Bridge edge beam system is an increasing concern in Sweden. Because it is the mostvisible part of the structure which is subjected to harsh weather. The edge beamcontributes to the stiffness of overhang slab and helps to distribute the concentratedload. The design of edge beam is not only affected by the structural members, but it isalso affected by non-structural members.The aim of the thesis is to investigate the influence of edge beam on the structuralbehavior of reinforced concrete overhang slab. A three-dimensional (3D) non-linearfinite element model is developed by using the commercial software ABAQUS version6.1.14. The load displacement curves and failure modes were observed. The bendingmoment and shear capacity of the cantilever slab is studied.The validated model from non-linear analysis of reinforced concrete slab gives morestiffer result and leads to the high value of load capacity when comparing with theexperimental test. The presence of the edge beam in the overhang slab of length 2.4 mslightly increases the load capacity and shows ductile behavior due to the self-weightof the edge beam. The non-linear FE-analysis of overhang slab of length 10 m leads tomuch higher load capacity and gives stiffer response as compare to the overhang slabof 2.4 m. The presence of the edge beam in the overhang slab of length 10 m giveshigher load capacity and shows stiffer response when comparing with the overhangslab of length 10 m. This might be due to the self-weight of the edge beam and theoverhang slab is restrained at the right side of the slab.

Currently set climate targets regarding carbon dioxide emissions mean that emissions from the construction industry must be reduced. One option for reducing the carbon footprint of a building's foundation could be to completely replace the concrete slab with a CLT foundation slab. The aim of the report is therefore to investigate how a CLT slab can be designed and then determine whether it has a smaller carbon footprint than a conventional reinforced concrete slab.  For the study, an example house was designed to generate loads, for which the CLT slab and concrete slab were then designed. The CLT slab was designed using FEM design software. The concrete slab was designed using hand calculations according to Eurocode 2. The material quantities from the respective designs were applied in an environmental calculation tool where the climate impact from the manufacturing phase was calculated. The result showed a 61 - 68% lower environmental impact in the form of carbon dioxide equivalents from the CLT foundation compared to the concrete foundation. However, the results of the climate analysis do not show with certainty that a CLT slab has a lower climate impact than a concrete slab, even though it has a lower climate impact during the manufacturing process. One factor that affects the result is the lifespan of the materials in the different foundation constructions, which can differ by as much as 50 years. Further research in construction solutions for CLT foundation slabs, long-term moisture protection and lifetime climate analysis is required to obtain a more distinct result in this study.

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Det här projektet syftade till att studera och införa ett skript för parametriserad modellering av en bro i programmen Rhinoceros och Grasshopper. Skriptet skapades genom visuella programmeringskomponenter och brokonstruktionen som modellerades i detta projekt var en plattrambro. Parametrisk design är ett verktyg som skapar modeller med hjälp av olika förutsättningar kallade parametrar. Dessa parametrar kan ändras direkt i programmen som även ändrar modellen. Detta underlättar redigeringsprocessen av modeller i projekt samt gör det möjligt för flera variationer av samma konstruktionstyp att hanteras i ett och samma skript. I detta projekt användes även Tekla Structures vilket är ett kraftfullt BIM-verktyg som klarar av att modellera och räkna på hus- och anläggningskonstruktioner. Rhinoceros-Grasshopper kopplas till Tekla med programmets eget plug-in, kallad Tekla live-link. Ett flertal intervjuer har genomförts med experter inom området för input om hur programmen används idag, inom de olika byggföretagen, samt hur långt modellering med parametrar har kommit. Resultatet av detta examensarbete visar att parametriserad modellering främst är användbart vid redigeringar av modeller. Den modellerade konstruktionen programmeras på ett sätt där alla dess ingående delar hänger ihop. Då kan redigeringar på specifika delar göras utan att behöva ändra/modellera de resterande delarna på nytt. Detta gör att mindre arbete behöver läggas på redigeringar. Vid projekt med mindre konstruktioner eller enkla geometrier är program som Tekla ett snabbare och smidigare verktyg än Rhinoceros då programmering av skript kan ta mycket tid. Arbetet som har genomförts i detta examensarbete visar dock att det kan vara lämpligt att använda parametriserad modellering vid projekt med större eller mer komplicerade konstruktioner. / The purpose of this thesis was to study and implement a script for a parametric modelling of a bridge in Rhinoceros 3D Grasshopper. The script was done with visualized programming components and the structure was a slab frame bridge. Parametric design is a tool that create models with the use of different prerequisites called parameters. These parameters can be changed directly in the script which in turn changes the model. This makes the editing process of the model easier and allows for greater variations of the same structure to be handled within the same script. In this project, Tekla Structures was used which is a powerful BIM tool that can be used for design and analyses of various structures. Rhinoceros Grasshopper was connected to Tekla Structures with their own plugin, called Tekla live link. Several interviews have been conducted with experts and experienced people in the subject for input on how the programs are used today in the building branch as well as how far parametric design has come. The results of this thesis shows that parametric design is useful mostly when it comes to redactions of an already existing model. The designed structures are programmed in such a way that all their different components are connected. This allows for edits and redactions to be made on one specific component without having to change or redesign the rest. This saves time during the designing part of a project. Although, when it comes to smaller scaled projects or structures with simple geometries,using programs such as Tekla Structures is still faster and easier as opposed to using Rhinoceros Grasshopper. This is because programming and creating a script can take a lot of time and is very complicated at times. However, the result of this thesis shows that it could be wise to use parametric programming when it comes to larger projects and/or more complicated structures.

