The thesis explores whether, prior to the nineteenth century regime of legislative intervention which anglicised the law relating to contracts of sale for goods, the Scots common law underlying contracts of sale developed in a unitary fashion. Did the same principles apply regardless of whether the subject of the sale was corporeal moveable, corporeal immoveable or incorporeal? This question is analysed through a case study of the common law contractual implied warranty of soundness, and its application to the three types of property mentioned above. While this study does not provide a definitive answer on its own, it does give us a preliminary indication as to whether the law was unified or not. The thesis relies primarily on Scots case law and academic writings, employing historical and doctrinal methodologies. The study is supplemented by comparative law from France, Germany, South Africa and England. Roman law, and the works certain Ius Commune writers, are also referenced. The thesis can be divided into four parts. The first part explores whether academic texts on the contract of sale dating prior to the legislative intervention took a unified approach in their discussion. This establishes whether scholars from this period viewed the contract of sale as unified; and aids the analysis in subsequent chapters. The second part examines the warranty’s substantive framework in the context of its development, in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, through case law featuring corporeal moveable property. The third part looks at the warranty’s use in contracts of sale for corporeal immoveable property. Here, I establish that: 1) there was no consensus as to whether or not the warranty applied to this type of property; and 2) the warranty was not utilised by buyers of this type of property in practice. I identify a combination of factors which prevented buyers of latently defective corporeal immoveable property from invoking the warranty. The final part of the thesis examines the warranty’s actual and theoretical application to contracts of sale for incorporeal property. It establishes that the warranty would be relevant to some, but not all, types of incorporeal property.

Omni-channel has become a major player in retail marketing today. It is steadily gaining popularity among retailers because of its capability of providing consistent and seamless customer shopping experience. Omni-channel allows sales to take place via the variety of channels as it implements cross-channel business model. With the emergence of technologies like mobile devices, E-commerce and social media, the way of retailing as we used tohas changed significantly.Customers of today use different variety of channels and devices on their shopping journey. Omni-channel provides retailers the opportunity to engage and build strong retail relationship with customers, offering different retail channels for customer to use. Store pickup is one of the strategies offered by Omni-channel as it presents an unique way of purchasing to customers. However, selling on a single channel is not enough due to the increasing demand in better shopping experience from customers. Such demand has put retailers in a position to rethink and redesign their retail marketing strategies. We believe cooperating online with offline channel is the response to the demand.This work aims to find answers to the study questions regarding retailer requirements and E-commerce platform to be integrated. The obtained analysis results provide answers to the study questions indicating that retailers are looking for strategies to fulfill thier customer requirements as their shopping demand continues to increase. The analysis results further show that WooCommerce as an E-commerce platform is most sutiable for the integration out of the three considered platforms. The integration is part of the implementation phase that demonstrates the proof of concept of Omni-channel strategy. As a proof of concept, a prototyp is developed and implemented. The implementation result provides an integrated system that seamlessly combines online and offline channels in regard of store pickup as part of Omni-channel strategy. However, the results of this work only provide information and demonstrate an initial step towards completed Omni-channel and that alot of work is required in order to reach the full Omni-channel retail.

The opening part of this work is focused on the literary research, especially, it defines forms of retail sales and their specifics, consumer behaviour, attitudes to consumer behaviour. also describes development of retailing in area of the Czech republic. The trends of retailing are enclosed in the literary research. The second part of this work includes results of the research of consumers' attitudes toward various forms of retail sales. The main goal of this thesis is to explore the development of shopping behaviour in the context of the development of retail sales. The recommendations for traders are designed at the end of this thesis.

Submitted by Lira Rocha da Mota (lrmota@fgvmail.br) on 2014-04-11T16:09:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao.pdf: 1327836 bytes, checksum: d45aace450f509fb8a98c97ff86e3225 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by ÁUREA CORRÊA DA FONSECA CORRÊA DA FONSECA (aurea.fonseca@fgv.br) on 2014-04-25T19:49:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao.pdf: 1327836 bytes, checksum: d45aace450f509fb8a98c97ff86e3225 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2014-05-08T13:41:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao.pdf: 1327836 bytes, checksum: d45aace450f509fb8a98c97ff86e3225 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-08T13:41:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao.pdf: 1327836 bytes, checksum: d45aace450f509fb8a98c97ff86e3225 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-23 / We report the results of an exploratory data analysis of the Brazilian securities lending market. The analysis is performed over the full historical data set of each individual loan offer and loan contract negotiated between January 2007 and August 2013. We give a quantitative description of volume and loan fee trends and fee dependence on asset characteristics. We also unveil new stylized facts specific to the Brazilian market on market access asymmetries between different types of investors. The emerging picture is that the Brazilian securities lending market is a complex environment with specific frictions and strong asymmetries among players. In particular, we describe a tax arbitrage operation performed by domestic mutual funds which generates a significant distortion in the data. In one such event, we estimate additional aggregate profits of 24.25 million Reais (around 10 million Dollars).

