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Structure and dynamics of superionic conductors at high temperatures and high pressuresGardner, N. J. G. January 1999 (has links)
No description available.
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Elaboration et caractérisation du comportement en oxydation d'alliages composites à base de niobium et de siliciures de type M7Si6 et M8Si7 envisagés comme revêtements protecteurs / Elaboration and characterisation of the oxidation behaviour of new niobium-silicidebased in situ composites and M7Si6 and M8Si7-type silicides considered as protective coatingsKnittel, Stéphane 23 September 2011 (has links)
L'amélioration du rendement des turboréacteurs requiert un accroissement de leur température de service. Le développement de nouveaux alliages, issus du système Nb-Si, permet d'envisager des températures de fonctionnement de 200°C supérieures à celles offertes par les superalliages base nickel utilisés actuellement. La première partie de ce manuscrit rappelle les principaux résultats scientifiques ayant menés à la sélection des alliages composites à base de siliciures de niobium (Nbss-Nb5Si3). La microstructure de ces alliages associe une matrice ductile de niobium pouvant solubiliser de nombreux éléments d'addition à une dispersion de siliciures durs et fragiles conférant aux alliages leurs bonnes propriétés en fluage et une meilleure résistance à l'oxydation à haute température. Malheureusement, ces alliages sont caractérisés par une récession rapide du métal associée au développement d'oxydes non protecteurs. L'oxygène réagit rapidement avec le substrat, se dissout dans la solution solide de niobium et y diffuse rapidement. L'effet des éléments Al, Si et Ti a été étudié en considérant à la fois les modifications microstructurales et les propriétés en oxydation lors de ces additions. Bien que ces optimisations de compositions conduisent à une amélioration significative de la résistance à l'oxydation des alliages Nbss-Nb5Si3, certaines nuances souffrent d'une résistance à l'oxydation catastrophique vers 800°C. L'ajout graduel d'étain au sein des alliages permet de modifier foncièrement la microstructure, notamment en initiant le développement d'une phase de type A15-Nb3Sn. A 800°C, l'étain supprime la dissolution de l'oxygène au sein de Nbss responsable du comportement en oxydation catastrophique rencontré par les nuances sans étain. Malgré ces progrès, la résistance à l'oxydation de ces alliages reste insuffisante et le développement de revêtements protecteurs contre l'oxydation a été nécessaire. Dans ce sens deux familles de siliciures Nb3X3CrSi6 et Nb4X4Si7 (X = Fe, Co ou Ni) ont été sélectionnées et leur stabilité thermodynamique ainsi que leur comportement en oxydation ont été évaluées. Ces phases se sont avérées capables de résister à l'oxydation à des températures d'exposition allant jusqu'à 1300°C. Le mécanisme d'oxydation de chacun de ces siliciures a été déterminé. Finalement, le dépôt de ces siliciures à la surface des alliages Nbss-Nb5Si3 via le procédé de pack cémentation s'est révélé possible. Les alliages revêtus par les siliciures choisis présentent des durées de vie pouvant aller jusqu'à 3000 cycles d'oxydation d'une heure à 1100°C / The improvement of the efficiency of turbine engine can be achieved by increasing the working temperature. The development of new alloys based on Nb-Si system allows a jump of 200°C of the operating temperature in comparison to that offered by current nickel based alloys. The first part of this manuscript focuses on the evolutions which have led to the development of niobium silicide in situ composites (Nbss-Nb5Si3). The microstructure of these alloys consists in a ductile niobium matrix where number of alloying elements can solubilise and of strengthening niobium silicides which are intended to provide creep and oxidation resistance at high temperature. Unfortunately, these alloys exhibit a poor oxidation resistance characterised by a high metal recession rate and the formation of non-protective oxide scale. Thus, oxygen can easily react with the substrate, dissolve in Nbss and diffuse quickly through this phase. The effect of Al, Si and Ti additions on both microstructure and oxidation resistance were investigated. Although, these composition