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Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka den fysiska aktivitetens betydelse för att motverka sarkopeni hos äldre individer, samt om protein- och D-vitamin-intag kunde ha betydelse tillsammans med fysisk aktivitet för att motverka sarkopeni utvecklingen hos äldre individer (>65år). Metod: Deskriptiv litteraturstudie med litteratursökning i databaserna Pubmed och Discovery. Tio kvalitetsgranskade artiklar valdes ut som var publicerade från år 2004 och framåt. Resultat: Fysisk aktivitet i kombination med aerob träning och styrketräning, 150 min per vecka har en betydelse för att motverka sarkopeni utvecklingen hos äldre personer men även i ett förebyggande syfte för ungdomar och vuxna individer. Kosten: Proteinintaget för de äldre personerna verkar inte ha någon större betydelse för motverkan av redan konstaterad sarkopeni i de industrialiserade länderna. Däremot ser man en positiv effekt på motverkan av sarkopeni vid intag av D-vitamin hos äldre. Slutsats: Denna studie ger stöd åt uppfattningen att regelbunden riktad fysisk aktivitet för äldre har en motverkande effekt (som är mätbar och därför faktabaserad) på utvecklingen av sarkopeni. Äldre personer med redan konstaterad sarkopeni kan genom riktad fysisk aktivitet återhämta sin fysiska kapacitet som de hade innan sarkopeni utvecklingen. Det visade sig också att D-vitamin nivåerna hos de äldre deltagarna har betydelse för bentäthet och muskelstyrka som motverkar sarkopeni utveckling.

Title: Stimulation of strength abilities by short home exercise for women at the age of 50-65 years. Objectives: The objective of this work is to provide information about the influence of the short home exercise on muscle strength by a case study. Methods: Individually designed intervention program is based on the objective of this work and on a diagnosis of musculoskeletal system/locomotor system. Strength of the subject was measured through fourteen different strength tests by the isokinetic dynamometer. Subject's body composition was also measured by the bioimpedance method. Key words: muscle strength, Sarcopenia, age

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Educação Física, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Física, 2018. / Contextualização: Embora a osteoporose e a sarcopenia estejam aumentando à medida que o envelhecimento populacional aumenta em todo o mundo, a associação entre estágios de sarcopenia e osteoporose ainda não foi investigada. Objetivo: Examinar a associação entre diferentes estágios de sarcopenia, densidade mineral óssea e a prevalência de osteoporose em mulheres idosas. Métodos: 234 mulheres (68,3 ± 6,3 anos; 27,8 ± 4,4 kg/m2) foram submetidas a medidas de composição corporal e densidade mineral óssea (DMO) por meio do DXA. A força do quadríceps foi avaliada utilizando o dinamômetro Isocinético (Biodex System 3), enquanto que o timed up and go foi conduzido como uma medida da funcionalidade. Os estágios da sarcopenia foram classificadas de acordo com o Grupo de Trabalho Europeu sobre Sarcopenia em Pessoas Idosas (EWGSOP): não sarcopenia, pré-sarcopenia, sarcopenia e sarcopenia grave. Osteoporose foi definida como densidade mineral óssea no quadril ou na coluna vertebral ≤ 2,5 desvios padrão abaixo da média de uma população de referência jovem-adulto. Modelos ANOVA, testes quiquadrado e odds ratio foram calculados, com nível de significância estabelecido em p <0,05. Resultados: As prevalências de osteoporose foram de 15,8%, 19,2%, 35,3% e 46,2% para não-sarcopenia, pré-sarcopenia, sarcopenia e sarcopenia grave, respectivamente. A DMO e os T-scores foram significativamente menores entre todos os estágios da sarcopenia quando comparados com o grupo não-sarcopenia (todos os valores de P <0,05, η2 p: 0,113 a 0,109). Sarcopenia grave mostrou menor densidade mineral óssea e T-score para o corpo total, coluna lombar e colo do fêmur quando comparado ao