Com a evolução da informática, diferentes meios de comunicação passaram a explorar a Web como um meio de divulgação de suas informações. Diferentes fontes de informações, diferentes estilos de escrita e a curiosidade nata do ser humano despertam o interesse de leitores por conhecer mais de um relato sobre um mesmo tema. Para que a leitura de diferentes relatos com conteúdo similar seja possível, leitores precisam procurar, ler e analisar informações fornecidas por diferentes fontes de informação. Essa atividade, além de exigir grande investimento de tempo, sobrecarrega cognitivamente usuários. Faz parte das pesquisas da área de Hipermídia investigar mecanismos que apóiem usuários no processo de identificação de informações em repositórios homogêneos, sejam eles disponibilizados na Web ou não. No contexto desta tese, repositórios com informações de conteúdo homogêneo são aqueles cujas informações tratam do mesmo assunto. Esta tese tem por objetivo investigar a especificação, a instanciação e a experimentação de um arcabouço para apoiar a tarefa de criação automática de ligações hipertexto entre repositórios homogêneos. O arcabouço proposto, denominado CARe (Criação Automática de Relacionamentos), é representado por um conjunto de classes que realizam a coleta de informações a serem relacionadas e que processam essas informações para a geração de índices. Esses índices são relacionados e utilizados na criação automática de ligações hipertexto entre a informação original. A definição do arcabouço se deu após uma fase de análise de domínio na qual foram identificados requisitos e construídos componentes de software. Nessa fase, vários protótipos também foram construídos de modo iterativo / With the evolution of the Internet, distinct communication media have focused on the Web as a channel of information publishing. An immediate consequence is an abundance of sources of information and writing styles in the Web. This effect, combining with the inherent curiosity of human beings, has led Web users to look for more than a single article about a same subject. To gain access to separate on a same subject, readers need to search, read and analyze information provided by different sources of information. Besides consuming a great amount of time, that activity imposes a cognitive overhead to users. Several hypermedia researches have investigated mechanisms for supporting users during the process of identifying information on homogeneous repositories, available or not on the Web. In this thesis, homogeneous repositories are those containing information that describes a same subject. This thesis aims at investigating the specification and the construction of a framework intended to support the task of automatic creation of hypertext links between homogeneous repositories. The framework proposed, called CARe (Automatic Creation of Relationships), is composed of a set of classes, methods and relationships that gather information to be related, and also process that information for generating an index. Those indexes are related and used in the automatic creation of hypertext links among distinct excerpts of original information. The framework was defined based on a phase of domain analysis in which requirements were identified and software components were built. In that same phase several prototypes were developed in an iterative prototyping

With the increasing use of social media by students, researchers, administrative staff, and faculty in post-secondary education (PSE), a number of institutions have developed guideline and policy documents to set standards for social media use. Social media platforms and applications have the potential to increase communication channels, support learning, enhance research, and encourage community engagement at PSE institutions. As social media implementation and administration has developed in PSE, there has been minimal assessment of the substance of social media guideline and policy documents. The first objective of this research study was to examine an accessible, online database (corpus) comprised of 24, 243 atomic social media guideline and policy text documents from 250 PSE institutions representing 10 countries to identify central attributes. To determine text meaning from topic extraction, a rotated latent semantic analysis (rLSA) method was applied. The second objective of this investigation was to determine if the distribution of topics analyze in the corpus differ by PSE institution geographic location. To analyze the diverging topics, the researcher utilized an iterative consensus-building algorithm.Through the maximum term frequencies, LSA determined a rotated 36-factor solution that identified common attributes and topics shared among the 24,243 social media guideline and policy atomic documents. This initial finding produced a list of 36 universal topics discussed in social media guidelines and policies across all 250 PSE institutions from 10 countries. Continually, the applied chi-squared tests, that measured expected and observed document term counts, identified distribution differences of content related factors between US and Non-US PSE institutions. This analysis offered a concrete analysis for unstructured text data on the topic of social media guidance. This resulted in a comprehensive list of recommendations for developing social media guidelines and policies, and a database of social media guideline and policy documents for the PSE sector and other related organizations. Additionally, this research stimulated important theoretical development for how organizations socially construct a semantic structure within a community of practice. By assessing the community of practice, comprised of PSE 250 institutions that direct social media use, a corpus of documents provided unstructured data to evaluate the community. The spontaneous participation and reification process of the social media guideline and policy document corpus reaffirmed that a corpus-creating community of practice can instinctively form a knowledge-sharing organization that provides meaning, values, and identity. These findings should stimulate further research contributions, and provides practitioners and scholars with tools to measure, understand, and assess semantic space for other artifacts developed within a community of practice in other industries, organizations, or distributed associations.