optimisations lead to a significant enhance of oxidation resistance, some compositions still suffers from catastrophic oxidation behaviour around 800°C. In these alloys tin additions involve high microstructural changes, especially by initiating the formation of A15- Nb3Sn phase. At 800°C, Sn additions suppress oxygen dissolution in Nbss responsible of the catastrophic oxidation behaviour of these alloys. Nevertheless, the oxidation resistance of these alloys remains too low for the foreseen applications and protective coatings are required. Thermodynamic stability and oxidation resistance of two silicide families (Nb3X3CrSi6 and Nb4X4Si7 (X = Fe, Co or Ni)) were investigated. These silicides have exhibited a high oxidation resistance up to 1300°C by the formation of a protective silica layer. Finally, these silicides were deposited on Nbss-Nb5Si3 substrate by using the pack cementation process. Some coated alloys have then exhibited lifetime going up to 3000 one hour cycle at 1100°C
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Stability of manganese silicides of the HMS type. Alloying effect on their electronic propertiesAllam, Ali 06 November 2013 (has links)
Les matériaux thermoélectriques en tant que générateurs d’électricité peuvent être utilisés dans de nombreux domaines tels que la conversion de la chaleur perdue des automobiles et des industries, le couplage avec le photovoltaïque, ou la génération de puissance par radioisotopes pour l’exploration spatiale. A ce jour, la plupart des éléments constitutifs des matériaux thermoélectriques proviennent de ressources rares et sont toxiques ce qui peut induire une pollution environnementale. Les siliciures ont montré qu’ils possèdent de bonnes performances thermoélectriques à haute température et n’ont pas les défauts sus mentionnés. Parmi les siliciures, les siliciures de manganèse riches en silicium MnSix, x variant de 1,71 à 1,75, sont particulièrement intéressants pour leurs propriétés thermoélectriques. Ces composés existent sous plusieurs formes tétragonales correspondant à Mn4Si7, Mn11Si19, Mn15Si26 et Mn27Si47. Dans cette thèse nous examinons d’un point de vue expérimental la stabilité de ces phases. L’étude a été réalisée pour des composés massifs et en films minces. La forme Mn4Si7 est celle qui semble être la plus intéressante pour les applications thermoélectriques, nous avons donc exploré différentes voies de synthèse pour ce composé. Des calculs théoriques utilisant la théorie de la fonctionnelle de la densité couplée à la théorie du transport de Boltzmann ont enfin permis de prédire les propriétés thermoélectriques de la forme Mn4Si7 substituée. La finalité de ces calculs est de trouver des substitutions d’atomes conduisant à une amélioration de l’efficacité thermoélectrique de ce composé. / Thermoelectric materials as electric power generators can be used in many fields, such as the conversion of automobile exhausting heat and industrial waste heat, solar photovoltaic-thermoelectric hybrid power generation, or RTG (Radioisotope thermoelectric generator) for deep space exploration. To date, most of the constituent elements of thermoelectric materials are scarce resource and are toxic, resulting in environmental pollution. Silicide materials have shown to exhibit good thermoelectric performances at high temperature without suffering from the aforementioned drawbacks. Among the silicide compounds, silicon-rich silicides MnSix, with x comprised between 1.71 and 1.75, are particularly interesting for their thermoelectric properties. These so-called higher manganese silicides (HMS) exhibit several tetragonal structures that correspond to Mn4Si7, Mn11Si19, Mn15Si26 and Mn27Si47. In this thesis, we examine from an experimental point of view the stability of these compounds. The investigations have been performed on both bulk and thin film materials. Mn4Si7 seems to be the most interesting HMS for thermoelectric applications; hence various synthesis routes have been explored for this compound. Finally, theoretical calculations, based on density-functional theory and Boltzmann’s transport theory, have allowed us to predict the thermoelectric properties of substituted Mn4Si7. The objectives were to find substitutional atoms leading to an improvement of the thermoelectric efficiency of Mn4Si7.