grupo sem sarcopenia (todos os valores de P <0,05; η2 p: 0,035 a 0,037). Quando agrupados, os grupos sarcopenia e sarcopenia grave exibiram valores mais baixos de DMO em todos os locais (todos os valores de P <0,01) e apresentaram um risco significativamente maior de osteoporose (odds ratio: 3,445; IC95%: 1,521 - 7,844). Conclusão: Os resultados observados fornecem suporte ao conceito de que existe uma relação dose-resposta entre os estágios da sarcopenia, a DMO e a presença de osteoporose. Em última análise, esses resultados reforçam a significância clínica da definição da sarcopenia do EWGSOP e indicam que a sarcopenia grave deve ser vista com atenção pelos profissionais de saúde. / Background: Although both osteoporosis and sarcopenia are increasing as the aging populations increase worldwide, the association between stages of sarcopenia and osteoporosis needs to be clarified. Aim: To assess the association between different stages of sarcopenia, bone mineral density, and the prevalence of osteoporosis in older women. Methods: 234 women (68.3 ± 6.3 years; 27.8 ± 4.4 kg/m2) underwent body composition and bone mineral density measurements using DXA. Quadriceps isokinetic strength was assessed and the time up and go test was conducted as a measure of physical function. Sarcopenia stages were classified according to European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP): nonsarcopenia, presarcopenia, sarcopenia, and severe sarcopenia. Osteoporosis was defined as bone mineral density at the hip or spine ≤ 2.5 standard deviations below the mean of a young-adult reference population. ANOVA models, chi-squared tests, and odds ratios were calculated, with significance level set at p<0.05. Results: Rates of osteoporosis were 15.8%, 19.2%, 35.3%, and 46.2% for nonsarcopenia, presarcopenia, sarcopenia, and severe sarcopenia, respectively. BMD and T-scores were significantly lower among all sarcopenia stages when compared to nonsarcopenic subjects (all P values < 0.05, η2 p: 0.113 to 0.109). Severe sarcopenia showed lower bone mineral density and T-score for total body, lumbar spine, and femoral neck when compared to nonsarcopenia group (all P values < 0.05; η2 p: 0.035 to 0.037). When grouped, sarcopenia and severe sarcopenia groups exhibited lower BMD values for all sites (all P values < 0.01), and presented a significantly higher risk for osteoporosis (odds ratio: 3.445; 95% CI: 1.521 – 7.844). Conclusion: The observed results provide support for the concept that a dose-response relationship exists between sarcopenia stages, BMD, and the presence of Osteoporosis. Ultimately, these findings strengthen the clinical significance of the EWGSOP sarcopenia definition and indicate that severe sarcopenia should be viewed with attention by healthprofessionals.

Submitted by Sara Ribeiro (sara.ribeiro@ucb.br) on 2017-07-03T21:21:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JaquelinePereiraMotaDissertacao2017.pdf: 844360 bytes, checksum: 3ba79b2bca37832eac56780d0cc50814 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Sara Ribeiro (sara.ribeiro@ucb.br) on 2017-07-03T21:21:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 JaquelinePereiraMotaDissertacao2017.pdf: 844360 bytes, checksum: 3ba79b2bca37832eac56780d0cc50814 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-03T21:21:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JaquelinePereiraMotaDissertacao2017.pdf: 844360 bytes, checksum: 3ba79b2bca37832eac56780d0cc50814 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-17 / Aging is a dynamic and progressive process, whose individual presents progressive loss of their capacities and development of pathological processes increasing vulnerability and predisposing it to morbidity and mortality. Thus, the elderly person is 80 years old or older due to biological aging, making it more fragile and this factor was the research target of this research. The objective of this study was