L’ajout de diversité végétale est présenté comme un moyen d’améliorer la durabilité des agrosystèmes. Cependant, il y a encore des manques importants de connaissances sur l’effet de la diversité végétale sur les processus à la base de l’élaboration des rendements. Les systèmes agroforestiers tropicaux couvrent une large gamme de diversité végétale ; ce sont donc de bons modèles pour étudier la relation entre diversité et productivité. Les systèmes agroforestiers de la région de Talamanca au Costa Rica sont particulièrement intéressants car au sein de communautés végétales complexes, ils comprennent des bananiers et des cacaoyers qui sont des cultures de rente importantes et dont la production peut facilement être quantifiée et analysée. Une autre spécificité de ces systèmes est qu’ils présentent des organisations spatiales particulièrement diverses. Analyser comment la diversité des plantes et son organisation influe sur les performances de ces systèmes est particulièrement complexe et nécessite le développement de nouvelles approches. Les objectifs de cette thèse étaient d’étudier : i) quels facteurs affectent la relation entre diversité végétale et productivité ? ii) Comment la diversité végétale influence la productivité globale des systèmes agroforestiers ? et iii) Comment la structure spatiales des communautés de plantes cultivées influence leurs rendements ?Tout d’abord, une méta-analyse a été menée afin d’étudier la relation entre diversité végétale et production dans une très large gamme de systèmes naturels et cultivés. Cette analyse a notamment traité du rôle de la latitude, du climat et de la structure de la canopée sur cette relation. Elle a montré que le gain lié à la diversité végétal tend à diminuer avec la magnitude de cette diversité. Nos résultats montrent également que la réponse de la productivité à la richesse spécifique en plantes dépend énormément du type de communauté considéré, notamment si la communauté comprend des arbres.Ensuite, un réseau de 180 placettes situées dans 20 parcelles d’agriculteurs a été étudié dans la région de Talamanca. Pendant un an, la production de chaque plante a été évaluée. Cette production a ensuite été convertie en revenus en accord avec les prix du marché local. Alors qu’un effet positif de la diversité végétale cultivée a été observé sur le revenu globale (de chaque placette), cet effet était très contrasté si on le considérait séparément pour les différents groupes fonctionnels. Cet effet était positif pour les plantes des groupes appartenant aux strates hautes et négatif pour les plantes des groupes appartenant aux strates basses. Ces résultats suggèrent que la complémentarité entre plantes était plus forte pour les plantes des strates hautes et qu’inversement la compétition était plus forte dans les strates plus basses.La seconde phase de l’analyse des données de ce réseau de parcelles a visé à étudier l’effet du voisinage de chaque bananier ou cacaoyer sur leur production. Une approche d’analyse individu-centrée a été développée afin de déterminer si le nombre de voisins d’un groupe donné dans un rayon donné était un bon prédicteur de la croissance ou du rendement de chaque bananier ou cacaoyer. Les résultats montrent que la distance à laquelle la production d’un bananier ou d’un cacaoyer est affectée par ses voisins dépend de la taille de ces. De manière surprenante, les grands arbres ont eu un effet plus faible que les arbres plus petits. Cela suggère que des densités modérées de grands arbres pourraient être compatibles avec une production de bananiers et de cacaoyer avec un haut niveau de rendement. Ces résultats ont été discutés en termes de complémentarité et compétition pour la lumière. Des pistes d’organisation sont proposées et discutées au regard de la maximisation des rendements des cultures de rente et des autres cultures mais aussi dans la provision de services écosystémiques au sens large. / Adding plant diversity is increasingly presented as a mean to improve the sustainability of agrosystems. However, there is still a lack of knowledge on how plant functional diversity alters processes that support production. Because they cover a broad range of plant diversity, agroforestry systems in the tropics are a good case study to better understand the diversity-production relation. Agroforestry systems in the Talamanca region in Costa Rica are particularly interesting because among the cultivated plants they encompass, banana and cacao are two cash crops of major importance and for which production can easily be quantified and analyzed. Another specificity of these systems is that their vertical and horizontal organization is particularly diverse. Understanding how plant diversity and its organization alter the performances of these complex systems is particularly challenging and requires developing new approaches. The objectives of this thesis were to address the following questions: i) Which factors affect the relationship between plant diversity and productivity? ii) How plant diversity influences the global productivity of agroforestry systems? and iii) How the spatial structure of the plant community affects yields?First, a meta-analysis was carried out to address the diversity-production issue among a very broad range of systems world-wide. This analysis focused on how latitude, climate, and canopy structure modify the effect of plant richness on productivity of agricultural and natural ecosystems. It showed that the gain per unit of diversity added decreased as plant richness increased. Our findings also showed that the response of productivity to plant richness largely depends on the type of plants in the community, especially if the community includes trees.Then, we extensively studied the diversity and the productivity of 180 plots located within 20 fields in the Talamanca region. A global evaluation of the productivity of these systems was possible with the estimation of the production of each plant during 1 year. This production was converted into income according to local market prices. While we observed a global positive effect of plant diversity on global income, this effect was contrasted according to the functional group considered (banana, cacao, other fruits, timber, firewood. When considering the functional group separately, there was a positive effect of plant diversity for higher strata groups and a negative effect for lower strata groups. This suggested that complementarity between plants was stronger than competition for those plants occupying the higher strata of the canopy but that competition was stronger than complementarity for plants occupying the lower strata of the canopy.The second part of the analysis of the Talamanca fields dataset focused on the effect of neighbouring plants on the production of banana and cacao plants. An individual-based analysis was developed to determine whether the number of neighbouring plants of a given functional groups explained the potential yield of each banana or cacao plant. We found that the distance at which other plants alters the yield of banana or cacao plants was greater for larger functional groups (fruit or wood trees) than for smaller ones (cacao trees or banana plants). Interestingly, higher strata trees had a smaller effect than lower strata trees, suggesting that moderate densities of tall trees could be compatible with high banana and cacao production. These findings were discussed in terms of complementary and competition with respect to the availability of light at higher and lower strata of the canopy. On an applied perspective, our results suggest that productivity could be maximized by a reasonably number of plant species, and then we proposed new direction to organize fields in order to maximize the production of cash crops while providing supplementary income for farmers and ecosystem services.