The thesis focuses on the semantic analysis of the advertisement of different Czech beer brands which have been on the market for the last twenty years. The theoretical part consists of the interpretation of marketing strategies and psychology and decodes the typical advertising language and content of chosen advertisements. The thesis also deals with the history of beer, brewery and law restrictions of advertising alcoholic products.

Les concepts de topos, graphè, éthos et pathos contribuent activement à marquer la singularité d’une œuvre poétique, en l’occurrence, dans le cadre de notre thèse, celle de Louis Aragon (1897- 1982).Aragon fut l’inspirateur de compositeurs et d’interprètes comme « Kosma, Douai, Ferré, Ferrat, Brassens, Claveau, Montand, Trenet, Béart, Morelli, Martin, Ogeret ». Il déclare même qu’il aime qu’on lise ses poèmes mais préfère qu’on les chante. Outre l’importance de la dimension visuelle, la composante sonore et rythmique s’avère elle aussi capitale dans la perception et la réception de la poésie d’Aragon. C’est la raison pour laquelle nous avons opté dans notre thèse pour une étude analytique sémiostylistique et lexico-sémantique de l’œuvre poétique aragonienne.La sémiostylistique est « l’étude du fonctionnement sémiotique du style d’un texte ». En nous inspirant des travaux de G. Molinié, nous avons tenté d’analyser le « conglomérat lexico-syntactico-rhétorico-thématique » qui caractérise la poésie aragonienne en tentant d’ « apprécier la littérarité » des « segments occurrents, et [de] détecter leur spécificité ». Cela nous a permis de poser la question des conditions de la littérarité, de sa mesure, de sa valeur à réception et donc de l’effet de l’art à travers des procédés d’unité ou, au contraire, de subversion. / The concepts topos, graph, ethos and pathos actively contribute to highlight the singularity of a poetic work, such as that of Louis Aragon (1897-1982), the object of study of the present thesis. Aragon inspired many composers and singers such as "Kosma, Douai, Shoed, Ferrat, Brassens, Archstone, Montand, Trenet, Béart, Morelli, Martin, Ogeret".He even declares that he likes that his poems to be read but prefers are sung. Apart from the importance of the visual dimension, the sound and rhythmic components are also capital in the perception and the reception of the poetry of Aragon. This is why I opted in the present thesis for a semiostylistic and lexico-semantic analytical study of Aragon’s works of poetry. Semiostylistics is "the study of the semiotic operation of the style of a given text". Inspired by the works of G. Molinié, I tried to analyse the "conglomerate of lexico-syntactic, rhetorical and thematic characteristics" of Aragon’s poetry while trying "to appreciate the literariness" of the "occurring segments, and to detect their specificity" which enabled me to explore the conditions of the literary value, its measurement, its value at reception and, thus, the effect of art through the processes of unity or, on the contrary, subversion.