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Determinação dos coeficientes de expansão térmica das fases Ta5Si3 e Cr5Si3 e a investigação da formação da fase (Hf,Ti)5Si3 por difratometria de raios X de alta resolução / Determination of the thermal expansion coefficients for the Ta5Si3 and Cr5Si3 phases and the investigation of (Hf, Ti)5Si3 phase formation by high resolution X-ray diffractionRibeiro, Lívia de Souza 16 October 2009 (has links)
Os silicetos de metais de transição têm sido investigados para possíveis aplicações em altas temperaturas. A expansão térmica é uma das principais propriedades a serem consideradas nas aplicações. Este trabalho teve como objetivos a determinação dos coeficientes de expansão térmica das fases αTa5Si3 e Cr5Si3 e a investigação da formação da fase (Hf, Ti)5Si3. As ligas de Ta-Si e Cr-Si foram produzidas por fusão a arco. As ligas de Ta-Si foram tratadas termicamente a 1900 °C por 3 h em argônio, enquanto que as ligas de Cr-Si foram tratadas a 1200 °C por 24 h em argônio. As ligas foram caracterizadas por difratometria de raios X e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. As medidas de difratometria de raios X de alta resolução com fonte de luz síncrotron foram realizadas nas amostras contendo as fases de interesse, αTa5Si3 e Cr5Si3 num intervalo de temperatura entre ambiente e 800 °C. A fase αTa5Si3, de estrutura tetragonal (T2), apresentou expansão térmica de αa = 5,9(3).10-6 K-1 e αc = 9,2(4).10-6 K-1 na liga Ta62,5Si37,5 e αa = 6,2(3).10-6 K-1 e αc = 9,5(4).10-6 K-1 na liga Ta62Si38, resultando em uma anisotropia de αc/αa de 1,5 para ambas as amostras. A fase Cr5Si3 de estrutura hexagonal (D88) apresentou expansão térmica de αa = 17,1(3).10-6 K-1 e αc = 11,1(4).10-6 K-1 na liga Cr62,5Si37,5 e αa = 17,2(3).10-6 K-1 e αc = 10,7(4).10-6 K-1 na liga Ta62Si38, com anisotropia αc/αa de 1,5 e 1,6, respectivamente. Na segunda parte deste trabalho, as ligas de composições Hf(62,5-x)TixSi37,5 (0 ≤ x ≤ 62,5) com diferentes proporções de Hf e Ti foram preparadas por fusão a arco e tratadas termicamente a 1200 °C por 24 h em atmosfera de argônio. A formação da fase (Hf,Ti)5Si3 foi observada em todas as amostras preparadas. As amostras de composições Hf38,9Ti23,6Si37,5 e Hf22,5Ti40Si37,5 a Ti62,5Si37,5, apresentaram-se monofásicas. A variação nos parâmetros de rede a e c da fase hexagonal (Hf,Ti)5Si3 contendo diferentes teores de Hf e Ti mostrou que a fase constitui uma solução sólida em toda a extensão entre Hf5Si3 e Ti5Si3, com substituição parcial dos átomos de Hf por Ti. / The transition metal silicides have been investigated aiming high temperature applications. The thermal expansion is one of main properties for applications. The aim of this work was the evaluation of the thermal expansion coefficients for αTa5Si3 and Cr5Si3 phases and the investigation of (Hf, Ti)5Si3 phase formation. The Ta-Si and Cr-Si alloys were prepared by arc-melting. The Ta-Si alloys were heat-treated at 1900 °C for 3 h in argon atmosphere. The Cr-Si alloys were treated at 1200 °C for 24 h in argon. The alloys were characterized by X-ray diffractometry and scanning electron microscopy. The αTa5Si3 and Cr5Si3 phases were analyzed in high temperatures up to 800 °C using high-resolution X-ray diffraction with synchrotron radiation source. The thermal expansion coefficients for the αTa5Si3 tetragonal phase (T2) was found to be 5.9(3).10-6 K-1 and αc = 9.2(4).10-6 K-1 in Ta62.5Si37.5 composition alloy and αa = 6.2(3).10-6 K-1 and αc = 9.5(4).10-6 K-1 in Ta62Si38 composition alloy. The anisotropy αc/αa was determined to be 1.5 for both samples. The thermal expansion coefficients for Cr5Si3 hexagonal phase was found to be αa = 17.1(3).10-6 K-1 and αc = 11.1(4).10-6 K-1 for Cr62.5Si37.5 composition alloy and αa = 17.2(3).10-6 K-1 and αc = 10.7(4).10-6 K-1 for Ta62Si38 composition alloy. The values of the anisotropy αc/αa were respectively, 1.5 and 1.6. In the second part of this work, the alloys of Hf(62.5-x)TixSi37.5 (0 ≤ x ≤ 62.5) compositions with different proportion of Hf and Ti were prepared by arc-melting and heat-treated at 1200 °C for 24 h in argon atmosphere. The formation of (Hf,Ti)5Si3 phase was observed for all prepared alloys. The alloys of Hf38.9Ti23.6Si37.5 and Hf22.5Ti40Si37.5 to Ti62.5Si37.5 compositions were found to be single-phase. The variation in the lattice parameters a and c for the hexagonal (Hf,Ti)5Si3 phase with different proportion of Hf and Ti shown the formation of solid solution in all range between Hf5Si3 and Ti5Si3 with partial substitution of Hf by Ti.