The thesis focuses on the issue of damages under Article 74 of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (hereinafter the "CISG") as one of the possible outcomes of a breach of international sale contract. The general goal of the thesis is to comprehensively describe possibilities of the innocent party when claiming the damages under Article 74 of the CISG while focusing in detail on the issue of calculation of damages. The contents of the thesis are separated into three parts. First two chapters of the thesis cover general topics related to CISG such as its importance in the field of international sales and historic context of both the CISG as a whole and its Article 74 in particular. The reader's attention is aimed at the position of Article 74 within the CISG and detailed description of the principles governing its application, including in particular the principle of full compensation and related categorization of loss for which the damages can be awarded. Apart from the extent of the innocent party's right to damages, the thesis also describes the limitations of such right, namely the foreseeability of the loss and the obligation of the innocent party to mitigate it. In its second part, the thesis focuses more closely on the calculation of damages. In this...

Master of Science / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / Karol Fike / The United States beef cattle industry is continuously evolving and changing to meet buyer demands while considering environment factors for production. Cow-calf producers make decisions within their herds that impact their profitability. Previous research shows producers can add value to beef calves through management and marketing decisions in areas such as genetics, herd health, and nutrition. It is well documented that there are numerous factors that influence the sale price of beef calves, no matter the venue through which they are sold. Historically, steer calves sold for a greater price compared to heifer calves. Apparent breed composition also influences value of lots of beef calves. Black-hided calves recently sold for a greater sale price than calves of other hide colors due to perceived differences in potential performance. Calves with Bos indicus influence usually sell for a lower price than other breed types. Marketing of beef calves through video auction allows sellers to market lots of calves to a buyer basis nationwide. A national market provides a basis for buyer preferences and potential national trends for changes in characteristics valued by buyers. Evaluation of national breed composition trends can indicate potential changes in the industry. The opportunity to evaluate if and how breed description as described by producers influenced calf sale price from 1995 through 2016 was available through a livestock video auction service. Chapter 1 is a review of the literature and an overview of the beef industry and factors affecting sale price of lots of beef calves. Chapter 2 is an analysis of breed composition influencing sale price for lots of steer calves and lots of heifer calves. Chapter 3 investigates national and regional breed description and sire breed trends over a 23-year period.

In the past, copyrighted works were distributed exclusively through physical means, while copyright law developed to bestow copyright holder a privilege to decide when and under what circumstances a work should be put into circulation. The first sale doctrine, however, limited that ability in so far as, once a product is sold, copyright owners can no longer control the flow of that particular product, benefiting consumers and society in several ways. Today, as distribution is increasingly shifting into digital, the application of the first sale doctrine is challenged. This work provides for an analysis of the first sale doctrine under EU law and the ECJ case law in matters of digital exhaustion. It is shown that many of the benefits of first sale stem from traditional understandings of what means to own a physical copy and when it comes to the digital environment, the first sale doctrine seems to be undermined, and so do its benefits. It is argued that there is still some room for exhaustion, despite the lack of clarity of the wording of the InfoSoc Directive and Software Directive and the absence from the ECJ to provide for a final interpretation. Further to the analysis, it is shown that the promotion of a right to access and a right to transfer digital copies is still possible, even though they may not be the right answer to the issue of exhaustion in a digital economy by virtue of how market has developed and consumers response to it.