to evaluate the presence of fragility and pre-frailty in association with sarcopenia syndrome measured by the scale of SARC-F in long-lived elderly patients treated in an outpatient setting, in the Federal District. The method used was a cross-sectional and quantitative, observational study with 71 elderly men and women, followed at the Geriatrics outpatient clinic of the Cardiology Institute of the Federal District, Taguatinga unit as part of the multicenter project National Program for Academic Cooperation (PROCAD). Data were collected between March and October 2016, by screening in the outpatient registry. Instruments used: a questionnaire on sociodemographic data, anthropometric measures, instruments for the evaluation of sarcopenia and fragility, and the application of the tests to investigate the fragility with the phenotype of five criteria suggested by Fried et al. For statistical analysis, an electronic database was built in the Excel?? program and the data analyzed in the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 22.0. In the descriptive analysis, we used descriptive statistics (means, standard deviation and frequencies), the non-parametric Chi-square test for comparison of the qualitative variables and for the quantitative data the t-test was used for independent samples. The results were considered statistically significant when the significance of p-value <0.05. The results and discussion indicated the mean age of 84.73 (?? 3.59 and p = 0.95) years, and in the age range between 80 and 84 years, 62.1% (n = 18) of the elderly were fragile (N = 51 and p = 0,79), being 43.1% (n = 25), white (71.8%) and 54.3% (n = 25). = 22) fragile, average monthly personal income of up to two minimum wages of 59.4% (n = 41 and p = 0.04) in which 60% (n = 18) scored for fragile and comprised 40.8% ( (N = 29 and p = 0.37), and 48.8% (n = 20) were fragile, with regard to the level of education and primary schooling, 45.1% (n = 32 and p = 0.27), 60 % (N = 18) scored for fragile. In the anthropometric calculations, the mean weight was 64 (?? 12.6) kg, mean height 1.56m (?? 0.80) and BMI 26.2 (?? 4.55). The total number of pre-frail elderly (p = 0.04) was 57.7% (n = 41) and fragile was 42.3% (n = 30) and 25.4% (n = 18) Longevity are sarcopenic, and 83.3% (n = 15) of these were fragile. It was concluded that there is a positive association between the fragility syndrome and the sarcopenia syndrome measured through the scale of F-SARS and that long-lived women are more vulnerable to the fragility syndrome. These results will support and help the multiprofessional team to identify fragility in the elderly in the long term through preventive research in actions that aim to minimize its effects and promote a better quality of life and a healthy aging. / O envelhecimento ?? um processo din??mico e progressivo, cujo indiv??duo apresenta perda progressiva de suas capacidades e desenvolvimento de processos patol??gicos aumentando a vulnerabilidade e predispondo-o ?? morbimortalidade. Assim, o idoso longevo ?? o indiv??duo que possui 80 anos ou mais devido ao envelhecimento biol??gico, tornando-o mais fr??gil e este fator foi o alvo de investiga????o desta pesquisa.Objetivou-se avaliar a presen??a de fragilidade e pr??fragilidade em associa????o com a s??ndrome da sarcopenia mensurada por interm??dio da escala de SARC-F em idosos longevos atendidos em um contexto ambulatorial, no Distrito Federal. O m??todo utilizado foi um delineamento transversal e quantitativo, de car??ter observacional, com 71 idosos,de ambos os sexos, acompanhados no ambulat??rio de Geriatria, do Instituto de Cardiologia do Distrito Federal, unidade de Taguatinga como parte do projeto multic??ntrico Programa Nacional de Coopera????o Acad??mica (PROCAD).Os dados foram coletados entre mar??o e outubro de 2016, por triagem no cadastro ambulatorial. Instrumentos utilizados: question??rio sobre dados sociodemogr??ficos, medidas