L'objectif poursuivi à travers cette thèse est de comprendre comment l'anesthésiste garde le contrôle de la situation. Trois études seront présentées. La première d'entre elles permet de mettre en évidence à la fois les mécanismes de détection et de récupération des dérives en situation réelle. La seconde étude permet de comprendre à la fois les éléments défaillants dans l'anticipation des incidents et les modes de récupération mis en oeuvre par les anesthésistes. La dernière étude apporte des précisions sur les différences selon l'implication de l'anesthésiste dans le processus, l'impact de la prévisibilité des cas et de la fréquence d'apparition d'un risque. Les principaux résultats obtenus montrent que (1) La gestion des risques est partagée entre les différents membres de l'équipe. (2) La gestion temporelle apparaît être un élément essentiel dans la maîtrise de la situation tant au niveau de la synchronisation de l'activité de l'anesthésiste qu'au niveau de l'anticipation et de sa mise en application. En effet, l'anesthésiste travaille souvent sur un mode anticipatif afin de prévenir d'éventuelles dérives mais, il ne peut pas tout anticiper. La planification effectuée est alors une planification à court terme et de nombreux ajustements sont nécessaires pour permettre à l'anesthésiste de garder le contrôle. (3) L'étude de la récupération des dérives montre que celle-ci est assurée par l'utilisation de protocoles et de guidelines recommandés par la spécialité mais également une certaine " allostasie du risque ". (4) L'impact de l'anticipation sur la gestion des risques est controversé car elle peut permettre à la fois une meilleure gestion mais également induire l'anesthésiste en erreur lorsque celui-ci estime que l'anticipation effectuée a normalement permis d'éviter le problème. Enfin, (5) les différences observées dans l'organisation du processus montre que les anesthésistes gèrent soit le processus par prévention soit par gestion en temps réel. Ces résultats sont discutés en regard de l'intérêt d'étudier les écarts à la norme, de la complémentarité des méthodes utilisées et de l'importance de la gestion positive des dérives en insistant sur les mécanismes de maintien de la sécurité mis en place par l'opérateur humain.

<p>Purpose</p><p>To study how improvisation allows a crisis manager to answer the crisis when it has occurred, and how the improvisational act and the environment are linked. Methodology/ApproachFirst, we led research on the concepts of crisis, crisis management and improvisation. We were able to distinguish two major characteristics of the crisis situation – uncertainty and time pressure – as well as two moments in crisis response – containment and recovery. In parallel, we studied improvisation. The improvisation act intervenes when one realizes the environment conditions, reduces the gap between thinking the action and executing the action, and increases the speed of his actual action. Also, we identified that improvisation was expressed through the use of creativity, bricolage and intuition. At last, some authors developed levels of improvisation whether based on creativity levels or on the distance between the way one acts and the procedures, the normal ways to act. From this literature review, we were able to highlight two research propositions: Proposition 1: As soon as a situation enters a crisis phase, improvisation is used. Proposition 2: The way and the extent to improvise depend on the extent of time-pressure and uncertainty.Our belief in a mainly subjective conception of reality and of our knowledge and the fact we could use enough existing knowledge to enunciate propositions led us to have a semi-inductive research approach and a qualitative strategy. Our data were collected by using recorded semi-structured interviews. Our sample was constituted of managers specialized in the management of a crisis – surgeons and high mountain rescuers.</p><p>Findings</p><p>Our data analysis allowed us to confirm the research propositions. Crisis managers improvise when responding to a crisis by being creative, aware and adaptable to the environment conditions, and by having quick decision-making processes. Their improvisation levels are dependent on the situation uncertainty/novelty levels. In fact, we could identify a “mirror effect”: the level of improvisation increases as uncertainty increases.</p><p>Limitations</p><p>Some points are factors of the limitation of this research. These limitations are essentially linked to a reduced transdisciplinary approach. The topic of this research deserves a larger sample of interviewees in order to improve the relevance of our findings and their capacity to be generalized.</p><p>Originality/Value</p><p>The value of this study comes from the relevance of the investigated fields – fields with recurrent crisis management – and from the experience of their interviewed members. This research was also led with philosophical considerations materialized by a transdisciplinary approach. Indeed, we interviewed persons from fields outside business management.</p>

