Cette thèse propose une méthodologie pour des études en simulation numérique en grande dimension. Elle se décline en différentes étapes : construction de plan d'expériences approprié, analyse de sensibilité et modélisation par surface de réponse. Les plans d'expériences adaptés à la simulation numérique sont les "Space Filling Designs", qui visent à répartir uniformément les points dans l'espace des variables d'entrée. Nous proposons l'algorithme WSP pour construire ces plans, rapidement, avec de bons critères d'uniformité, même en grande dimension. Ces travaux proposent la construction d'un plan polyvalent, qui sera utilisé pour les différentes étapes de l'étude : de l'analyse de sensibilité aux surfaces de réponse. L'analyse de sensibilité sera réalisée avec une approche innovante sur les points de ce plan, pour détecter le sous-ensemble de variables d'entrée réellement influentes. Basée sur le principe de la méthode de Morris, cette approche permet de hiérarchiser les variables d'entrée selon leurs effets. Le plan initial est ensuite "replié" dans le sous-espace des variables d'entrée les plus influentes, ce qui nécessite au préalable une étude pour vérifier l'uniformité de la répartition des points dans l'espace réduit et ainsi détecter d'éventuels amas et/ou lacunes. Ainsi, après réparation, ce plan est utilisé pour l'étape ultime : étude de surfaces de réponse. Nous avons alors choisi d'utiliser l'approche des Support Vector Regression, indépendante de la dimension et rapide dans sa mise en place. Obtenant des résultats comparables à l'approche classique (Krigeage), cette technique semble prometteuse pour étudier des phénomènes complexes en grande dimension. / This thesis proposes a methodology of study in numeric simulation for high dimensions. There are several steps in this methodology : setting up an experimental design, performing sensitivity analysis, then using response surface for modelling. In numeric simulation, we use a Space Filling Design that scatters the points in the entire domain. The construction of an experimental design in high dimensions must be efficient, with good uniformity properties. Moreover, this construction must be fast. We propose using the WSP algorithm to construct such an experimental design. This design is then used in all steps of the methodology, making it a versatile design, from sensitivity analysis to modelling. A sensitivity analysis allows identifying the influent factors. Adapting the Morris method principle, this approach classifies the inputs into three groups according to their effects. Then, the experimental design is folded over in the subspace of the influent inputs. This action can modify the uniformity properties of the experimental design by creating possible gaps and clusters. So, it is necessary to repair it by removing clusters and filling gaps. We propose a step-by-step approach to offer suitable repairing for each experimental design. Then, the repaired design is used for the final step: modelling from the response surface. We consider a Support Vector Machines method because dimension does not affect the construction. Easy to construct and with good results, similar to the results obtained by Kriging, the Support Vector Regression method is an alternative method for the study of complex phenomena in high dimensions.

<p>Powder bed fusion (PBF) process is a metal additive manufacturing process, which can build parts with any complexity from a wide range of metallic materials. Research in the PBF process predominantly focuses on the impact of a few parameters on the ultimate properties of the printed part. The lack of a systematic approach to optimizing the process parameters for a better performance of given material results in a sub-optimal process limiting the potentialof the application. This process needs a comprehensive study of all the influential parameters and their impact on the mechanical and microstructural properties of a fabricated part. Furthermore, there is a need to develop a quantitative system for mapping the material properties and process parameters with the ultimate quality of the fabricated part to achieve improvement in the manufacturing cycle as well as the quality of the final part produced by the PBF process. To address the aforementioned challenges, this research proposes a framework to optimize the process for 316L stainless steel material. This framework characterizes the influence of process parameters on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the fabricated part using a series of experiments. These experiments study the significance of process parameters and their variance as well as study the microstructure and mechanical properties of fabricated parts by conducting tensile, impact, hardness, surface roughness, and densification tests, and ultimately obtain the optimum range of parameters. This would result in a more complete understanding of the correlation between process parameters and part quality. Furthermore, the data acquired from the experimentsare employed to develop an intelligent parameter suggestion multi-layer feedforward (FF) backpropagation (BP) artificial neural network (ANN). This network estimates the fabrication time and suggests the parameter setting accordingly to the user/manufacturers desired characteristics of the end-product. Further, research is in progress to evaluate the framework for assemblies and complex part designs and incorporate the results in the network for achieving process repeatability and consistency.</p><br>

Cette thèse est consacrée au développement d’un outil de pré-dimensionnement par éléments finis pour l’estimation de l’endommagement par fatigue polycyclique de structures linéaires sous chargements multiaxiaux et stationnaires gaussiens. L’état de contraintes atteint dans ces structures étant aléatoire, il devient nécessaire de raisonner en terme de statistique et l’approche spectrale s’avère particulièrement adaptée pour cette situation. Dans ce travail, les méthodes spectrales sont améliorées par la prise en compte des largeurs de bande des spectres de réponses des structures soumises à des chargements nonproportionnels et de moyennes non nulles. Le critère d’endommagement de Sines est retenu. L’étude numérique de la distribution de l’endommagement résultant des incertitudes sur les paramètres matériaux et des applications dans le domaine de l’optimisation des structures sont également abordées. / This dissertation is devoted to the development of a finite element pre-designing tool for the estimation of high cycle fatigue damage for linear structure subject to multiaxial and Gaussian stationary loads. Given the random nature of the stress state, it becomes necessary to look at this problem from a statistical point of view and spectral methods appear to be the best approach. In this work, spectral methods are improved by taking into account the response spectral bandwidths of structures under non proportional and non zero mean loads; the Sines’ damage criterion is employed. The numerical analysis of the fatigue damage distribution resulting from the uncertainties of the material parameters and applications in the field of structural optimisation are also treated.