A dissertação aborda as dimensões econômica e morfológica da organização espacial da atividade industrial na Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre - RMPA, propondo interfaces entre a Ciência Econômica e o Planejamento Urbano e Regional. O objetivo da pesquisa consiste em identificar se e como as propriedades morfológicas das redes de circulação urbana e rodoviária são capazes de informar tendências em processos de organização espacial da atividade industrial em ambientes urbanos. Neste sentido, foi realizado um estudo de caso multidimensional e multiescalar a partir de cinco recortes espaciais de cinco municípios da RMPA – Alvorada, Cachoeirinha, Gravataí, Porto Alegre e Viamão – e seus complexos industriais, áreas contínuas de zoneamento funcional destinados à indústria. A hipótese é de que os potenciais de movimento e as probabilidades de fluxo, depreendidas por medidas de centralidade morfológicas e espaciais captam padrões locacionais e de organização espacial das atividades industriais. Isto é verificado a partir da correlação geoestatística entre análises configuracionais da rede de circulação urbana, apoiadas nas concepções teórico-metodológicas da sintaxe espacial, e as análises econômico-locacionais, da localização das estruturas industriais, fundamentadas nas teorias econômicas. Os resultados dispostos permitiram concluir que existem correlações estatísticas significativas entre a lógica de organização espacial da indústria em áreas urbanas e as propriedades morfológicas multiescalares da configuração espacial da rede de circulação urbana, indicando que hierarquias de centralidade morfológica, informando potenciais de movimento e probabilidades de fluxo na rede urbana de circulação, captam tendências do processo de organização produtiva. / Dissertation addresses the economical and morphological dimensions of industrial activities spatial organization in the Porto Alegre’s Metropolitan Region – PAMR, proposing interfaces between Economic Science and Urban and Regional Planning. The research objective is to describe and analyse if and how the morphological properties of road and circulation urban networks are able to inform trends about the industrial activities spatial organization processes in urban areas. The empirical study multidimensional and multiscalar analyses encompasses PMAR’s five municipalities – Alvorada, Cachoeirinha, Gravataí, Porto Alegre and Viamão and their industrial complexes, continuous industrial-dedicated functional zones. The hypothesis is that movement potentials and flow probabilities informed by centralities´ hierarchies correlate to industry locational patterns and spatial organization. This is verified applying geostatistical correlations between road circulation networks spatial configuration measures, based on space syntax methodology; and locational analyses of industrial structures placement, based on economic theories. Results makes it possible to conclude that there are significant statistical correlations between industrial spatial organization logics in urban areas and multiscalar centrality measures for road circulation networks, indicating that the urban centralities hierarchies – and the network morphological properties – capture trends about this process.