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Élaboration et étude des propriétés thermoélectriques du disiliciure de chrome sous forme de monocristal, de couche mince et de nanofil / Development and study of the thermoelectric properties of chromium disilicide single crystal, thin film and nanowireMoll, Adrien 15 November 2018 (has links)
La thermoélectricité est un phénomène physique permettant la conversion directe de l’énergie thermique en énergie électrique, ou inversement. Cependant l’augmentation du rendement des modules thermoélectriques passe par un défi de taille : optimiser les propriétés électroniques du matériau pour obtenir un coefficient Seebeck élevé et une résistivité électrique faible, tout en minimisant la conductivité thermique. Une des voies d'optimisation consiste à réduire la dimensionnalité des matériaux afin de diminuer la contribution des phonons dans le transport thermique. Les matériaux siliciures sont prometteurs en raison de leur faible toxicité et coût. Parmi eux, le disiliciure de chrome, CrSi2, possède des propriétés de transport électronique intéressantes, mais ses performances sont limitées par une conductivité thermique trop élevée. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’étudier les propriétés thermoélectriques de ce composé sous différentes formes, monocristal, couche mince et nanofil. Dans ce but, le disiliciure de chrome a été élaboré sous formes de monocristal par la méthode Bridgman, de couche mince par pulvérisation cathodique, et de nanofil par dépôt chimique en phase vapeur. Ces différentes techniques d'élaboration ont été associées à des techniques de caractérisation spécifiques à chacune de ces formes afin d'étudier la relation entre les propriétés physiques et la microstructure du matériau. En couplant des modèles théoriques aux mesures thermoélectriques, les mécanismes de transport électronique et thermique ont été mis en évidence. L’étude de dynamique du réseau a été complétée par la première mesure de diffusion inélastique des neutrons sur monocristal et sur poudre nanométrique de CrSi2. Dans le cas des couches minces, l'effet de l'état de cristallinité et de l'épaisseur a été étudié. Enfin, dans le cas des nanofils, un microdispositif de mesure des propriétés thermoélectriques sur nanofil isolé a été conçu. L’ensemble des résultats présentés ouvre des perspectives intéressantes pour aborder l’amélioration des propriétés thermoélectriques de CrSi2. / Thermoelectricity is a physical effect related to the direct conversion between thermal and electrical energy. To improve the thermoelectric efficiency, the electronic properties of the materials must be optimized to get a large Seebeck coefficient and a low electrical resistivity while lowering the thermal conductivity. One of the optimization ways is to reduce the dimensionality of the materials to decrease the phonon contribution to the thermal conductivity. Silicides are promising materials because of their low toxicity and cost. Among them, chromium disilicide, CrSi2, shows interesting electronic transport properties, but a too high thermal conductivity, limiting its performance. The objective of this thesis is to study the thermoelectric properties of this compound with various forms, single crystal, thin film and nanowire.For this purpose, the chromium disilicide was elaborated in the forms of single crystal by the Bridgman method, thin film by sputtering, and nanowires by chemical vapor deposition. These elaboration routes have been associated with characterization techniques specific to each form in order to study the relationship between the physical properties and the microstructure of the material. By coupling theoretical models with thermoelectric measurements, the mechanisms of electronic and thermal transports have been determined. The vibrational study was completed by the first inelastic neutron scattering measurement on CrSi2 single crystal and nano-powder. In the case of thin films, the effect of the crystallinity state and the thickness has been studied. Finally, in the case of nanowires, a micro-device has been designed to measure the properties of a single nanowire. The presented results open interesting perspectives to improve the thermoelectric properties of CrSi2.