<p>The rise of technologies and the Internet have provided opportunities to connect logistics demand and supply using the crowd. In this system, named crowd-shipping (CS), a requester doing the shipping selects a courier via a platform. In reality, the idea of CS has been explored by many firms over the last several years. However, there is a lack of fundamental understanding of the issues related to: (1) the markets that are likely to be influenced by CS; (2) the considerations that govern the success of this system; and the (3) the impacts of CS and its design.</p><p><br></p> <p>To address these issues, there is a need of understanding CS system's stakeholders, such as requesters' (i.e. senders') and potential couriers' (i.e. driver-partners') behaviors as well as operations and management of CS firms. This research will address these gaps by conducting a survey to understand driver-partners' behaviors and requesters' behaviors given the CS services availability in the logistics market. Then, pricing and compensation strategies are designed and modeled based on behavior rules of supply and demand generations as well as various CS market penetrations. As such, this research addresses the CS industry in a triad of supply, demand, and operations and management.</p><p><br></p> <p>This research uses advanced econometrics, statistics analysis, mixed integer optimization, and data science techniques to analyze data and generate insights. The contributions of this research are to identify the contributing factors that impact the emerging logistics service. This research also reveals factors that influence the current and future shipping behaviors of requesters, as well as influencing factors of the individuals' willingness to work as driver-partners. The integrated matching and routing models have been developed to examine different pricing and compensation strategies under several market penetration scenarios. `Individual' price and compensation have found to provide the highest profit for CS platform providers.</p><p><br></p> <p>This research provides meaningful knowledge for stakeholders, especially for the CS firms to develop business strategies. Several remarkable benefits that CS firms can obtain include: focusing on some specific population groups to recruit driver-partners (e.g. people with children, middle-aged people having lower incomes, or no car ownership); addressing certain market segments to promote CS services (e.g. tight-window delivery packages, peripheral products, or personal health and medicine items); implementing `individual' or `flatted' pricing and compensation strategies depending on the time of the day, the day of the week, or the market penetration; and improving platform features to incorporate requesters' and driver-partners' expectations.</p>

As descargas atmosféricas causam prejuízos às concessionárias de energia elétrica, aos consumidores e à sociedade como um todo. Diferentes métodos podem ser utilizados para melhorar a confiabilidade do sistema elétrico e a qualidade da energia fornecida aos consumidores. Entretanto, as sobretensões atmosféricas variam em função de diversos parâmetros, de modo que a eficácia de determinada alternativa de proteção depende não apenas da configuração da rede, mas também das características da região, especialmente da densidade de descargas atmosféricas e da resistividade do solo. Consequentemente a relação custo-benefício correspondente a cada alternativa também depende das características de cada região. É importante, portanto, dispor de um modelo para realizar essas avaliações levando em conta todos os fatores envolvidos no processo, de forma a auxiliar as empresas de energia na tomada de decisões sobre investimentos em proteção contra descargas atmosféricas. Entretanto, modelos de análise de viabilidade que permitam a obtenção de conclusões econômicas amplas para dar suporte à tomada de decisões não são normalmente utilizados em função da complexidade dos fenômenos associados às descargas atmosféricas e à dificuldade na construção de modelagens econômicas neste contexto. Para preencher esta lacuna, este trabalho propõe um modelo para análise do custo e benefício da implantação de sistemas de proteção contra descargas atmosféricas em redes de distribuição considerando os investimentos, a redução da indisponibilidade e os custos evitados para a distribuidora e a sociedade. A análise financeira é feita com base na taxa interna de retorno dos investimentos e na razão entre custos e benefícios, o que facilita a análise de sensibilidade e permite determinar as condições nas quais a alternativa será viável. O modelo considera a indisponibilidade de energia e a inconfiabilidade do sistema a partir dos indicadores de duração equivalente de interrupção por unidade consumidora (DEC) e da frequência equivalente de interrupção por unidade consumidora (FEC), respectivamente. Os custos evitados devido à redução da indisponibilidade são tratados como benefícios. É utilizado para analisar as condições nas quais a aplicação de um determinado método de proteção em uma determinada rede é técnica e economicamente viável. Faz-se também uma