<p>This survey focuses on the omissible constituents of a sentence, which not only relate to the verb but also describe the subject or object. In a sentence analysis, they cannot be determined by the syntactic structure alone, but need an additional semantic approach. These units are commonly used, but so far have been insufficiently described in grammars and research literature, although the understanding of the function of these units is necessary in order to be able to make a complete sentence analysis. Further, there is no consensus regarding terminology and classification. The term depictive secondary predication is commonly used in English, and the terms <i>prädikatives Attribut, freies Prädikativ </i>and <i>Koprädikativ</i> are the most widely used terms in German. In this study, the term <i>freies Prädikativ</i> (FP) is used. The classification of these constituents in the literature varies between FP, adverbials and in some cases attributes.</p><p>Based on the information available in German grammars and mainly German research literature, a model was developed, which makes it possible to distinguish FP from adverbials and attributes. A corpus containing German novels and newspapers was analysed in the light of this model. The controlled sentences of grammar books and research literature almost always use adjectives as examples of FP. This study shows that FP can be found in all types of phrases like adjective phrases, participle constructions, als- phrases and prepositional phrases. In addition, it is shown that FP occur with all types of verbs.</p>

Wir versuchen herauszufinden, ob das subjektive Maß der Cloze-Vorhersagbarkeit mit der Kombination objektiver Maße (semantische und n-gram-Maße) geschätzt werden kann, die auf den statistischen Eigenschaften von Textkorpora beruhen. Die semantischen Maße werden entweder durch Abfragen von Internet-Suchmaschinen oder durch die Anwendung der Latent Semantic Analysis gebildet, während die n-gram-Wortmaße allein auf den Ergebnissen von Internet-Suchmaschinen basieren. Weiterhin untersuchen wir die Rolle der Cloze-Vorhersagbarkeit in SWIFT, einem Modell der Blickkontrolle, und wägen ab, ob andere Parameter den der Vorhersagbarkeit ersetzen können. Unsere Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass ein computationales Modell, welches Vorhersagbarkeitswerte berechnet, nicht nur Maße beachten muss, die die Relatiertheit eines Wortes zum Kontext darstellen; das Vorhandensein eines Maßes bezüglich der Nicht-Relatiertheit ist von ebenso großer Bedeutung. Obwohl hier jedoch nur Relatiertheits-Maße zur Verfügung stehen, sollte SWIFT ebensogute Ergebnisse liefern, wenn wir Cloze-Vorhersagbarkeit mit unseren Maßen ersetzen. / We try to determine whether it is possible to approximate the subjective Cloze predictability measure with two types of objective measures, semantic and word n-gram measures, based on the statistical properties of text corpora. The semantic measures are constructed either by querying Internet search engines or by applying Latent Semantic Analysis, while the word n-gram measures solely depend on the results of Internet search engines. We also analyse the role of Cloze predictability in the SWIFT eye movement model, and evaluate whether other parameters might be able to take the place of predictability. Our results suggest that a computational model that generates predictability values not only needs to use measures that can determine the relatedness of a word to its context; the presence of measures that assert unrelatedness is just as important. In spite of the fact, however, that we only have similarity measures, we predict that SWIFT should perform just as well when we replace Cloze predictability with our measures.

L'approccio argomentativo alla definizione permette di aprire una nuova prospettiva su questo tema. La definizione può essere infatti analizzata dialetticamente come un endoxon, una conoscenza comunemente accettata che ha come oggetto la struttura semantico-ontologica condivisa. La definizione dialettica può costituire lo standpoint di un'argomentazione ed essere fondata su argomenti, oppure fungere da premessa in un sillogismo retorico ed essere quindi uno strumento argomentativo e persuasivo. Le caratteristiche della definizione dialettica possono essere delineate a partire dalle sue origini nella Topica di Aristotele. Da un'interpretazione in chiave predicativo-argomentale di quest'opera emerge come la definizione per genere e specie sia uno strumento di analisi semantica fondamentale per comprendere il nesso di ragionevolezza negli entimemi ed al tempo stesso origine di inferenze argomentative. La tradizione aristotelica è ripresa nella tradizione latina e medievale, in cui viene evidenziato il rapporto tra i differenti tipi di definizione e la loro funzione argomentativa e persuasiva. Nella riflessione moderna e contemporanea il concetto di definizione dialettica è alla base dell'analisi della definizione persuasiva, cioè una strategia argomentativa fondata sulla ridefinizione e sulle inferenze valoriali che derivano dal “significato emotivo” del definito. Le categorie di definizione dialettica e di definizione persuasiva permettono di analizzare le funzioni argomentative della definizione nel contesto comunicativo scientifico, giuridico e politico. / A new perspective on the problem of definition can be opened by an argumentative approach to this subject. Definition can be dialectically analyzed as an endoxon, namely as an aspect of common knowledge regarding the shared semantic-ontological structure. The dialectical definition can be the standpoint of an argumentation and be supported by arguments, or the premise of a rhetorical syllogism. In this case, the dialectical definition can be used argumentatively and persuasively. The characteristics of dialectical definition can be found inquiring into its origins, namely Aristotle's Topics. By interpreting this work in a predicate-argument perspective, it is possible to notice how genus-species definition is a instrument of semantic analysis, which is fundamental to understand the relation between logic and reasonableness in enthymemes and how definitions can be source of inferences. The Aristotelian tradition has been revived in the Latin and Medieval tradition by analyzing the relationship between different types of definition and their argumentative and persuasive function. In the framework of modern and contemporary argumentation theories, the dialectical definition can be considered the foundation for a new interpretation of a particular argumentative and persuasive strategy grounded on definition: the persuasive definition. Persuasive definition can be seen as a redefinition aimed at altering the inferences from values (or judgments of value) which can be drawn from the definiendum. The concepts of dialectical definition and persuasive definition allow one to examine the argumentative functions of definitions in the scientific, legal, and political communicative context.