Cette thèse examine à partir de l'analyse d'entretiens recueillis, auprès des frères et sœurs de personnes en situation de handicap, quels processus sont à l'œuvre au sein des fratries. La question de départ repose sur l'idée que dans l'après-coup d'un événement familial inattendu, la naissance d'un enfant en situation de handicap, un processus de résilience pourrait être perceptible à travers le discours des frères et sœurs. L'objectif fut de donner la parole aux frères et sœurs de personnes en situation de handicap, en recueillant auprès d'elles ce qu'elles peuvent raconter de leur expérience. L'analyse de ces récits retranscrits s'inscrit dans une perspective de sociologie clinique en s'appuyant sur l'anthropologie ricoeurienne et les perspectives de psychologie cognitive et écosystémique. La recherche s'inscrit dans une dimension qualitative. Nous avons été surpris de constater, que les personnes issues des contextes familiaux prédisposant à la vulnérabilité avaient obtenu moins de soutien dans le cadre du mésosystème et de l'exosystème. Malgré cela, nous avons repéré des parcours ou un processus de résilience à l'œuvre. Dans ce processus les stratégies adaptatives ont leur place, mais celles-ci sont également présentent chez des personnes qui ont bénéficié de familles compétentes qui ont transformé leur épreuve en défi à relever. Toutefois, nous nous sommes heurtés à la limite du concept de résilience, qui suppose plusieurs facteurs de stress et dans ce cas il n'est pas possible d'isoler un facteur ou une expérience unique qui serait à l'origine du processus Si le concept de résilience est admis dans les sciences humaines, il conviendrait alors de sensibiliser en formation initiale et continue les professions médico-sociales, éducatives et les enseignants. Ce concept pourrait aider à promouvoir un changement de perspective, et les aider à analyser les situations de vulnérabilité, mais aussi reconnaître la compétence et promouvoir les stratégies adaptatives et l'émergence d'un processus de résilience chez les personnes ou familles auprès desquelles ces professionnels doivent intervenir.

<p>Bakgrund: Arbetet med att integrera medlemsländerna i den Europeiska Unionen pågår inom en mängd områden, men hur ser utvecklingen inom ledarskap ut? Tidigare studier har visat på en stor variation mellan ledarskap i Europeiska länder, samtidigt som andra studier påvisar att nationell kultur tycks ha inverkan på ledarskap. Två länder inom EU som skiljer sig avsevärt åt med avseende på kultur är Sverige och Spanien. Det blir då intressant att studera den ledarskapsstil en svensk ledare, som är präglad av den svenska kulturen i sitt sätt att leda, antar i Spanien. Påverkar den spanska kulturen svenska ledare, och så fall hur mycket och på vilket sätt? </p><p>Syfte: Syftet är att bidra med förståelse för vilken ledarskapstil svenska ledare antar gentemot sina spanska medarbetare i Spanien, samt att diskutera till vilken grad den spanska kulturen kan ha påverkat ledarskapsstilen. </p><p>Metod: Det empiriska materialet har inhämtats genom personliga intervjuer med sex svenska ledare som har haft en ledande position i Spanien. </p><p>Resultat: Vi har kommit fram till att den stilen de intervjuade antog är en mer uppgifts- än relationsinriktad ledarskapsstil. Kulturen tycks vara av betydelse då återkommande fraser i intervjuerna var "var tydlig" samt "chefen bestämmer", vilket kan identifieras med det spanska samhället. Vidare är det viktigt att behärska det spanska språket. Dessa aspekter indikerar att det inom vissa beteendemönster tycks ha skett en anpassning till den kulturella kontexten. Däremot framkommer det att de svenska ledarna strävade efter att inkludera medarbetarna både vid problemlösning och i beslutfattande. Dessa beteenden ser vi som uttryck för att de svenska ledarna har en stil som till viss del är förankrad i den svenska kulturen.</p>

<p>Detta arbete handlar om lärares arbetssituation och hur den har förändrats efter Lpo94. Arbetet handlar också om betyg och hur dessa har förändrats genom århundradena. Det har även kommit att handla om hur lärare går till väga för att hjälpa de elever som inte klarar godkänd gränsen i kärnämnena. </p><p>Resultatet av litteraturstudier och en intervjuundersökning visar på en näst intill enig lärarkår. Lärarna är positivt inställda till det nya betygssystemet men skulle vilja ha fler steg i betygsskalan. Lärarna upplever att en ökad arbetsbelastning ligger i att få alla elever godkända. Lärare och elever kan ibland känna stor frustration, när de tillsammans kämpar för ett godkänt resultat.</p>

<p>As we approach the 21st Century, our society is increasingly being faced with technological advances. One of such areas of advancement is the reasearch involving human genes. The human genome-mapping project(HGMP) started on the first of october 1990 with a group of over 350 labs. but by late 90's, many important advances had been discovered concerning how to improve the human specie. With these advances came ethical questions and concerns.Both moral and legal questions have been raised as to the effectiveness and safty of this technology. It is the contention of this paper to give a clearer meaning and understanding of the ethics of genetic control.As such I will discuss the wide spread fears and anxiety brought about by the introduction of this new technology. To make this aim more comprehensible, I will pay particular attention to Joseph Fletcher and his books on Genetic control, and Humanhood: Essays In Biomedical Ethics. Fletchers ardent support for genetic control has developed worldwide debates from both ethicists and philosophers as to the safty and efficiency of genetic engineering.</p>