análise de sensibilidade, sendo discutidas as influências de vários parâmetros nas relações custo-benefício correspondentes às regiões estudadas. O que na realidade não limita o modelo à análise de investimentos para melhoria do desempenho de redes de distribuição frente a descargas atmosféricas, mostrou-se prático e de grande utilidade na tomada de decisões quanto à realização de determinado investimento considerando as características da região e a efetividade do método de proteção analisado. / Lightning causes damages and losses to power companies, consumers, and the society as a whole. Different methods can be used to improve the power quality and the reliability of the electrical system. However, lightning overvoltages depend upon several parameters, so that the effectiveness of a certain protection alternative depends not only on the network configuration but also on the characteristics of the region, especially the ground flash density and the soil resistivity. Consequently, the cost-benefit ratio corresponding to each alternative depends also on the characteristics of each region. It is important, therefore, that the model for conducting these assessments be capable of taking into account all the factors involved in the process so that it can assist power companies in making decisions on investments in lightning protection. However, models of feasibility analysis that enable to obtain broad economic conclusions to support decision-making are not normally used due to the complexity of the phenomena associated with lightning overvoltages and the difficulty in constructing economic models in this context. For this reason this work proposes a model for the analysis of the cost and benefit of the implantation of lightning protection systems in distribution networks considering the investments, the reduction of the unavailability, and the costs avoided for the distribution power company and the society. The financial analysis is based on the internal rate of return on investments and the cost-benefit ratio, which facilitates the sensitivity analysis and allows for the determination of the conditions under which the alternative will be feasible. The model considers the energy unavailability and the unreliability of the system from the indicators of equivalent duration of interruption per consumer unit (DEC) and the equivalent frequency of interruption per consumer unit (FEC), respectively. The costs avoided due to the reduction of unavailability are treated as benefits. The model is used to analyze the conditions under which the application of a given protection method in a given network is technically and economically feasible. A sensitivity analysis is also done and the influences of several parameters on the cost-benefit ratios corresponding to the regions studied are discussed. However the model, which actually is not limited to the analysis of investments to improve the lightning performance of power distribution networks, has proved to be practical and very useful in the decision-makingregarding the realization of a given investment taking into account the characteristics of the region and the effectiveness of the protection method analyzed.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo realizar um estudo de alocação de unidades termoelétricas em sistemas elétricos de potência (SEP). O fluxo de potencia ótimo (FPO) foi utilizado para se obter o ponto ótimo de operação para o sistema e os multiplicadores de Lagrange associados às restrições. Os multiplicadores de Lagrange indicam a sensibilidade entre a função objetivo e a restrição a ele associada. Esta sensibilidade indica, quais as barras do sistema, são candidatas à alocação de novas usinas termoelétricas. Testes nos sistemas de 5 barras, IEEE 14 barras, IEEE 30 barras, equivalente CESP 440 kV de 53 barras e IEEE 118 barras comprovam a eficiência da abordagem, a qual poderá ser utilizada em estudos de planejamento da expansão do sistema. / The aim of this paper is to present a study of thermoelectrical generation allocation in electric power systems. The optimal power flow (OPF) was used to evaluate the optimal operation point for the power system and also Lagrange multipliers associated with the constraints. The Lagrange multipliers are the sensitivity between the objective function and its constraints. This sensitivity is used to verify in a power system where is the best place to incentive the allocation of new thermoelectrical power plants. Tests on the systems: 5 buses, IEEE 14 buses, IEEE 30 buses, equivalent CESP 440kV 53 buses and IEEE 118 buses showed the efficiency of the presented approach. This method of analyzing the system can be used in study of expansion planning system.