Nos travaux de recherche portent sur le problème de prise en compte des contraintes liées aux ressources humaines, en termes d'affectation des opérateurs aux machines, dans les problèmes d'ordonnancement d'atelier. Ce problème intégrant l'affectation des opérateurs aux machines consiste à déterminer 1 'état d'atelier au cours du temps, et à considérer le problème d'ordonnancement d'atelier dans sa globalité en prenant en compte l'influence de l'affectation des ressources humaines sur les activités de production. Ceci impose en plus de la gestion de la séquence des travaux, la gestion des affectations des hommes aux postes de travail. Nous avons considéré le cas où les productivités des machines dépendant de 1 'affectation des opérateurs. Nous avons supposé que le nombre d'opérateurs est inférieur au nombre de machines, un opérateur peut superviser simultanément plusieurs machines et que la supervision simultanée de plusieurs machines par un opérateur diminue les productivités de ces dernières. L'originalité de nos travaux de recherche est liée au fait que les durées opératoires des travaux sont variables dans le temps et sont fonctions de 1 'évolution des affectations des opérateurs aux machines dans le temps. Deux grandes parties composent nos travaux de recherche. La première partie porte sur le problème de modélisation de 1 'affectation des opérateurs aux machines. Elle consiste en la proposition d'un cadre théorique pour 1 'intégration des contraintes liées à la prise en compte des ressources humaines, en terme d'affectation des opérateurs aux machines, dans la modélisation des problèmes d'ordonnancement d'atelier. Une définition d'un problème d'ordonnancement d'atelier impliquant l'aspect" ressources humaines" est alors proposée. La seconde partie a porté sur une application de la modélisation proposée dans la première partie pour le cas d'une production cyclique. Plus précisément, nous avons étudié le problème d'existence d'une affectation des opérateurs réalisant un ordonnancement cyclique pour un atelier_ de type Flow Shop. Nous avons supposé qu'un ordonnancement cyclique, défini par une durée de cycle et un ensemble de travaux à réaliser durant cette durée, est donné pour des productivités nominales des machines et sans aucune prise en compte des ressources humaines. Par conséquent, et dans le cas où le nombre d'opérateurs est inférieur au nombre de machines et que l'affectation des opérateurs conditionnent les productivités des machines, 1 'introduction et la considération des ressources humaines pour la réalisation de l'ordonnancement cyclique pourrait allonger la durée d'exécution des travaux et remettre en cause la durée de cycle. Nous avons étudié ce problème d'existence d'une affectation des opérateurs réalisable pour Flow Shop Cyclique pour trois modes de réaffectations des opérateurs : calendaire, sur évènement de fin de tâche et libre. Nous avons présenté une formulation mathématique du problème pour ces trois modes de réaffectation des opérateurs, démontré que ce problème est NP-complet pour les deux modes calendaires et sur événement, et qu'une restriction du problème de mode de réaffectation libre est NP-complet. Nous avons également proposé, pour ces trois modes, un modèle mathématique linéaire en nombre entier. Une approche de résolution basée sur le principe de la programmation dynamique a été proposée pour les deux modes réaffectation calendaire et sur événement.

Nos travaux concernent la mise en œuvre de méthodologies pour la résolution et l'optimisation de la production en tenant compte des impératifs économiques, jouant aujourd'hui un rôle déterminant dans la conduite de la production industrielle. Pour le problème du job-shop flexible dans lequel les interactions entre les critères sont supposées disponibles, cinq critères ont été retenus : le Makespan, la charge critique, la charge totale, la pénalité de retards/avance et le coût de la production. Dans ce sens, nous avons, d'abord, traité le problème de décision et d'évaluation d'une solution et introduit ensuite trois approches intégrées, basées sur les algorithmes génétiques, améliorant les approches évolutionnistes existant dans la littérature : la méthode statique basée sur l'intégrale de Choquet, la méthode approchée basée sur le concept Paréto-optimalité ainsi que la méthode basée sur le concept de ε-dominance Paréto-optimalité. Les approches adoptées consistent à générer une variété de solutions optimales diversifiées dans l'espace de recherche de solutions, et d'aider le décideur, quand il ne peut pas donner une préférence particulière à l'une des fonctions objectif. Les résultats proposés, obtenus globalement pour l'ensemble des critères, ont été comparés, avec succès, avec ceux obtenus par d'autres approches existantes sur plusieurs benchmarks de complexités distinctes.

