States, African Americans disproportionately bear the burden of this disease, which has resulted in a major crisis within the African American community. In 2010, African Americans accounted for approximately 44% of all new HIV infections among adolescents, 13 years of age and older, and adults [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2012). These statistics become even more dismal when both race and gender enter the equation. In regards to global HIV/AIDS, the leading cause of death among women of reproductive age is AIDS-related illnesses (Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS [UNAIDS], 2012). According to the CDC (2012), 64% of estimated new HIV infections in women in the United States in 2010 were in African Americans. This study examined the effectiveness of increasing protective HIV behaviors through the use of the SAHARA program, a computer-based, gender-specific and culturally appropriate HIV behavioral intervention program. More specifically, the SAHARA intervention was created to encourage consistent condom use during penetrative vaginal sex through mediating components of the intervention such as HIV knowledge, condom use self-efficacy, barriers to condom use, and frequency of partner communication for a population of African American women living in areas of Kentucky and Georgia. Convenience sampling was used to recruit participants from college campuses and community areas. Fifty-two African American female study participants completed surveys through the use of a quasi-experimental non-randomized pretest-posttest design. Significant group differences were observed for scores on STD/HIV Risk Behavior Knowledge and Condom Barrier Scale. Results suggest that the SAHARA prevention intervention produced clinically significant changes in STD/HIV knowledge and perception of condom barriers in the SAHARA group compared to the control group.

L'objectif de cette étude est d'évaluer à l'aide des techniques de phylogénie moléculaire la diversité bactérienne non cultivable dans le manteau neigeux du Mont Blanc (MtBl) contenant de la poussière saharienne déposée au cours de quatre événements pendant la période de 2006 à 2009. Le but final est de découvrir les bactéries qui pourraient être impliquées dans l'établissement du microbiote neigeux.