The objective of this thesis is to identify how a salesperson perform the product-service sale process, through investigating the salesperson’s conditions, challenges, and improvement opportunities within. Based on this, recommendations are given regarding how the product-service sale process can be improved, and how to develop the ideal sale process. The research is conducted from a salesperson’s perspective, since it is the role who interacts the most with the product-service sale process.  To fulfil the objective, service design methodologies are utilized, and a case company is studied. Data is collected from 23 interviews, two focus groups and one ideation generation workshop, held at two different markets, and with people at the case company and salespeople responsible for selling services. The findings from the just mentioned methods are analysed by a thematic approach and with service design tools, and are, lastly, discussed with support from relevant literature from the literature study.  The thesis results in many different findings. One of the findings regards which and how actors influence the sale process, and how they are structured. The actors, and especially the salesforce, are structured differently at different markets. The salesforce has either an integrated structure or a separated structure. Another finding is that the identified challenges are similar to common uncertainties and challenges within a product-service system, and the conditions, that are not met, reflects necessary conditions within a value-based sale. Challenges regarding how sales of services are too time consuming, there is a mismatch between the service’s price and packaging to customer needs, and there is a complex communication structure in the salesforces. These three challenges are considered as the most important.  Recommendations are given at two levels. At the first level ideas for future actions. with the aim to solve challenges and fulfil conditions, are presented. Meanwhile, at the second level, ideal examples regarding development process, relationships and information flows, salesforce and sale process, for the case company, to strive towards, with the aim to create ideal conditions for a product-service sale, are presented. / Syftet med denna avhandling är att identifiera hur en säljare utför en produkt- och tjänsteförsäljningsprocess (PSS), genom att undersöka vilka förutsättningar, utmaningar och förbättringsmöjligheter säljaren har vid utförandet av processen. Baserat på detta, har rekommendationer tagits fram angående hur produkt- och tjänsteförsäljningsprocessen kan förbättras, samt hur den ideala försäljningsprocessen kan utvecklas. Avhandlingen är genomförd ur en säljares perspektiv, med anledningen att det är den aktör som interagerar mest med produkt- och tjänsteförsäljningsprocess.  För att fullgöra avhandlingens syfte appliceras metoder inom tjänstedesign, samt en fallstudie på ett företag. Information erhålls från två olika marknader, där 23 intervjuer, två fokusgrupper och en idégenereringsworkshop utförs med deltagare från det studerade företaget och säljare som ansvarar för att sälja tjänster. Resultatet från informationsinsamlingen analyseras med hjälp av ett tematiskt synsätt och med verktyg inom tjänstedesign, för att sedan diskuteras med stöd från relevant litteratur från litteraturstudien.  Avhandlingen resulterar i flertalet insikter. Vilka aktörer som influerar produkt- och tjänsteförsäljningsprocess, och hur de gör det, är en utav insikterna. En annan insikt är angående hur aktörerna, inom försäljningsorganisationen, är strukturerad. På olika på marknader kan de ha antingen en separerad eller en interagerad organisationsstruktur. Ytterligare en insikt är att de identifierade utmaningarna efterliknar de utmaningar och osäkerheter som finns inom en PSS. Även de ej uppfyllda förutsättningar som finns, reflekterar de förutsättningar som bör finnas för att utföra en värdebaserad försäljning. Fortsättningsvis, de viktigaste utmaningarna som har identifierats är att tjänsteförsäljning förbrukar för mycket tid, tjänstens pris och paketering är missanpassade till kundbehoven, samt att kommunikationen i säljorganisationen är komplex.  Rekommendationer är utvecklade på två olika nivåer. Den första nivån förespråkar idéer för framtida handlingar, med målet att lösa utmaningar och uppfylla förutsättningar. Den andra nivån presenterar ideala exempel angående utvecklingsprocess, relationer och informationsflöden, säljorganisationsstruktur och säljprocess för företaget att sträva mot, och har som mål att visa hur ideala förutsättningar för en produkt- och tjänsteförsäljningsprocess kan skapas.

The acquisition of failing companies is a frequent practice in the modern commercial traffic. One of these modalities is to purchase companies immersed in an insolvency proceeding, either through the purchase of the operating business or the purchase of credits in order of its capitalization. The colombian regime insolvency has the tools to enable these type of operations although they do not achieved the desire objective. / La adquisición de empresas en crisis es una práctica frecuente dentro del tráfico mercantil moderno. Una de esas modalidades es la compra de empresas inmersas en proceso de insolvencia, ya sea a través de la compra del negocio en marcha o de la compra de créditos con miras a su capitalización. El régimen de insolvencia colombiano cuenta con herramientas para permitir este tipo de operaciones aunque las mismas no han alcanzado la profundidad deseada.