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A Nitride-Based Reaction for the Formation of a Three-Phase Molybdenum-Silicon-Boron Intermetallic AlloyMiddlemas, Michael Robert 18 July 2005 (has links)
The alloy Mo-3Si-1B (wt%) may have the fracture toughness and oxidation resistance required for use as jet turbine engine blades. Mo-3Si-1B (wt%) forms a three-phase mixture of and #945;-Moss, A15 (Mo3Si) and T2 (Mo5SiB2). It has been observed that at high-temperatures, the A15 and T2 intermetallics form a oxidation resistant borosilicate glass coating. To achieve the proper combination of mechanical and thermal properties, the material must have a molybdenum matrix with a fine dispersion of intermetallics to produce a continuous protective layer. In this project, reactive sintering of molybdenum, Si3N4 and BN powders was used to create a semi-continuous molybdenum matrix with a fine dispersion of the A15 and T2 intermetallics. Sintering of the materials was further enhanced by the use of submicron-sized reactants. X-ray diffraction analysis was used verify the desired phases were formed. It was determined that formation of the A15 intermetallic phases begins as low as 1200?nd formation of T2 begins at 1300? The reactions are complete by 1400? Samples with bulk densities as high as 95% of theoretical were produced. Scanning electron microscopy images reveal a microstructure with dispersed intermetallics in a semi-continuous molybdenum matrix with grain sizes on the order of 1-4 and #956;m. It was found that by varying parameters such as mixing method and heating rates, it is possible to engineer the final microstructure, changing the level of dispersion of the intermetallics and continuity of the matrix.
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Electron Microscopy Characterization of Manganese Silicide Layers on SiliconMogilatenko, Anna 05 June 2003 (has links) (PDF)
The present thesis reports on the transmission electron microscopy structure characterization of semiconducting thin films of higher manganese silicides (HMS or MnSi1.7) grown on (001)Si by different UHV deposition methods (the template method, reactive deposition and surfactant mediated reactive deposition).
In this work electron diffraction technique was applied for the fist time to reveal the HMS phase growing in thin MnSi1.7 films. The obtained results suggest the presence of the shortest in c-axis length HMS phase, namely Mn4Si7, within our experiments.
It has been shown that growth of epitaxial Mn4Si7 grains can be achieved by the template technique. In particular, the influence of the template thickness on the silicide layer quality has been investigated. It has been found that deposition of a thin Mn layer of 0.8 nm nominal thickness at room temperature prior to the Mn/Si codeposition at 550°C causes the formation of a silicide template that leads to the preferred epitaxial Mn4Si7 growth with (110)[4-41]Mn4Si7 || (001)[110]Si. Silicide crystallites of two additional orientation relations, (3-38)[-443]Mn4Si7 || (001)[110]Si and (001)[110] Mn4Si7 || (001)[110]Si, were present at the same template thickness to a lesser extent. Due to the crystal symmetry of Mn4Si7 and Si the epitaxial Mn4Si7 growth on (001)Si leads to the formation of a number of Mn4Si7 domains for each observed orientation.
Additional experiments were carried out using the reactive deposition process. It has been shown that the deposition of Mn onto (001)Si at substrate temperatures higher then 600°C leads to the formation of large silicide islands growing with the major part of their elongated grains parallel to <110>Si. XRD investigations show the observed silicide grains to exhibit the following texture: (110)Mn4Si7 || (001)Si.