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-04T18:50:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Jairo.pdf: 2924101 bytes, checksum: 8a9716b369188f13960e4f2bc2fbbacb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-10-16 / Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior / The topological derivative provides the sensitivity of a given shape functional with respect to an infinitesimal non-smooth domain pertubation (insertion of hole or inclusion, for instance). Classically, this derivative comes from the second term of the topological asymptotic expansion, dealing only with inifinitesimal pertubations. However, for pratical applications, we need to insert pertubations of finite sizes.Therefore, we consider other terms in the expansion, leading to the concept of higher-order topological derivatives. In a particular, we observe that the topological-shape sensitivity method can be naturally extended to calculate these new terms, resulting in a systematic methodology to obtain higher-order topological derivatives. In order to present these ideas, initially we apply this technique in some problems with exact solution, where the topological asymptotic expansion is obtained until third order. Later, we calculate first as well as second order topological derivative for the total potential energy associated to the Laplace equation in two-dimensional domain pertubed with the insertion of a hole, considering homogeneous Neumann or Dirichlet boundary conditions, or an inclusion with thermal conductivity coefficient value different from the bulk material. With these results, we present some numerical experiments showing the influence of the second order topological derivative in the topological asymptotic expansion, which has two main features:it allows us to deal with pertubations of finite sizes and provides a better descent direction in optimization and reconstruction algorithms. / A derivada topológica fornece a sensibilidade de uma dada função custo quando uma pertubação não suave e infinitesimal (furo ou inclusão, por exemplo) é introduzida. Classicamente, esta derivada vem do segundo termo da expansão assintótica topológica considerando-se apenas pertubações infinitesimais. No entanto, em aplicações práticas, é necessário considerar pertubação de tamanho finito. Motivado por este fato, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo fundamental introduzir o conceito de derivadas topológicas de ordem superiores, o que permite considerar mais termos na expansão assintótica topológica. Em particular, observa-se que o topological-shape sensitivity method pode ser naturalmente estendido para o cálculo destes novos termos, resultando em uma metodologia sistemática de análise de sensibilidade topológica de ordem superior. Para se apresentar essas idéias, inicialmente essa técnica é verificada através de alguns problemas que admitem solução exata, onde se calcula explicitamente a expansão assintótica topológica até terceira ordem. Posteriormente, considera-se a equação de Laplace bidimensional, cujo domínio é topologicamente pertubado pela introdução de um furo com condição de contorno de Neumann ou de Dirichlet homogêneas, ou ainda de uma inclusão com propriedade física distinta do meio. Nesse caso, são calculadas explicitamente as derivadas topológicas de primeira e segunda ordens. Com os resultados obtidos em todos os casos, estuda-se a influência dos termos de ordem superiores na expansão assintótica topológica, através de experimentos numéricos. Em particular, observa-se que esses novos termos, além de permitir considerar pertubações de tamanho finito, desempenham ainda um importante papel tanto como fator de correção da expansão assintótica topológica, quanto como direção de descida em processos de otimização. Finalmente, cabe mencionar que a metodologia desenvolvida neste trabalho apresenta um grande potencial para aplicação na otimização e em algoritimos de reconstrução.

Neste trabalho propomos uma abordagem para a resolução do problema de Fluxo de Potência Ótimo (FPO) perturbado. A metodologia consiste na obtenção da solução ótima para o problema inicial via um programa de FPO, e na utilização de sensibilidade para estimar novas soluções depois de ocorridas algumas perturbações no problema. Essas perturbações são variações de carga em uma ou mais barras do sistema. A técnica de sensibilidade está baseada nas informações de segunda ordem e nas condições de otimalidade. A obtenção da solução após ocorrerem perturbações no sistema é direta e não necessita de parâmetros iniciais e de correção, como penalidade e barreira, utilizados nos programas de FPO convencionais. Os resultados numéricos apresentados evidenciam o potencial desta metodologia para resolução do problema de FPO perturbado. / An approach to solve the perturbated Optimal Power Flow (OPF) problem is proposed in this study. The methodology consists in obtaining the optimal solution for the initial problem via a program of OPF, and using sensitivity to estimate new solutions after the occurrence of some perturbations in the problem. These perturbations consist in load variations in some buses of the system. The sensitivity technique is based on both the information of second order and otimality conditions. The computation of the solutions after the occurrence of perturbations in the system does not depend of initial and correction parameters such as penalty and barrier used in the conventional OPF programs. The numerical results demonstrate the potential of this methodology for the solution of the perturbated OPF problem.