Tα τελευταία χρόνια, η εξάπλωση του διαδικτύου και το εύρος της πληροφορίας που διατίθεται στο χρήστη, καθιστούν αναγκαία τη χρησιμοποίηση σημασιολογικών τεχνικών προσωποποίησης, προκειμένου να βελτιώσουν την εμπειρία του χρήστη στο διαδίκτυο. Στις μηχανές αναζήτησης, οι χρήστες βελτιώνουν το επερώτημά τους με την προσθήκη, την αφαίρεση ή την αντικατάσταση των λέξεων. Παρ 'όλα αυτά , εκτός από την αλληλεπίδραση με μια μηχανή αναζήτησης, η εμπειρία ενός χρήστη στο διαδίκτυο κατά την αναζήτηση της σωστής πληροφορίας, περιλαμβάνει και την περιήγησή του σε σελίδες ενός δικτυακού τόπου ή μια σειρά από δικτυακούς τόπους. Κατά τη διάρκεια της συνεδρίας του, ο χρήστης αναδιαμορφώνει την αναζήτησή του. Ωστόσο, τόσο ο καθορισμός της σημασιολογίας της αναζήτησής του, όσο και ο προσανατολισμός της αναζήτησής του (γενίκευση ή εξειδίκευση σε ένα σημασιολογικό πεδίο) με βάση την πλοήγηση μέσα από τις σελίδες, δεν είναι τόσο εύκολοι. Κάθε σελίδα περιέχει περισσότερες από μία έννοιες. Επιπλέον, η επιλογή των αντιπροσωπευτικότερων είναι πολύπλοκη διαδικασία. Σκοπός της παρούσας εργασίας είναι η παρουσίαση της μεθοδολογίας SOSACT. Η μεθοδολογία SOSACT αποτελεί μια σημασιολογική μεθοδολογία εξατομίκευσης που παρακολουθεί τις επιλογές του χρήστη κατά τη συνεδρία του και καθορίζει αν ο χρήστης ειδικεύει ή γενικεύει την πλοήγηση του μέσα από τη σημασιολογική ανάλυση των σελίδων, σε ένα εννοιολογικό πεδίο. Η μεθοδολογία SOSACT ορίζει το σημασιολογικό προσανατολισμό της πλοήγησης του χρήστη. Επιπλέον, στην παρούσα εργασία προτείνεται ο αλγόριθμος SOSACT, ο οποίος εντοπίζει το σημασιολογικό προσανατολισμό του χρήστη με τη βοήθεια μίας ταξινομίας. Η μεθοδολογία SOSACT υλοποιείται από το σύστημα SOSACT. Το σύστημα SOSACT εφαρμόζει τον αλγόριθμο SOSACT και προτείνει χρήσιμες συστάσεις προς το χρήστη για τη βελτίωση της διαδικτυακής αναζήτησής του . Το σύστημα SOSACT αξιολογήθηκε με τη χρησιμοποίηση πραγματικής δραστηριότητας χρηστών σε μια ιστοσελίδα, για ορισμένο χρονικό διάστημα. Η μεθοδολογία SOSACT μπορεί να εφαρμοστεί και σε ένα σώμα κειμένων και όχι μόνο σε διαδικτυακές πηγές. Μπορεί να γίνει ένα χρήσιμο εργαλείο για τη βελτίωση της πλοήγησης στο διαδίκτυο. Επιπλέον, η προτεινόμενη μεθοδολογία μπορεί να γεφυρώσει τις τεχνικές αποσαφήνισης του επερωτήματος στις μηχανές αναζήτησης και τις τεχνικές αναδιαμόρφωσης του αντικειμένου περιήγησης. Η μεθοδολογία SOSACT θα μπορούσε να χρησιμοποιηθεί σε μια συγκριτική μελέτη μεταξύ των δύο αυτών τομέων και να οδηγήσει σε νέες τεχνικές και στις δύο περιοχές έρευνας του Σημασιολογικού Ιστού. / In recent years, the spread of the World Wide Web, as well as the range of information available to the user make the use of semantic personalization techniques a necessity in order to enhance the user experience on the web. In search engines, users refine their query by adding, removing or replacing the keywords in their query. Thus, query refinement is easy to be detected and tell whether a user generalizes or specializes his web search. Nevertheless, besides interaction with a search engine, a user web search involves browsing and navigating through the pages of a web site or a number of web sites while seeking the right information. During this session the user reformulates