Submitted by Mario BC (mario@bc.ufrpe.br) on 2016-07-28T12:45:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Vanessa de Carvalho Nilo Bitu.pdf: 8806452 bytes, checksum: ac94c591ad656bdd84aaf9a0faaa5f5a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-28T12:45:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vanessa de Carvalho Nilo Bitu.pdf: 8806452 bytes, checksum: ac94c591ad656bdd84aaf9a0faaa5f5a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-03 / This bioprospective study with an ethno-directed approach took into consideration the knowledge of vendors of medicinal plants in a region of Northeast Brazil known as Triângulo Crajubar. Our aim was to survey the plants sold for therapeutic purposes in public markets in the area studied, to select the plant species based on ethnopharmacological use and to analyze them for phytochemical composition and antibacterial and antiparasitic activities. Medicinal plant vendors were asked to fill out a questionnaire to determine the relative importance of the species and informant consensus factor. Ninety-one species were indicated as being therapeutically useful; they were distributed in 49 families and 89 genera. Thirteen species showed great versatility in their use. There were 291 indications of use in 13 disease categories. On the basis of these results, the plant species Operculina hamiltonii, Cephaelis ipecacuanha and Lippia gracilis were selected and evaluated as follows, according to their ethnopharmacological use. The infusion of O. hamiltonii (IOh) and decoction of C. ipecacuanha (DCi) were analyzed by HPLC-DAD, while the chemical composition of the essential oil of L. gracilis (OELG) was determined by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. IOh was tested in vitro for epimastigote and promastigote susceptibility and cytotoxicity. IOh, DCi and OELG were subjected to broth microdilution assays to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration against bacteria; solutions of the natural products were also tested at subinhibitory concentrations to evaluate them for antibiotic resistance-modifying activity. O. hamiltonii showed high leishmanicidal and trypanosomicidal activities, but also substantial cytotoxicity. O. hamiltonii and C. ipecacuanha did not exhibit satisfactory antibacterial activity, but assays for modulatory potential demonstrated interesting results with synergism observed using various combinations of antibiotics and natural products. OELG was able to modulate bacterial resistance and could be used as a coadjuvant therapy against multidrug-resistant microrganisms. / Esse trabalho bioprospectivo com abordagem etnodirigida levou em consideração o conhecimento dos vendedores de plantas medicinais em uma região do Nordeste brasileiro conhecida como Triângulo Crajubar e objetivou realizar um levantamento das plantas comercializadas para fins terapêuticos nos mercados públicos da área estudada, selecionar espécies vegetais a partir do seu uso etnofarmacológico e realizar análises químicas, microbiológicas e parasitológicas. Foram aplicados aos vendedores de plantas nos mercados públicos, formulários que permitiram o cálculo da importância relativa das espécies e do fator de consenso dos informantes. Foram indicadas por estes, 91 espécies úteis terapeuticamente, distribuídas em 49 famílias botânicas e 89 gêneros. Treze espécies apresentaram grande versatilidade quanto ao seu uso. Foram obtidas 291 indicações de uso em 13 categorias de doenças. Com base nesses resultados, foram selecionadas as espécies botânicas Operculina hamiltonii, Cephaelis ipecacuanha e Lippia gracilis, que foram avaliadas nas etapas subsequentes, segundo o seu uso etnofarmacológico. A infusão de Operculina hamiltonii (IOh) e o decocto de Cephaelis ipecacuanha (DCi) tiveram seus compostos fenólicos e flavonóides quantificados por HPLC-DAD enquanto o óleo essencial de Lippia gracilis (OELG) teve a sua composição química analisada por cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrofotometria de massas. A IOh foi submetida a ensaios de susceptibilidade epimastigota e promastigota in vitro e ensaios citotóxicos. Para a IOh, o DCi e o OELG foram determinadas as concentrações inibitórias mínimas em ensaio de microdilução em caldo; as soluções dos produtos naturais foram testadas em concentrações subinibitórias para avaliação da atividade moduladora da resistência aos antibióticos. Operculina hamiltonii apresentou uma elevada atividade leishmanicida e tripanossomicida, no entanto com citotoxicidade significativa. Operculina hamiltonii e a Cephaelis ipecacuanha não apresentaram atividade antibacteriana clinicamente satisfatória pelo método estudado, no entanto os testes de avaliação do potencial modulador demonstraram resultados relevantes com sinergismo observado em várias combinações dos antibióticos com os produtos naturais. O óleo essencial de Lippia gracilis teve a capacidade de modular a resistência bacteriana e pode ser utilizado como uma terapia coadjuvante contra microrganismos multirresistentes.