Betondecken sind materialintensive Biegetragwerke, wenn sie, wie derzeit üblich, eben und aus einer Betonsorte hergestellt werden. Die Materialien sind dadurch nur an wenigen Stellen maximal und effizient ausgenutzt. Die vorliegende Dissertation greift ein daraus resultierendes Optimierungspotential auf. Eine verbesserte Ausnutzung der Baustoffe Beton und Stahl gelingt durch einen dreischichtigen Querschnittsaufbau. Dabei nehmen die beiden äußeren Betonschichten mit der eingebrachten Stahlbewehrung vor allem die Beanspruchungen aus Biegung und die Kernschicht aus Schub auf. Als Kernschichtmaterial kommen dabei Leichtbetone zur Anwendung. Der Fokus liegt auf der Untersuchung von schlaff bewehrten, einachsig gespannten, einfeldrigen Flachdecken des gewöhnlichen Wohnungs- und Bürobaus. In der Arbeit wird ein Überblick über den aktuellen Entwicklungsstand und die bereits vorliegenden Forschungsarbeiten zu geschichteten, sandwichartigen Betondecken gegeben. Sie geht auf die Eigenschaften von Beton, Stahl und Stahlbeton und ausführlich auf den Verbund zwischen Betonschichten ein, der die Tragfähigkeit geschichteter Betondecken besonders beeinflusst. Anschließend werden verschiedene Bauteilzustände erläutert und die Versagensarten, die bei geschichteten Elementen auftreten können, vorgestellt. Dazu gehören maßgeblich das Biegezug- und Biegedruckversagen sowie das Biegeschub- und Fugenversagen. Es werden sowohl Formeln zur Berechnung von Durchbiegungen im Gebrauchszustand als auch von Bruchlasten in Abhängigkeit der Versagensart bereitgestellt. Auch sind Rechenansätze zur Beurteilung des Bauteilzustandes infolge des unterschiedlichen Schwindens der Betone aufgeführt.

Syftet med studien var att undersöka hinder för återbruk av håldäckselement i den svenska byggsektorn. Studien identifierar flera kritiska utmaningar. Dessa inkluderar ekonomiska hinder, regelverk och standarder, samt branschens acceptans och medvetenhet om återbruk. En av huvudpunkterna är bristen på incitament för återbruk på grund av relativt låga kostnader för avfallshantering jämfört med återbruk. En annan brist som leder till högre kostnader är att demontera och bearbeta återanvänt material. Nuvarande regelverk och standarder främjar inte heller återbruk i tillräcklig grad, där nyproduktion ofta ses som det enklare och billigare alternativet. Slutsatserna av studien understryker behovet av tydligare politiska styrmedel och incitament för att öka återbruket av byggmaterial. / The purpose of the study was to examine barriers to the reuse of hollow core slabs in the Swedish construction sector. The study identifies several critical challenges. These include economic barriers, regulations and standards, as well as the industry's acceptance and awareness of reuse.  One of the main points is the lack of incentives for reuse due to relatively low waste management costs compared to reuse. Another shortfall leading to higher costs is the disassembly and processing of reused materials. Current regulations and standards also do not sufficiently promote reuse, where new production is often seen as the simpler and cheaper alternative.  The conclusions of the study emphasize the need for clearer political directives and incentives to increase the reuse of building materials.

The results of a pilot series of tests, designed to investigate the influence of the presence of a composite floor slab on the performance of steel beam-to-column connections, are reported. Direct comparisons against equivalent bare steel tests show improvements in moment capacity (up to 15 times), with reinforcement anchorage being the main controlling factor. Thus joints to internal columns where the deck runs parallel to the beams and relatively small numbers of bars supplement the basic mesh reinforcement may be expected to give the best performance.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:09:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3338.pdf: 4319897 bytes, checksum: 32b80c93c455c298962c6b33fd51002a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-18 / The big surge in use of systems for flat slabs gave up the search for freedom in the definition and organization of architectural interior spaces in buildings. The design and construction of buildings on flat slabs, which allow great mobility in defining the internal space of the building and reducing its height. The slabs with prefabricated trussed beams using forms lost in blocks of expanded polystyrene (EPS) or removable forms, brought new perspectives to the design of flat slabs, allowing greater spans with low deadweight. The precast elements are lightweight, easy handling, transport and assembly, and require the use of molds and special equipment and requires little bracing. Computer programs have emerged in recent years provide more refined calculations that predict the behavior of the structure in service with greater precision. This way the designers have increased security in systems design less common as flat slabs ribbed, without internal beams, capitals and even edge beams. In Brazil the predominant culture in the design and implementation of flat slabs is given by the system option molded on site. The objectives of this study are: to seek answers to the prevailing cultural behavior, and to compare their advantages and disadvantages when compared with cast on site, presenting the normative regulations and simplified calculation method according to ABNT NBR 6118:2003, provide subsidies for the project and implementation of flat slabs with ribbed prefabricated trussed beams, provide a calculation method for the infinitely rigid diaphragm; present a real case study as a comparison of costs. / O grande impulso na utilização dos sistemas de lajes lisas deu-se pela busca de liberdade na definição e organização arquitetônica de espaços internos em edifícios. O projeto e execução de edificações em lajes lisas, permitem grande mobilidade na definição do espaço interno do edifício e na redução da sua altura final. As lajes pré-fabricadas com vigotas treliçadas que utilizam fôrmas perdidas em blocos de Poliestireno Expandido (EPS) ou fôrmas removíveis trouxeram novas perspectivas ao projeto de lajes lisas, permitindo vãos maiores com baixo peso próprio. Os elementos pré-moldados são leves, de fácil manuseio, transporte e montagem, dispensam o uso de fôrmas e equipamentos especiais e requerem pouco escoramento. Programas computacionais surgidos nos últimos anos propiciam cálculos mais refinados que permitem prever o comportamento em serviço da estrutura com maior precisão. Dessa maneira, os projetistas têm maior segurança no projeto de sistemas menos usuais, como lajes lisas nervuradas, sem vigas internas, capitéis e até mesmo vigas de borda. No Brasil, a cultura predominante no projeto e execução de lajes lisas se dá pela opção do sistema moldado no local. Nestes termos, os objetivos do presente trabalho são: buscar respostas para o comportamento cultural predominante; comparar suas vantagens e desvantagens em relação aos sistemas moldados no local; apresentar as regulamentações normativas e o método de cálculo simplificado segundo a ABNT NBR 6118:2003; fornecer subsídios para o projeto e execução das lajes lisas nervuradas pré-fabricadas com vigotas treliçadas; apresentar um método de cálculo para o diafragma infinitamente rígido e apresentar um estudo de caso real como comparativo de custos.

The subject of this diploma thesis is the design of the underground parts of the building. Part of this thesis is to comapare alternative designs and subsequentli evaluate the interaction of the upper structure with subsoil and pile fundantion. A detailed static assessment and implementation documentation is then prepared for the selected variant. The design of the base plate and reinforced concrete walls of the underground section are designed with respect to the crack width according to the principles for designing the white box. The theoretical part contains principles for designing and implementing a white box and evaluating design variants.

This diploma thesis solves design of the new building for temporary accommodation. The building of hotel is located in the center of village Halenkov on plot no. 103/1, which is city plan for construction of buildins for development. The building is designed as two and no cellerage. The floor plan of designed building is creating the shape of letter L. The has gabled roof with a slope of 40 degree at the part for accomodation and single-layer flat at the part for restaurant. The building is of brick construction system of Porotherm blocks based on concrete footings. The ceilings consist of reinforced concrete monolithic slab andpre-stressed concrete floor slabs. The hotel is equipped with 27 rooms for 50 guests and the restaurant is designed for 72 customers. The thesis is processed in the form of project documentation for new building, containing all the requirements according to applicable standards and regulations.