antropom??tricas, instrumentos de avalia????o da sarcopenia e da fragilidade, e aplica????o dos testes para investiga????o da fragilidade com o fen??tipo de cinco crit??rios sugeridos por Fried et al. Para a an??lise estat??stica, construiu-se um banco de dados eletr??nico no programa Excel?? e os dados analisados no programa StatisticalPackage for Social Science (SPSS) vers??o 22.0. Na an??lise descritiva, foi utilizada estat??stica descritiva (m??dias, desvio padr??o e frequ??ncias), o teste n??o param??tricoQui-quadrado para compara????o das vari??veis qualitativas e para os dados quantitativos foi utilizado o teste t para amostras independentes. Os resultados foram considerados estatisticamente significativos quando a signific??ncia de p-valor <0,05. Os resultados e discuss??o indicarama m??dia de idade de 84,73 (??3,59 e p=0,95) anos, sendo que na faixa et??ria entre 80 e 84 anos, 62,1% (n=18) dos idosos eram fr??geis, 46 mulheres (64,8% e p=0,05) sendo 54,3% (n=25) fr??geis, ra??a branca 71,8% (n=51 e p=0,79), sendo 43,1% (n=22) fr??geis, renda pessoal mensal m??dia de at?? dois sal??rios m??nimosde 59,4% (n=41 e p=0,04) na qual60% (n=18) pontuaram para fr??gil e era constitu??do de 40,8% (n=29 e p=0,37) de casados sendo 48,8% (n=20) fr??geis, quanto ao grau de instru????o e escolaridade at?? o prim??rio, 45,1% (n=32 e p=0,27), 60% (n=18) pontuaram para fr??gil. Nos c??lculos antropom??tricos, a m??dia de peso foi de 64 (??12,6) quilos, m??dia de altura 1,56m (??0,80) e IMC de 26,2(??4,55). O total de idosos pr??-fr??geis (p=0,04) foi de 57,7% (n=41) e fr??geis foi de 42,3% (n=30) e 25,4% (n=18) dos idosos longevos s??o sarcop??nicos, sendo que 83,3% (n=15) destes eram fr??geis. Concluiu-se que h?? uma associa????o positiva entre a s??ndrome da fragilidade e a s??ndrome da sarcopeniamensurada por interm??dio da escala de SARC-F e que as mulheres longevas s??o mais vulner??veis ?? s??ndrome da fragilidade. Estes resultados subsidiar??o e auxiliar??o a equipe multiprofissionala buscar identificar a fragilidade em idosos longevos por interm??dio da investiga????o preventiva nas a????es que visem minimizar seus efeitos e promover melhor qualidade de vida e um envelhecimento saud??vel.

Aging in skeletal muscle is characterized by a loss in muscular performance. This is in part related to the direct loss of muscle mass due to senescence, known as sarcopenia. With age, skeletal muscles lose force production, contractile speed, and power production. The force velocity relationship of muscle is a product of force production and contraction speed, both of which decline with age; however, the mechanisms and trajectory of this decline are not well understood. Exercise has positive effects on muscle, and thus may assist in maintaining performance in old age. However, few long-term studies have been performed to examine the effects of life-long exercise on muscle contractile performance. In order to test the potential for life-long exercise to reduce the effects of again on muscle contractile performance, muscle performance was determined in control mice and mice selected for high voluntary wheel running at baseline, adult, and old ages. Peak isometric force declined with age in control (C) mice without exercise (P

Age-related muscle atrophy and the importance of satellite cells in muscle maintenance, growth and repair led us to examine the effects of mechanical stretch, nitric oxide (NO), and age on satellite cell (SC) activation and gene expression in normal young and old mice. Baseline variables (body mass, muscle mass, fiber cross-sectional area (CSA), muscle strength, SC population, stretch activation and gene expression) were obtained from normal C57BL/6 mice at 3-, 8-, 12- and 18-months-of-age. Activation was assayed by 3H-thymidine incorporation into extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles isolated for culture. In a second experiment, muscle from 8- and 18-month-old mice was treated