Universiẗat, Diss.--Regensburg, 2006.

The environmental governance sphere in South Africa is fragmented. This fragmentation is exacerbated in the provinces. Fragmentation manifests in various ways, including, inter alia, structural fragmentation between the various spheres and line functions of government, fragmented environmental legislation which is silo-based and issue-specific, jurisdictional overlaps, and duplication of procedures and processes. Fragmentation poses several disadvantages and may ultimately hamper effective and sustainable service-delivery by government. The problem of fragmentation forms the crux of this study. The principal objective of this thesis is accordingly to investigate possible solutions to address fragmentation and to propose a more sustainable strategy to achieve integration of currently fragmented environmental governance efforts in South Africa and the North-West Province (NWP). The NWP has specifically been chosen as a case study in this regard since problems of fragmentation are exacerbated in the provinces. The first step in this thesis is to analyse the theoretical concept of sustainability in order to establish the eventual objective of what integrated environmental governance efforts should achieve. The concept of fragmented governance and possible generic reasons for fragmentation, including unco-operative and unsustainable organisational behaviour, are also investigated to highlight the nature and disadvantages of fragmentation and other factors that may contribute to it. A further component of the theoretical analysis includes an investigation of the concepts of integrated, or holistic governance, and an investigation of the concepts integrated environmental management (IEM), co-operative environmental governance (CEG), and integrated pollution prevention and control (IPPC). These concepts are investigated in order to ascertain the possible solutions for integration that they may pose. Secondly, this thesis investigates the current state of the fragmented environmental governance regime in South Africa and the NWP. The extent and reasons for fragmentation are discussed; and unco-operative organisational behaviour patterns in the national, provincial and local spheres of government are investigated. The concepts of IEM, CEG and IPPC, as they are established in South African law, are also discussed. Thirdly, this study investigates integrated approaches to environmental governance in the international sphere by way of a comparative study. For this purpose, the relevant provisions of the European Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Directive, 1996 are discussed. The comparative study is concluded with an investigation of the provisions of the Directive as they are applied in national legal frameworks in the EU, with specific reference to Finland and the Netherlands. The main objective of this part of the study is to ascertain whether established solutions for integration of governance efforts are available in practice, and if so, to what extent they are employed to address fragmentation. This study concludes with recommendations on how the fragmented environmental governance sphere in South Africa may be integrated. These include short-, medium-and long-term scenarios, namely: a less radical strategy which must aim to optimise the current environmental governance regime by employing established concepts such as IEM, CEG and IPPC; a more radical strategy, which aims to establish a single act to regulate all procedural aspects relating to environmental governance and authorisations, and a single authority that is responsible for all procedural aspects in terms of the act; and an extremely radical strategy, which aims to establish a one-stop environmental governance shop, with a single act regulating all procedural and substantive aspects, and a single lead agent responsible for regulation in terms of this act. / Thesis (LL.D. (Estate Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.

Nos travaux concernent l'étude d'une extension d'un problème d'ordonnancement bien connu sous l'appellation job shop. Nous appelons cette extension le General Flexible Job Shop Scheduling Problem (GFJSSP). Celui-ci se rencontre dans différents types d'ateliers ayant comme caractéristique commune d'être soumis à des contraintes dues à des ressources de transport. Le GFJSSP se caractérise par l'intégration de machines et robots flexibles. Le terme General induit par ailleurs la présence de robots dont la capacité est supposée unitaire dans notre étude, des temps opératoires bornés, et la possibilité de prise en compte d'emplacements de stockage spécifiques. Après avoir défini l'atelier et le problème correspondant à cette extension, nous avons proposé deux modélisations du GFJSSP ainsi défini : une première modélisation mathématique linéaire, et une modélisation graphique, qui correspond à une généralisation du graphe disjonctif couramment utilisé pour les problèmes de job shop. Nous avons ensuite abordé la résolution suivant deux étapes : tout d'abord en nous focalisant sur l'aspect séquencement des tâches de traitement et de transport, pour lequel nous avons élaboré deux méthodes heuristiques (de type Tabou et basée sur une procédure de shifting bottleneck améliorée) ; puis en intégrant dans un deuxième temps la problématique de l'affectation induite par la flexibilité de certaines ressources. Pour cette dernière étape, nous avons combiné les méthodes précédentes avec un algorithme génétique. L'algorithme hybride obtenu nous permet de résoudre des instances de la littérature correspondant à divers cas spécifiques, avec des résultats assez proches des meilleures méthodes dédiées. A termes, il pourrait être intégré dans un système d'aide à la décision général qui s'affranchirait de la phase d'identification préalable du type de job shop considéré, et serait adapté à la résolution de nombreux cas (avec ou sans problème d'affectation, temps de traitement fixes ou bornés, avec ou sans stockage, etc..).