his search. But, defining search orientation (generalization or specialization) based on navigation through web pages is not that easy. Each page contains more than one concept. Furthermore, the concepts may be developed in the same extend and it is difficult to tell about the representative semantics of a certain page and thus a user session’s orientation. In order to define user navigation’s orientation a semantic web personalization methodology is developed, the SOSACT methodology, which tracks user’s hits through a session and defines whether a user specializes or generalizes his navigation through semantics analysis of the pages in his session window. Moreover, the SOSACT algorithm is proposed of capturing user session orientation based on concept taxonomy. The SOSACT methodology is implemented by the SOSACT system. The SOSACT system applies the SOSACT algorithm and proposes useful recommendation to the user to improve his web search. The SOSACT system is evaluated on real user activity in a web site for a certain period of time. The experimental outcomes satisfied the prospective results. The SOSACT methodology could become a useful tool for navigation refinement. Furthermore, this work is proved to bridge search engine query refinement and browsing reformulation techniques. It could be a comparative study between these two fields and lead to new techniques in both areas or migration techniques between both areas.

Darbe, remiantis informacijos paieškos teorija, bandoma sukurti tinklalapio navigavimo asociacijų analizės ir prognozavimo modelį. Šio modelio tikslas – simuliuoti potencialių tinklalapio vartotojų informacijos paieškos kelius turint apibrėžtą informacinį tikslą. Modelis kuriamas apjungiant LSA, SVD algoritmus ir koreliacijos koeficientų skaičiavimus. LSA algoritmas naudojamas kuriant semantines erdves, o koreliacijos koeficientų skaičiavimai naudojami statistikoje. Kartu jie leidžia tinklalapio navigavimo asociacijų analizės ir prognozavimo modeliui analizuoti žodžių semantinį panašumą. Darbo eigoje išskiriamos pagrindinės problemos, su kuriomis gali susidurti tinklalapio lankytojai sudarant tinklalapio navigavimo asociacijas – tai yra konkurencijos tarp nuorodų problema, klaidinančių nuorodų problema ir nesuprantamų nuorodų problema. Demonstruojama kaip sukurtas modelis atpažįsta ir analizuoja šias problemas. / In this document we develop a model for analyzing and predicting the scent of a web site, which is based on information foraging theory. The goal of this model is to simulate potential web page users and their information foraging paths having specific information needs. Model is being developed combining LSA, SVD algorithms and correlation values calculations. LSA algorithm is used for creating semantic spaces and correlation values are user in statistics. Together they provide possibility to analyze word‘s semantic similarity. Primary problems of web navigation are described in this document. These problems can occur for users while creating the scent of a web site. User can face with concurrency between links problem, wrong sense link problem and unfamiliar link problem. In this document we demonstrate how model recognizes and analyzes these problems.