with one or more of: stretch; NO-donors (L-Arginine (LA), isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN)) and; Nω-nitro-L-Arginine methyl ester (LN). EDL muscles from 6-month-old mice required a greater stretch stimulus (20% vs. 10% length increase) than EDL from younger mice to increase SC activation. Stretch did not increase SC activation in mice older than 6 months-of-age. NO supplementation from an exogenous source (ISDN) increased SC activation by stretch in 8- but not 18-mo-old EDLs. In a third experiment, 8- and 18-month-old mice were subjected to 3 weeks of voluntary wheel running, or not. The EDL, tibialis anterior (TA), gastrocnemius (GAST) and quadriceps (QUAD) muscles were selected for analysis following sacrifice. The QUAD muscle from 8-month-old mice was the only muscle that demonstrated an exercise-induced increase in SC activation, elevated expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS-I) and downregulation of myostatin, a gene that inhibits muscle growth. These results suggest mechanical stimulation of satellite cells and regulation of gene expression that controls muscle growth in voluntary contractile tissue is muscle-specific and age-dependent. / May 2009

Syfte: Syftet är att utifrån ett omvårdnadsperspektiv undersöka hur utvecklingen av syndromet sarkopeni på ett effektivt sätt kan förebyggas.   Metod: Systematisk litteraturstudie där originalartiklar söktes i databaserna PubMed och Cinahl varav 15 originalartiklar granskades och sammanställdes.   Resultat: Omvårdnadsåtgärder som förebygger sarkopeni indelas i nutrition, styrketräning, vibrationsträning, och övrig fysisk aktivitet. Styrketräning kan med medelhög intensitet och proteinrik kost minska fettmassan, öka muskelmassan och muskelstyrkan och öka den fysiska funktionen. Fysisk aktivitet och ett stort proteinintag kan inte förhindra men bromsa utvecklingen av sarkopeni. Ett högt proteinintag i samband med träning är ett effektivt sätt att förebygga sarkopeni. Vibrationsträning kan stärka muskelgrupper och i kombination med styrketräning även öka muskelstyrka, rörlighet och muskelmassa.   Slutsats: Fysisk aktivitet och då framför allt styrketräning kan motverka sarkopeni. Träningen måste utföras regelbundet minst två gånger i veckan med en medelhög intensitet för att den ska ha effekt på kroppssammansättningen. Ett högt proteinintag är en förutsättning för muskeltillväxt och för att förebygga sarkopeni. Vidare visar denna studie att sarkopeni kan förebyggas upp i hög ålder. / Objective: From a nursing perspective, the aim is to study how the development of sarcopenia can be prevented in an efficient way.   Method: Systematic literature review where original articles where searched in PubMed and Cinahl, where the result of 15 articles where reviewed and compiled in different themes.    Result: The nursing interventions which prevent sarcopenia can be divided into nutrition resistance training, vibration training, and other physical activity. Resistance training can with medium-high intensity combined with a protein-rich diet reduce fat-mass on the body, increase muscle-mass and muscle-strength and increase physical function. Physical activity and a high protein-intake cannot prevent sarcopenia but slow the degenerative process. A high protein-intake combined with exercise is an effective way to prevent sarcopenia. Vibration, training can strengthen muscle-groups and can together with resistance training also increase muscle-strength, mobility and muscle-mass.   Conclusion: Physical activity and resistance training in particular, can prevent sarcopenia. The exercise must be performed with a medium high intensity for it to have an effect on the body composition and should be performed regularly at least twice weekly continuously. A high protein intake is a prerequisite for muscle-growth in order to prevent sarcopenia. Furthermore, this study shows that sarcopenia can be prevented even in a high age.