Pour commercialiser un véhicule, les constructeurs automobiles doivent se soumettre à la réglementation sur le bruit extérieur. Le règlement de la commission économique pour l'Europe, ECE R51.03, spécifie les niveaux admissibles que peut rayonner un véhicule automobile en roulage. Ce règlement est entré en vigueur depuis le 1er juillet 2016 pour remplacer l'ancien règlement ECE R51.02 (changement de méthode d’essai et sévérisation des niveaux de bruit admissibles). La diminution drastique des niveaux sonores tolérés se fait en trois étapes : passage de 74 dB (A) sous l'ancien règlement, à 68 dB (A) en 2024. Par conséquent, les constructeurs ainsi que les fournisseurs automobiles seront confrontés à un grand défi pour atteindre cet objectif. Ainsi, l'objectif de ces travaux de thèse consiste à développer une aide à la modélisation totale du bruit de passage d’un véhicule, comme le préconisent les essais réglementaires. Le but est de construire des modèles optimaux pour prévoir et évaluer avec précision le bruit que peut rayonner un véhicule en roulage plus tôt dans son cycle de développement, i.e. avant l'étape d'industrialisation. Il faut alors se placer dans la recherche d'un compromis entre précision des estimations, sensibilité aux paramètres, robustesse de la méthode et efficacité numérique. / Currently, to put a vehicle on market, car manufacturers must comply to a certification test of exterior noise. The regulation of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, ECE R51-03, specifies permissible levels a rolling motor vehicle can emit. This regulation is applied since July 1st, 2016, to replace the old regulation ECE R51-02 (test method change and tightening of permissible levels). The drastic reduction in noise levels will be done in 3 steps: from 74 dB (A) under the old regulation to 68 dB (A) in 2024. Therefore, manufacturers as well as their suppliers will face a great challenge to achieve this goal. The objective of this thesis is to develop an aid to the modeling of the pass-by noise of a vehicle, as called for in regulatory testing. The goal is to predict and evaluate accurately the noise emissions earlier in the vehicle development cycle, i.e. before the industrialization stage. We must then seek a trade-off between accuracy of estimates, sensitivity to parameters, robustness of the method and numerical efficiency.

Representing more than 50% of a worldwide pharmaceutical market of US$ 400 billions, oral drug delivery systems become naturally the focus of many studies. For almost half a century scientists have attempted to develop a theoretical model capable of predicting oral drug absorption in humans. From steady state or quasi-equilibrium models to complex and computationally intractable dynamic modeling approaches, numerous research efforts tried to address the problem of interest. Surprisingly though, no simple insightful first-principle-based dynamic modeling approaches have been reported in the literature. It is the purpose of the present work to provide a simple dynamic distributed-parameter modeling approach for performance monitoring of oral drug delivery systems. As a consequence of the complexity of the gastrointestinal tract, drug oral bioavailability is influenced by many different parameters. These parameters range from the compound's physicochemical properties, the physiological factors of the environment to other factors inherent in the drug form itself known as encapsulation factors. Physicochemical properties account for parameters such as drug stability, solubility or diffusivity. Furthermore, the environment, namely the gastrointestinal tract, influences the drug delivery process to the body with its pH, intestinal transit time and the different transport mechanisms that take place. From a chemical engineering point of view, the human body's anatomy can be analyzed and conceptually realized as a transport-reaction chemical system. Within the proposed modeling framework, the stomach is modeled as a non-ideal continuous-stirred tank reactor (CSTR) and the small intestine is the place where convection-diffusion occurs. The governing transport equations have been solved at steady state conditions in a small intestine represented by the lumen surrounded by its wall. The present work however develops a systematic dynamic first-principle-based distributed-parameter modeling framework where the time-dependent convection-diffusion-reaction model equations are analytically solved, offering the concentration profile in the small intestine lumen and in the wall from the moment the drug is administered until the complete absorption or disintegration of the drug particles. Once the modeling work is performed, a thorough and insightful sensitivity analysis can be conducted in order to assess the impact of the different process parameters on drug bioavailability.