Dans ce mémoire, nous proposons l’étude des représentations sociales du politique dans la presse quotidienne. Notre objet d’étude est le sens de la nation au Québec dans une période historique où la notion idéologique de nation s’avère un cadre de référence en profonde mutation dans de nombreuses sociétés. Plus particulièrement, nous voulons nous situer au centre des tensions à propos de la représentation sociale nationale en prenant comme observatoire un travail idéologique fédéraliste par des Québécois, qui à la fois se posent comme promoteurs de la nation, et visent une intégration dans un autre espace national et juridique : le Canada. Les résultats de cette étude qualitative sont issus d’une analyse sémantique du discours éditorial du journal La Presse. Nous avons ainsi examiné les différentes catégories de connaissance mobilisées lors de l’évocation de l’espace national, ainsi que la façon dont elles sont organisées au sein du discours lors des deux périodes référendaires, soit en 1980 et 1995. C’est donc dans le cadre d’une sociologie de la connaissance journalistique que nous menons cette étude. Le discours social, à partir de l’étude des théories des représentations sociales et de la sociologie des contenus médiatiques, ne peut se considérer qu’à travers l’ensemble des relations sociales dont il est le produit. Nous nous attachons ici à définir d’une part les spécificités du discours éditorial, et d’autre part les différentes catégories de connaissances utilisées dans notre corpus qui font sens. On perçoit alors, grâce à une description diachronique, l’évolution des représentations sociales ayant a trait à l’espace national québécois entre les deux périodes étudiées. Après avoir défini ce dont on parle lorsqu’il est question de l’espace national, nous nous emploierons à analyser la façon dont ce discours est organisé. Ainsi, nous mettons en avant d’une part, les différentes formes discursives, rhétoriques et argumentatives, mises en place dans le but de persuader et de justifier l’action (le rejet des deux référendums, et l’adhésion aux promesses de renouvellement du fédéralisme), et d’autre part la logique discursive mobilisée consistant à placer la nation comme un objet politique rationnel ou non. En effet, le discours éditorial nous permet de mettre au jour une organisation cognitive de la connaissance, qui à quelques nuances près, est structurée de façon manichéenne entre le rationnel (l’éditorialiste, le fédéralisme, l’économique, l’universalisme, la raison de sens commun) et l’irrationnel (le souverainisme, ses dirigeants n’étant que des rêveurs et des passionnés), se plaçant dès lors dans un rapport de communication politique, plus proche de la propagande que de l’exemplarité réflexive que pose le discours éditorial. / In this paper we will look at socio-political roles in the daily media. The objective of this study is to understand the meaning of national space in Quebec during a historical period of transformation that was taking place in numerous societies. More specifically, we aim to examine the conflict at the heart of the nation’s social role, from the perspective of an ideological federalist work by the Quebecois, who see themselves as promoters of their nation while simultaneously integrated in Canada’s national jurisdiction. The results of this qualitative study come from a semantic analysis of editorial articles from the newspaper La Presse. We have analyzed the different categories of information made available while the national space movement was taking place, as well as how they were organized around views during two referendums in 1980 and 1995. This study is therefore created in a context of socio-journalistic information. The social view points, derived from the study of social roles and sociology in the media, can only be considered in the context of the network of social relationships of which they are a product. Here we are trying to define the meaning of the specifications in editorial views, as well as the various areas of knowledge used in this text. Thanks to a diachronic description we can look at the evolution of social roles within Quebec’s national space between the two periods of time studied. Once we’ve defined our subject concerning national space, we will then analyze the way in which the views are structured. Through this process of identifying the different types of view; rhetorical and argumentative, created to persuade and justify the action (the rejection of the two referendums, and the adhesion to promises of renewed federalism), and the logic of the views used to show the nation as a rational political focus or not. Definitively, the editorial views help us to shed light on the cognitive organization of knowledge, which is almost mechanically structured between the rational (editorialism, federalism, economics, universalism, accepted social thinking) and the irrational (souverainism, having only dreamers and idealists as leaders), situated, since then, in a political debate more resembling propaganda than an admirable initiative proposed by editorial views.