The subject of this study is language use in a special type of social activity: the exchange of goods, services and information in a commercial setting. The main aim is to gain an understanding of the work that shop assistants perform using language. In the analysis, the focus is on verbal routine work. One part of the analysis thus entails mapping the typical utterances and conversational sequences related to such activities. Another part involves investigating how much non-task-oriented interaction the various activities require or “tolerate”, for instance, in the form of “small talk”. A central theme in the study is the interactants’ conversational rights and obligations, from the perspective of politeness theory, especially Fraser’s theory of the conversational contract. The service encounters are categorised as activity types, according to Levinson’s activity theory. In the comparative parts of the study, the concept of pragmeme is used as a tool to examine different realisations of prototypical situated communicative acts. The empirical material consists of authentic conversations, analysed by methods borrowed from conversation analysis. The conversations were recorded at a supermarket checkout till, a deli counter with manual service and an information desk in a bookshop. It turned out that only a few of the customer conversations were without complications. At the supermarket till, for instance, only one out of four conversations was completely routine and unproblematic. Also presented is a diachronic investigation of the norms relating to service encounters that have been taking place in shops since the 1940s. The main sources here are manuals and study materials for shop employees, together with interviews and material gathered from role playing. In this part of the study, a number of features in the historical change process are described, for instance in the manner of addressing people and the use of politeness expressions.

Postgraduate studies final work of university consists of 60 pages, 27 figures, 3 tables, 68 references, 25 appendixs. It is written in Lithuanian language. The research object of this work is the image formation of the three branded meat shops in the Mažeikiai. The research aim- to create work of specialized meat shops reputation. Objectives analysis the sense of organization reputation and create run; to explain the ways of organization image; to examine the most important models of image making and to evaluate their advantages and disadvantages; to investigate the factors, that have influence in image formation; to present general theoretical model of mini shops image formation. In the process of research were used different methods. In the theoretical part of the thesis was used a comparative analysis and discussion on the concept of image. A questionnaire was used as a quantitative research method with meat product consumers in Mazeikiai. Receive results was generalized with statistical methods and graphs. Besides in the process of research was used the verbal documents analysis and a personal observation. The first chapter “Image essence of the organizations and peculiarity of it formation” is intended to review what is the reputation of organization and what are the principles of image found. The special attention was focused on the research models and methods of organization image. Up to now boffin of management found 7 models of organization reputation and... [to full text]