The found island morphology of Mn4Si7 films can be modified by the deposition of about one monolayer of Sb (surfactant) onto (001)Si prior to the Mn-deposition. This process results in an increase of the silicide island density by about two orders of magnitude and decrease of the silicide grain dimensions to nanometer range. Furthermore, in the presence of Sb the silicide layers grow with the preferential orientation: (100)[010]Mn4Si7 || (001)[100]Si. The observed changes in the morphology and orientation of the Mn4Si7 layers can be explained by the reduced diffusion of Mn and Si atoms in the presence of the Sb overlayer. / In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Struktur von dünnen MnSi1.7-Schichten, die mit verschiedenen UHV-Herstellungsmethoden (template-Verfahren, reaktive Abscheidung und surfactant gesteuerte Abscheidung) auf (001)Si hergestellt wurden, mittels Elektronenmikroskopie charakterisiert.
Die Ergebnisse der Elektronenbeugung an dünnen Mangansilicid-Schichten können vollständig interpretiert werden, wenn von den bekannten höheren Mangansiliciden (HMS) das Mn4Si7 als einzige vorliegende Phase angenommen wird.
Der Hauptteil der Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit den mittels template-Verfahren abgeschiedenen Mn4Si7-Schichten. In diesen Experimenten wurde der Einfluss der template-Dicke auf die Morphologie und Orientierung der hergestellten Schichten untersucht. Es wird gezeigt, dass bei der Abscheidung von einer dünnen Mn-Schicht mit einer nominalen Dicke von 0,8 nm bei Raumtemperatur und weiterer Mn/Si-Koabscheidung bei einer Substrattemperatur von 550°C nahezu geschlossene Silicidschichten mit der bevorzugten Orientierungsbeziehung (110)[4-41]Mn4Si7 || (001)[110]Si entstehen. Weiterhin wachsen bei dieser template-Dicke Mn4Si7-Kristallite mit den Orientierungsbeziehungen: (3-38)[-443]Mn4Si7 || (001)[110]Si und (001)[110] Mn4Si7 || (001)[110]Si. Bei jeder gefundenen Orientierungsbeziehung treten beim Wachstum von Mn4Si7 auf (001)Si mehrere Domäne auf.
Zusätzliche Experimente wurden unter Verwendung der reaktiven Schichtabscheidung durchgeführt. Sie verdeutlichen, dass bei reaktiver Abscheidung von Mn auf (001)Si ab einer Substrattemperatur von 600°C ein Wachstum von Mn4Si7-Inseln entlang den [110]-Richtungen des Siliciums erfolgt. XRD-Untersuchungen zeigen, dass diese Inseln die folgende Textur haben: (110)Mn4Si7 || (001)Si.
Durch eine Modifizierung der Si-Oberfläche mit einer bis zu einer Monolage dicken Sb-Schicht (surfactant) kann das Mn4Si7-Inselwachstum beeinflusst werden. Die dabei gefundene Erhöhung der Mn4Si7-Inseldichte wird hier auf die reduzierte Mn- und Si-Diffusion zurükgeführt. Weiterhin wurde gefunden, dass dieser Abscheidungsprozess Mn4Si7-Kristallite der bevorzugten Orientierung (100)[010]Mn4Si7 || (001)[110]Si liefert.
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Determinacao de impurezas em compostos de uranio por meio da tecnica de espectrometria de massas de alta resolucao com fonte de plasma indutivo (HR-ICPMS)ULRICH, JOAO C. 09 October 2014 (has links)
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Aplicação da quimiometria para caracterização química de combustíveis tipo MTR por fluorescência de raios X / Chemometrics application in fuel's MTR type chemical characterization by x-ray fluorescenceSILVA, CLAYTON P. da 09 October 2014 (has links)
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Caracterização microestrutural dos compostos intermetálicos e seu efeito no comportamento mecânico nas ligas de Al-9%Si com adições de Fe e Mn / Microstructural characterization intermetallic compounds and its effect on the mechanical behaviour of alloys Al-9% Si with addition of Fe and MnMALAVAZI, JEFFERSON 09 October 2014 (has links)
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