<p>Many organizational changes have been accomplished in elder care since the 1980's and many of those have been influenced by market mechanisms. The purpose of this study is to examine how the implementation of these market mechanisms has affected three important aspects in the work situation for personnel. These aspects are, demand, control and support. To attain the purpose of this study, five qualitative interviews with home care personnel have been carried out. The interview material has been analyzed and structured with the help of Karasek and Theorells demand-control-support model. The study shows that the demands on personnel has increased, the prospect of personnel to control their work situation has both decreased and increased in different regards, finally, that support has improved after the implementation of market mechanisms in the municipality where the study was done. This implies that the personnel's prerequisites for self development, teaching and motivation in some regards seem to have improved. Although, at the same time, the increased demands of cost efficiency adhered to time pressure seems to hinder personnel from using their skills and to make work related decisions. This also means that they in their work situation are at a greater risk of suffering illness.</p>

<p>Aim: Vätternrundan is one of three cycling rides organised yearly in Motala,Sweden. It is one of the world’s largest cycling events in number of participants, but staying at the top requires constant reinvention and reconfiguration. The purpose of this study is to formulate a strategic marketing plan for the business unit Vätternrunda answering the following questions for effectiv marketing management.</p><p>- How can competitive advantage be achieved?</p><p>- What is the holistic current situation of the business?</p><p>- What marketing strategy can and should be used?</p><p>Method: The work of formulating a plan is a creative process involving analysis of internal data, supplemented by market research. Empirical data has been collected from secondary sources such as existing documents and earlier studies complemented by the researchers observations, experiences and interviews with key actors.</p><p>Result & Conclusions: The results show a growing potential market, provided that it is properly targeted. The strategies possible are brand strengthening, product development and differentiation. Of great importance is also internal marketing and partner relationship development. The key to effective implementation is the organizational capabilities and core competence.</p><p>Suggestions for future research: How to amplify the efficiency of an organization where social and profit-making objectives meet.</p><p>Contribution of the thesis: The study brings strategic guidance to the company being studied but also additional knowledge of the market for other similar events as well as being a case study of possible interest to fellow academics.</p>

<p>Leadership has been one of the most interesting research areas for academicians and practitioners for many years. (Hughes et al, 2006, p. 22) defined leadership as an interaction process of leader, follower and situation that showed its complex character. Within this complexity, a leader behavior was studied in the past with different dimensions of behaviors. The behavior of leaders can have an impact on the performance and effectiveness of organizations. Leadership behaviors have been studied considering gender and different situations. The interaction between gender and situation is emphasized as a focal point in this study.</p><p>The main objective of this study is to look up for the gender and situation interaction for the determination of leadership behaviors of female managers. It means the impact of the two interactions on the leader behavior of female managers is investigated.  In order to achieve the determined objective, two different sectors, which are construction and nursing, are selected. The gender differences between the workers of these fields and the tasks performed in the area constitute reasons for us to work on these two different working situations in order to achieve our objective. To find out the differences as well as similarities between the leader’s behaviors in these work situations, task and relation oriented behaviors are used as it is the dominant one when the leader behavior is studied in relation to gender and situation. The authors of this paper believed that studying female leaders in specific working situations can create new knowledge about female leaders in those identified cases.</p><p>A qualitative study with semi-structured interview is employed by having eight samples of female leaders from construction and nursing organizations found in Northern Sweden.  Previously determined behaviors in task and relation category are used to identify the leaders’ behavior in these organizations. Based on the qualitative results, the findings revealed that leaders in nursing have more of relation behaviors than the task behaviors.  Female leaders in construction also show behaviors that mainly characters relation than task oriented behaviors. Therefore, the finding shows that female leaders have both task and relation behaviors with more of relation oriented behaviors in both cases. Finally, the study concludes that the interaction between gender and situation does not determine the leadership behaviors of female managers, where more of relation oriented behavior is identified in both cases.</p>

<p>The Kappa coefficient is widely used in assessing categorical agreement between two raters or two methods. It can also be extended to more than two raters (methods).  When using Kappa, the shortcomings of this coefficient should be not neglected.  Bias and prevalence effects lead to paradoxes of Kappa. These problems can be avoided by using some other indexes together, but the solutions of the Kappa problems are not satisfactory. This paper gives a critical survey concerning the Kappa coefficient and gives a real life example. A useful alternative statistical approach, the Rank-invariant method is also introduced, and applied to analyze the disagreement between two raters.</p>