The environmental governance sphere in South Africa is fragmented. This fragmentation is exacerbated in the provinces. Fragmentation manifests in various ways, including, inter alia, structural fragmentation between the various spheres and line functions of government, fragmented environmental legislation which is silo-based and issue-specific, jurisdictional overlaps, and duplication of procedures and processes. Fragmentation poses several disadvantages and may ultimately hamper effective and sustainable service-delivery by government. The problem of fragmentation forms the crux of this study. The principal objective of this thesis is accordingly to investigate possible solutions to address fragmentation and to propose a more sustainable strategy to achieve integration of currently fragmented environmental governance efforts in South Africa and the North-West Province (NWP). The NWP has specifically been chosen as a case study in this regard since problems of fragmentation are exacerbated in the provinces. The first step in this thesis is to analyse the theoretical concept of sustainability in order to establish the eventual objective of what integrated environmental governance efforts should achieve. The concept of fragmented governance and possible generic reasons for fragmentation, including unco-operative and unsustainable organisational behaviour, are also investigated to highlight the nature and disadvantages of fragmentation and other factors that may contribute to it. A further component of the theoretical analysis includes an investigation of the concepts of integrated, or holistic governance, and an investigation of the concepts integrated environmental management (IEM), co-operative environmental governance (CEG), and integrated pollution prevention and control (IPPC). These concepts are investigated in order to ascertain the possible solutions for integration that they may pose. Secondly, this thesis investigates the current state of the fragmented environmental governance regime in South Africa and the NWP. The extent and reasons for fragmentation are discussed; and unco-operative organisational behaviour patterns in the national, provincial and local spheres of government are investigated. The concepts of IEM, CEG and IPPC, as they are established in South African law, are also discussed. Thirdly, this study investigates integrated approaches to environmental governance in the international sphere by way of a comparative study. For this purpose, the relevant provisions of the European Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Directive, 1996 are discussed. The comparative study is concluded with an investigation of the provisions of the Directive as they are applied in national legal frameworks in the EU, with specific reference to Finland and the Netherlands. The main objective of this part of the study is to ascertain whether established solutions for integration of governance efforts are available in practice, and if so, to what extent they are employed to address fragmentation. This study concludes with recommendations on how the fragmented environmental governance sphere in South Africa may be integrated. These include short-, medium-and long-term scenarios, namely: a less radical strategy which must aim to optimise the current environmental governance regime by employing established concepts such as IEM, CEG and IPPC; a more radical strategy, which aims to establish a single act to regulate all procedural aspects relating to environmental governance and authorisations, and a single authority that is responsible for all procedural aspects in terms of the act; and an extremely radical strategy, which aims to establish a one-stop environmental governance shop, with a single act regulating all procedural and substantive aspects, and a single lead agent responsible for regulation in terms of this act. / Thesis (LL.D. (Estate Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.

The increasing importance of computer leads to develop new manufacturing methods. One of the most important example / &ldquo / unmanned shop floor&rdquo / model aims, the mankind can work in jobs that they can be more efficient and more comfortable. As the base of this model, in Middle East Technical University Computer Integrated Manufacturing Laboratory (METUCIM) &ldquo / Agent Version 1.1&rdquo / system is developed. Windows Distributed Internet Applications (DNA) modeling technique is used for the software development. In the developed system, by using web pages, one can give work orders to the flexible manufacturing cell in METUCIM. The manufacturing capabilities of the cell are limited by the capabilities of CNC Lathe and CNC Milling machine that exist in the system. By the developed agent based dynamic scheduling method, it is prevented to be only an experimental system for the manufacturing cell. The real manufacturing environment is adapted to the cell that it is possible to give unlimited number of work orders. The work orders can be queued and manufactured according to their &ldquo / priorities&rdquo / . By the &ldquo / web-cam&rdquo / application the given work orders can be watched from the web site so the system reliability is increased for the engineer. In the real manufacturing environment it is very frequent that the &ldquo / urgent part&rdquo / is needed to manufacture. In this system it is possible to give &ldquo / urgent orders&rdquo / for these situations.

本研究開發一個以區域最佳解為基礎的群體式 (population-based) 啟發式演算法(簡稱HLBS)，來求解流程式排程（flow shop）之最大流程時間的最小化問題。其中，HLBS會先建置一個跟隨模型來導引搜尋機制，然後，運用過濾策略來預防重複搜尋相同解空間而陷入區域最佳解的困境；但搜尋仍有可能會陷入區域最佳解，這時，HLBS則會啟動跳脫策略來協助跳出區域最佳解，以進入新的區域之搜尋；為驗證HLBS演算法的績效，本研究利用著名的Taillard 測試題庫來進行評估，除證明跟隨模型、過濾策略和跳脫策略的效用外，也提出實驗結果證明HLBS較其他知名群體式啟發式演算法(如基因演算法、蟻群演算法以及粒子群最佳化演算法)之效能為優。 / This research proposes population-based metaheuristic based on the local best solution (HLBS) for the permutation flow shop scheduling problem (PFSP-makespan). The proposed metaheuristic operates through three mechanisms: (i) it introduces a new method to produce a trace-model for guiding the search, (ii) it applies a new filter strategy to filter the solution regions that have been reviewed and guides the search to new solution regions in order to keep the search from trapping into local optima, and (iii) it initiates a new jump strategy to help the search escape if the search does become trapped at a local optimum. Computational experiments on the well-known Taillard's benchmark data sets will be performed to evaluate the effects of the trace-model generating rule, the filter strategy, and the jump strategy on the performance of HLBS, and to compare the performance of HLBS with all the promising population-based metaheuristics related to Genetic Algorithms (GA), Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO).