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Denna studie ämnar undersöka användarupplevelse i digitala miljöer med inriktning engagemang inom digitala sociala nätverk. Studien syftar till att ge en fördjupad förståelse kring området användarupplevelse inom hedoniska motivationssystem (HMS) med fokus på vad som skapar engagemang inom digitala sociala nätverk. Som ett hjälpmedel att på ett strukturerat sätt förklara användarupplevelser och hur engagemang uppkommer har det teoretiska ramverket Hedonic-motivation System Adoption Model, HMSAM, applicerats. De begrepp som användes var användarvänlighet, upplevd användarnytta, nyfikenhet, glädje, kontroll och fördjupat engagemang. För att bättre förstå begreppet fördjupat engagemang har även flow-teorin fungerat som teoretisk bas. Då studien syftade till att ge en fördjupad förståelse kring ett fenomen har dess ansats varit kvalitativ där semi-strukturerade intervjuer använts som datainsamlingsmetod. En innehållsanalys kopplat till teman användes i syfte att strukturera och tematisera den insamlade empirin. Resultatet visade att intresse nämndes inom samtliga teman och hade en stark korrelation till uppkomsten av engagemang. Detta var dock beroende av dess konsumerande kontext. Om det konsumerades i en kontext som inte främjar det fördjupade engagemangets uppkomst, tenderar det att förlora dess betydelse. Vidare framkom att kontroll spelar en viktig roll i sammanhanget då en upplevd bristande kontroll bidrar till en negativ användarupplevelse. Detta visades dock vara komplext då ett fördjupat engagemang delvis innefattar en bristande kontroll i form av förlorad självmedvetenhet och tidsuppfattning. Det spekuleras om de övertygande tekniker som används i dessa digitala sammanhang kan ha någon koppling till den upplevda negativa kontrollbristen. Studien kan ses som ett första steg i en designprocess för framtagande av digitala sociala tjänster med användaren i fokus, med inriktning engagemang och positiv användarupplevelse. / This study aims to examine user experience in digital environments with a focus on engagement within social networking sites. The study aims to provide an in-depth understanding of the area of ​​user experience in hedonic motivation systems with a focus on what creates engagement in social networking sites. As a tool to explain user experiences in a structured way and how engagement arises, the theoretical framework Hedonic-motivation System Adoption Model, HMSAM, has been applied. The concepts used were perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, curiosity, joy, control, and immersion. To better understand the concept of the strong engagement named immersion, flow theory has also served as a theoretical basis. Since the study aimed to provide an in-depth understanding of a phenomenon, its approach has been qualitative where semi-structured interviews were used as a data collection method. A content analysis linked to themes was used to structure and thematize the collected empirical data. The results showed that interest was mentioned in all themes and had a strong correlation to the emergence of engagement. However, this was dependent on its consuming context. If it was consumed in a context that does not promote the emergence of immersion, it tends to lose its significance. Furthermore, it emerged that control plays an important role in the context as a perceived lack of control contributes to a negative user experience. However, this proved to be complex as immersion partly includes a lack of control in the form of loss of self-consciousness and time distortion. It is speculated that persuasive technology that is used in these digital contexts may have some connection to the perceived negative lack of control. The study can be seen as a first step in a design process for the development of user-centered social networking sites, with a focus on engagement and positive user experience.

Användningen av sociala medier ökar ständigt och med detta följer både fördelar och nackdelar. Sociala medier är ett sätt för människor att kommunicera och interagera med andra människor och företag. Denna uppsats, som är ett examensarbete i medieteknik vid fakulteten för Teknik och Samhälle på Malmö högskola, undersöker vilka olika känslor människor känner när de besöker de olika sociala medierna Facebook, Snapchat och Instagram. Syftet med uppsatsen är att få en förståelse för och kartlägga hur de olika sociala medierna upplevs för personer mellan 20-30 år, vilka känslor de får när de besöker de olika sociala medierna och hur känslorna skiljer sig mellan kvinnor och män. Undersökningen har skett med hjälp av kvalitativ metodik med kvantitativa inslag, så som en loggbok och gruppintervjuer. Resultatet visar att respondenterna använder sig av sociala medier mer än vad de trodde och att de alltid känner olika känslor. Känslorna som uppstår vid det sociala medieanvändandet är ingenting respondenterna tidigare har reflekterat över. Samtliga respondenter har genom undersökningen blivit medvetna om hur sociala medier faktiskt påverkar dem. Undersökningen pekar på att de olika känslor som uppstår vid socialt medieanvändande skiljer sig mellan kvinnor och män. Kvinnor tycks reflektera mer än män över hur de känner och hur de påverkas av sociala medier. / The use of social media is constantly increasing, which brings both advantages and disadvantages. Social media is a way for people to communicate and interact with other people and companies. This essay, which is a thesis at the Faculty of Technology and Society at Malmö University, explores the different emotions people feel when they visit the various social media platforms Facebook, Snapchat and Instagram. The purpose of this paper is to get an understanding of how different social networking sites are experienced for people between 20- 30 years and what they feel when they visit these websites or apps. The survey was done with a qualitative method with quantitative elements, such as a log book and group interviews. The results show that the respondents use social media more than they thought and they always feel different emotions while using it. The feelings that comes with social media use is nothing that the respondents have thought about before. All respondents have become aware of how social media actually affect them. The survey suggests that the various emotions that comes with social media usage are different between men and women. Women seem to reflect more than men about how they feel and how they are influenced by social media.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Family Studies and Human Services / Melinda S. Markham and Karen S. Myers-Bowman / The purpose of this qualitative study was to examine the phenomenon of social networking sites (SNSs) and its impact on practicing human service professionals. In this exploratory study, 33 interviews, comprised of family life educators and social workers, were conducted in order to gain the perspective of how SNSs were being used in practice. A phenomenological approach was used to get at the lived experiences of these professionals. In addition, a Johari Window lens provided a way to understand the level of transparency professionals had when interacting with the digital culture. Themes found described how SNSs were being utilized in practice. These centered on benefits to the agency, clientele, and to the professional. The changing technological climate was shown to be impacting the delivery of services, yet professionals were underutilizing SNSs in practice. Regardless if the professional was on or offline, being recognized as a professional was extremely important. As a result, professionals were cognizant of potential consequences of using SNSs for professional and personal use. This awareness not only led professionals to want to safeguard their privacy, but also provided an opportunity for these professionals to develop guidelines for ethical digital behavior. Implications for research include exploring how a person’s digital status should be defined, if at all, how do privacy and ‘connecting’ influence each other, and what is the impact of viewing others’ posts on the ego strength of the person. The biggest implication for practice was the need for specific policies designed around professional digital behavior. In the absence of specific guidelines, professionals established their own set of rules to guide their practice. However, as more agencies and professions begin to see the need for and develop policies for SNS use, professionals will need to assimilate these new guidelines into their practice.

This thesis investigates the potentially complex power effects generated in Online Social Networking Sites (‘OSNS’), such as YouTube and Facebook, when legal values, such as copyright and personal data, are protected and/or violated. In order to develop this analysis, in Chapter Two, I critically analyse key academic writings on internet regulation and argue that I need to move away from the dominant ‘regulatory’ lens to my Actor-Network Theory-Foucauldian Power Lens (‘ANT-Foucauldian Power Lens’) in order to be able to capture the potentially complex web of power effects generated in YouTube and Facebook when copyright and personal data are protected and/or violated. In Chapter Three, I develop my ANT-Foucauldian Power Lens and explore how key ANT ideas such as translation can be used in conjunction with Foucauldian ideas such as governmentality. I utilise my ANT-Foucauldian Power Lens in Chapters Four to Seven to analyse how YouTube and Facebook are constructed as heterogeneous, contingent and precarious ‘actor-networks’ and I map in detail the complex power effects generated from specific local connections. I argue five key points. Firstly, I suggest that complex, multiple, and contingent power effects are generated when key social, legal, and technological actants are locally, contingently, and precariously ‘fitted together’ in YouTube and Facebook when copyright and personal data are protected and/or violated. Secondly, I argue that ‘materialities’ play key roles in maintaining the power effects generated by specific local connections. Thirdly, I argue that there are close links between power and ‘spatialities’ through my analysis of the Privacy Settings and Tagging in Facebook. Fourthly, I argue that my relational understandings of YouTube and Facebook generate a more comprehensive view of the power effects of specific legal elements such as how specific territorial laws in YouTube gain their authority by virtue of their durable and heterogeneous connections. Finally, I argue that we can extrapolate from my empirical findings to build a small-scale theory about the power effects generated in OSNS when legal values are protected and/or violated. Here I also consider the contributions made by my research to three distinct fields, namely, internet regulation, socio-legal studies, and actor-network theory.

Στα πλαίσια αυτής της διπλωματικής εργασίας μελετούνται οι ιστότοποι κοινωνικής δικτύωσης, καθώς και οι εφαρμογές παιχνιδιών μέσα σε αυτούς με σκοπό την ανάπτυξη μιας εκπαιδευτικής εφαρμογής μέσα σε έναν από αυτούς, το Facebook. Έχοντας εξετάσει αρκετούς χώρους κοινωνικής δικτύωσης και αφού καταλήξαμε να κάνουμε χρήση του Facebook σαν πλατφόρμα ανάπτυξης της εφαρμογής μας, προχωρήσαμε στην ανάπτυξη του παιχνιδιού, αφού πρώτα διατυπώσαμε την ιδέα του. Ποιο είναι το παιχνίδι; Το Back to School είναι ένα ατομικό, διαδραστικό παιχνίδι ερωτήσεων κυρίως γεωγραφικού, αλλά και εν μέρει ιστορικού περιεχομένου. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, ο παίκτης καλείται να εντοπίσει πάνω στο χάρτη (Google Maps) κάποια χώρα, πρωτεύουσα, ή τον τόπο γέννησης κάποιας ιστορικής προσωπικότητας, ανάλογα με την κατηγορία και αντίστοιχα το ένα από τα τρία επίπεδα δυσκολίας που θα επιλέξει, πραγματοποιώντας ένα διαδραστικό τεστ γεωγραφίας. Ο χρόνος που έχει στη διάθεσή του για κάθε παιχνίδι είναι 3 λεπτά, ενώ για κάθε σωστή απάντηση λαμβάνει 100 πόντους. Επιπλέον του δίνονται 3 ζωές (lives) προτού χάσει, ανεξαρτήτως του χρόνου που του απομένει, καθώς και ένας αριθμός βοηθειών (hints) για παράλειψη ερωτήσεων που δε γνωρίζει. Έχοντας αποσαφηνίσει το περιεχόμενο του παιχνιδιού και γνωρίζοντας το που θα αναπτυχθεί, μελετήσαμε το απαραίτητο υλικό για την ανάπτυξη της εφαρμογής στον κοινωνικό χώρο του Facebook, προκειμένου να μπορέσουμε να ενσωματώσουμε το παιχνίδι μέσα σε αυτόν, αξιοποιώντας κατάλληλα και τις δυνατότητες που προσφέρονται στους κοινωνικούς χώρους. Η εφαρμογή είναι διαθέσιμη προς χρήση στον παρακάτω ιστότοπο: apps.facebook.com/backtoschooool / Within this thesis, we study the social networking sites and game applications within these,in order to develop an educational application within one of these, Facebook. Having examined several social networking sites and ended up to use Facebook as a platform for our application development, we proceeded with the development of the game after we first formulated its idea. What's the game? Back to School is a single player, interactive quiz with mainly geographical, but also partially historical content. Specifically, the player is asked to locate on the map (Google Maps) a country whether a capital or the birthplace of a historical personality, depending on the category and on the one of the three corresponding levels of difficulty that he will choose, in order to take an interactive geography test. The time available for each game is 3 minutes, and for each correct answer receives 100 points. In addition he is given lives before losing, regardless of the time remaining as well as a number of hints in order to skip questions that he doesn’t know. Having clarified the content of the game and knowing where it would be developed, we studied the necessary material for the development of the application in the social space of Facebook, so that we can incorporate the game into it, while making appropriate use of the possibilities offered by social sites. The application is available for use on the following site: apps.facebook.com/backtoschooool

自90年代以來，哈佛政治學者Robert Putnam指出美國人民社會資本的低落，開啟近代對社會資本概念討論之風氣。隨著網路逐漸普及化，關於新媒體與社會資本之關連性探討文獻也如雨後春筍般的出現。本研究以網路相簿起家的「無名小站」為例，旨在探討我國大學生的社會網絡網站使用行為與其社會資本之間之關連性。 依據過去文獻，本研究將社會網絡網站的使用行為作為自變項，分為「涉入強度」、「互動功能近用程度」、「使用動機」及「使用類型」等四部分；依變項部分，本研究結合威斯康辛大學提出的「公民生活品質指標」（包含生命滿意、社會信任及參與行為）和密西根州立大學提出的「自我感知網絡」（包含跨越型、凝聚型和維持的社會資本），以完整評估受訪者的社會資本。 本研究以量化問卷收集資料，研究發現，無論「公民生活指標」與「自我感知網絡」，無名小站會員皆高於非無名小站會員。從使用行為檢視社會資本發現，無名小站「涉入強度」較高的使用者，並不保證其擁有較高的社會資本；「互動功能近用程度」較高者，則可預測其有較高的生命滿意度、參與行為（包括政治、公民及社會參與）及自我感知網絡。由此可知，能預測使用者社會資本的關鍵並非無名小站的「涉入強度」，而是「互動功能近用行為」。此外，無名小站的「使用動機」及「連結建構傾向」，亦對部分的社會資本指標有預測力。 本研究透過無名小站的使用行為調查，對社會資本理論有三點回應：1.「時間取代論」不適用社會網絡網站、2.網路使用行為並不必然弱化人們的網絡強度、3.網路互動補強面對面互動，而非削弱。隨著無名小站互動功能日益增加，吾人可預期無名小站的「互動功能近用程度」對其使用者「社會資本」更具有預測力。

L’avénement des réseaux sociaux, tel que Facebook, MySpace et LinkedIn, a fourni une plateforme permettant aux individus de rester facilement connectés avec leurs amis, leurs familles ou encore leurs collègues tout en les encourageant activement à partager leurs données personnelles à travers le réseau. Avec la richesse des activités disponibles sur un réseau social, la quantité et la variété des informations personnelles partagées sont considérables. De plus, de part leur nature numérique, ces informations peuvent être facilement copiées, modifiées ou divulguées sans le consentement explicite de leur propriétaire. Ainsi, l’information personnelle révélée par les réseaux sociaux peut affecter de manière concrète la vie de leurs utilisateurs avec des risques pour leur vie privée allant d’un simple embarras à la ruine complète de leur réputation, en passant par l’usurpation d’identité. Malheureusement, la plupart des utilisateurs ne sont pas conscients de ces risques et les outils mis en place par les réseaux sociaux actuels ne sont pas suffisants pour protéger efficacement la vie privée de leurs utilisateurs. En outre, même si un utilisateur peut contrôler l’accès à son propre profil, il ne peut pas contrôler ce que les autres révèlent à son sujet. En effet, les “amis” d’un utilisateur sur un réseau social peuvent parfois révéler plus d’information à son propos que celui-ci ne le souhaiterait. Le respect de la vie privée est un droit fondamental pour chaque individu. Nous pré- sentons dans cette thèse une approche qui vise à accroître la prise de conscience des utilisateurs des risques par rapport à leur vie privée et à maintenir la souveraineté sur leurs données lorsqu’ils utilisent un réseau social. La première contribution de cette thèse réside dans la classification des risques multiples ainsi que les atteintes à la vie privée des utilisateurs d’un réseau social. Nous introduisons ensuite un cadre formel pour le respect de la vie privée dans les réseaux sociaux ainsi que le concept de politique de vie privée (UPP). Celle-ci définie par l’utilisateur offre une manière simple et flexible de spécifier et communiquer leur attentes en terme de respect de la vie privée à d’autres utilisateurs, tiers parties ainsi qu’au fournisseur du réseau social. Par ailleurs, nous dé- finissons une taxonomie (possiblement non-exhaustive) des critères qu’un réseau social peut intégrer dans sa conception pour améliorer le respect de la vie privée. En introduisant le concept de réseau social respectueux de la vie privée (PSNS), nous proposons Privacy Watch, un réseau social respectueux de la vie privée qui combine les concepts de provenance et d’imputabilité afin d’aider les utilisateurs à maintenir la souveraineté sur leurs données personnelles. Finalement, nous décrivons et comparons les différentes propositions de réseaux sociaux respectueux de la vie privée qui ont émergé récemment. Nous classifions aussi ces différentes approches au regard des critères de respect de la vie privée introduits dans cette thèse. / The rise of Social Networking Sites (SNS), such as Facebook, Myspace, and LinkedIn has provided a platform for individuals to easily stay in touch with friends, family and colleagues and actively encourage their users to share personal information. With the wealth of activities available on SNS, the amount and variety of personal information shared is considerable and diverse. Additionally, due to its digital nature, this information can be easily copied, modified and disclosed without the explicit consent of their owner. Personal information disclosed from SNS could affect users’ life, with privacy risks ranging from simple embarrassment to ruining their reputation, or even identity theft. Unfortunately, many users are not fully aware of the danger of divulging their personal information and the current privacy solutions are not flexible and thorough enough to protect user data. Furthermore, even though users of SNS can control access to their own profile, they cannot control what others may reveal about them. Friends can sometimes be untrustworthy and disclose more information about the user than they should. Considering that privacy is a fundamental right for every individual, in this thesis, we present an approach that increases privacy awareness of the users and maintains the sovereignty of their data when using SNS. The first contribution of this thesis is the classification of multiple types of risks as well as user expectations regarding privacy in SNS. Afterwards, we introduce the Privacy Framework for SNS and the concept of User Privacy Policy (UPP) to offer users an easy and flexible way to specify and communicate their privacy concerns to other users, third parties and SNS provider. Additionally, we define a taxonomy (possibly non-exhaustive) of privacy criteria that can enhance the user privacy if they are integrated within the design of a SNS and introduce the concept of a Privacy-enhanced SNS (PSNS). Furthermore, we present also Privacy Watch, a theoretical proposal of a PSNS platform that combines the concept of provenance and accountability to help SNS users maintain sovereignty over their personal data. Finally, we survey and compare several privacy-enhanced SNS that were recently proposed that try to integrate some privacy features directly into the design of the system. We also classify these different approaches with respect to the privacy criteria developed.