The body composition is changing with age: the lean body mass – first of all the skeletal muscle mass and later the bone mineral content – reduces and the fat mass increases, also the regional re-distribution of fat mass occurs. The combination of low muscle mass and low muscle strength or physical performance is called sarcopenia. The aim of this study was to investigate and evaluate the body composition in elderly and the associations of body components in age-related sarcopenia. We examined 151 male and 203 female aged 60 years and older. Body composition was investigated using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. In men with age-related sarcopenia, microbiopsy of skeletal muscle was performed. It was found that in men, the lowest lean mass and bone mineral content (BMC) were at the age of 80 years and older. In women, there were no differences in lean mass between age groups, and the lowest bone mineral content was found in the age group 80 years and older. Bone mineral content was associated with lean mass in both genders, and in women BMC also was associated with fat mass. In men with age-related sarcopenia, appendicular skeletal muscle mass was the most consistently associated with the total body, total hip and femoral neck bone mineral density (BMD). In women, the fat mass was the most significant determinant of bone mineral density. Cross-sectional area of skeletal muscle fiber was positively associated with lean mass, leg muscle mass, thigh circumference and total hip... [to full text] / Senstant kūno sudėtis keičiasi: liesoji masė – pirmiausiai skersaruožių raumenų masė ir kaulų mineralų masė – mažėja, o riebalų masė didėja ir vyksta riebalų masės regioninis persiskirstymas. Maža raumenų masė ir maža raumenų jėga arba fizinė funkcija yra vadinama sarkopenija. Siekdami ištirti ir įvertinti senų žmonių kūno sudėtį ir jos sudėtinių dalių tarpusavio sąsajas esant sarkopenijai, ištyrėme šešiasdešimties metų ir vyresnio amžiaus 151 vyrą ir 203 moteris. Kūno sudėtis buvo tirta dvisrautės radioabsorbciometrijos metodu, vyrams, kuriems nustatyta senatvinė sarkopenija, atlikta skersaruožių raumenų mikrobiopsija. Mūsų tyrimas parodė, kad vyrų liesoji masė bei vyrų ir moterų kaulų mineralų masė yra mažiausios 80 metų bei vyresnio amžiaus grupėje. Moterų liesoji masė amžiaus grupėse nesiskiria. Vyrų kaulų mineralų masė teigiamai koreliuoja su liesąja mase, o moterų kaulų mineralų masė teigiamai koreliuoja su liesąja mase ir riebalų mase. Esant senatvinei sarkopenijai vyrams galūnių raumenų masė yra reikšmingiausias veiksnys, nulemiantis viso kūno, bendrą šlaunikaulio ir šlaunikaulio kaklo KMT. Riebalų masė yra reikšmingiausias veiksnys nulemiantis moterų KMT esant sarkopenijai. Nustatėme, kad vyrų miocito plotas teigiamai susijęs su viso kūno liesąja mase, kojos raumenų mase, šlaunies apimtimi ir su bendru šlaunikaulio KMT.

Age-related muscle atrophy and the importance of satellite cells in muscle maintenance, growth and repair led us to examine the effects of mechanical stretch, nitric oxide (NO), and age on satellite cell (SC) activation and gene expression in normal young and old mice. Baseline variables (body mass, muscle mass, fiber cross-sectional area (CSA), muscle strength, SC population, stretch activation and gene expression) were obtained from normal C57BL/6 mice at 3-, 8-, 12- and 18-months-of-age. Activation was assayed by 3H-thymidine incorporation into extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles isolated for culture. In a second experiment, muscle from 8- and 18-month-old mice was treated with one or more of: stretch; NO-donors (L-Arginine (LA), isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN)) and; Nω-nitro-L-Arginine methyl ester (LN). EDL muscles from 6-month-old mice required a greater stretch stimulus (20% vs. 10% length increase) than EDL from younger mice to increase SC activation. Stretch did not increase SC activation in mice older than 6 months-of-age. NO supplementation from an exogenous source (ISDN) increased SC activation by stretch in 8- but not 18-mo-old EDLs. In a third experiment, 8- and 18-month-old mice were subjected to 3 weeks of voluntary wheel running, or not. The EDL, tibialis anterior (TA), gastrocnemius (GAST) and quadriceps (QUAD) muscles were selected for analysis following sacrifice. The QUAD muscle from 8-month-old mice was the only muscle that demonstrated an exercise-induced increase in SC activation, elevated expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS-I) and downregulation of myostatin, a gene that inhibits muscle growth. These results suggest mechanical stimulation of satellite cells and regulation of gene expression that controls muscle growth in voluntary contractile tissue is muscle-specific and age-dependent.