Du XIIe à la première moitié du XIVe siècle, un foisonnement sans précédent d’établissements d’assistance caractérisa la création monumentale parisienne. Dans cette étude, l’inscription topographique constitue un pan important de la réflexion : en tant que composantes à part entière du panorama urbain, les complexes influencèrent l’organisation spatiale de la capitale. Leur implantation, résultant de stratégies d’acquisition diverses, procéda de critères d’installation bien définis, et généra des incidences, principalement sur la trame parcellaire et le paysage bâti de leurs quartiers respectifs. L’intégration de ces établissements dans la société médiévale parisienne favorisa des interactions multiples, qui se mesurent à l’étendue de leurs relations économiques, sociales et religieuses. À la dimension topographique du sujet s’est ajoutée une dimension proprement monumentale, et l’étude des établissements dans leur cohérence spatiale et structurelle a fait l’objet d’un examen systématique, tant du point de vue de l’organisation générale que de l’analyse architecturale et fonctionnelle de chacune des composantes. Il en résulte la production d’un corpus de bâtiments des plus hétérogènes, au degré de spécialisation variable, rendant impossible toute tentative de définition d’un plan et d’une architecture types. Aucun vestige ne perdure aujourd’hui ; l’étude méticuleuse d’une documentation certes dense, mais considérablement déséquilibrée selon les établissements, le croisement des sources, ainsi que la comparaison avec d’autres structures hors du cadre parisien ont donc été essentiels. Abordé selon une approche pluridisciplinaire, le monde hospitalier n’est plus uniquement envisagé sous l’angle monographique ou purement historique : une démarche globale caractérise cette enquête qui englobe les bâtiments, les hommes et la ville dans laquelle ils s’insèrent. / From the twelfth to the first half of the fourteenth century, the Parisian monumental creation was characterised by an unprecedented profusion of assistance institutions. In this survey, important consideration has been given to topographic registration: as whole components of the urban landscape, these complexes influenced the space organization of the city. Although their establishment resulted from various acquisition strategies, it proceeded from a clear set of criteria, and entailed big changes which altered both the land parcel plan and the built landscape in their environment. The integration of care and residential facilities into the Parisian society of the Middle-ages also favoured numerous interactions that can be measured to the scope of their economical, social and religious relationships. A properly monumental dimension was added to the topographical dimension of the topic, and the study of the establishments in their spatial and structural integrity was given detailed consideration. Their general organisation was closely examined, together with the architecture and function of their components. This resulted in a most complex collection of buildings, with various degrees of specialisation, which makes it impossible to define any standard plan or architecture. Not a single trace remains of these buildings nowadays : scanning an extensive, though unbalanced, documentation, cross-referencing the available sources and drawing comparisons with other establishments outside the Parisian framework has then been a crucial task . Medieval hospitals have been dealt with according to a multidisciplinary approach, and they are no longer seen from a purely monographical or historical point of view. Our survey is intended to be a comprehensive approach, including the buildings, the men, and the city in which they fit.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-08-08T12:36:45Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Júlio César Pereira Borges - 2016.pdf: 4430879 bytes, checksum: 7efdbde98fa43c161d6483780a6bc462 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-08-08T12:40:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Júlio César Pereira Borges - 2016.pdf: 4430879 bytes, checksum: 7efdbde98fa43c161d6483780a6bc462 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-08T12:40:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Júlio César Pereira Borges - 2016.pdf: 4430879 bytes, checksum: 7efdbde98fa43c161d6483780a6bc462 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-29 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / The decline of mining in Goias in the second half of the eighteenth century, directs you to a new spatial organization, which we call Farm-farm Goias. This led Goias for about two centuries, the late eighteenth century to the mid-twentieth century, when it was crossed by the modernization of the countryside. This organization represents the interaction of internal and external factors which, dialectically, particularized and integrated the Farm- farm Goias into the Brazilian and global spatial condition of the time. Condition that led us to consider that this is a singularity, because there was no other like it in Brazil, even within the totality under the capitalist command. In this sense, defined by the ratio of internal and external mediated elements, adapted and conflicted, the Farm-farm Goias characterized by an intrinsic reality to molds of rurality in which Goias was based and the hinterland existence. This reality is presented as-guiding of this research, which mediated by Geography, we imbued to interpret it as the founding basis of the backcountry world of Goias. Therefore, we did a research based in reading of integrating political, economic, social and cultural elements that constituted the territorial matrix of Goias and Goias backcountry. This approach is presupposed in mind that the geographic space synthesizes structural, qualitative, political and symbolic elements that reveal the spatial organization of the Farm-farm Goias. We understand as well, that this structure is the spatial organization that supported the territorial basis of Goias and conditioned the structuring of Goias hinterland society, evidenced in economic relations, power relations and cultural representations, which shaped the Goias reality of the hinterland. Faced with this situation, we understand that the backcountry is the result of spatial organization of the Farm-farm Goias. Therefore, from the moment that the organization loses its predominance ceases to exist as space hegemonic ordering of Goias, the mode of existence of the backcountry is considerably altered, leading him to rehabilitation in a new spatial organization. We affirm then that the modernization phenomenon of the field resulted in Goias at the end of forming the basis of Goias backcountry in its originality. However, he goes on about new existential conditions. / A decadência da mineração em Goiás na segunda metade do século XVIII direciona o estado para uma nova organização espacial, a qual chamamos de Fazenda-roça goiana. Essa comandou Goiás por aproximadamente dois séculos, final do século XVIII a meados do século XX, quando foi atravessada pela modernização do campo. Tal organização representou a interação dos elementos internos e externos que, de forma dialética, particularizou e integrou a Fazenda-roça goiana à condição espacial brasileira e mundial da época. Condição que nos levou a considerar que se trata de uma singularidade, pois não existiu outra igual no Brasil, ainda que dentro da totalidade sob o comando capitalista. Nesse sentido, delineada pela relação de elementos internos e externos mediados, adaptados e conflitados a Fazenda-roça goiana caracterizou-se em uma realidade intrínseca aos moldes da ruralidade na qual se fundamentava Goiás e a existência sertaneja. Nosso objetivo é de deslindar essa realidade direcionadora da pesquisa. Mediada pela Geografia, imbuímos de interpretá-la como as bases fundantes do mundo sertanejo de Goiás. Para tanto, fizemos uma pesquisa baseada em leitura da integração dos elementos políticos, econômicos, sociais e culturais que constituíram a matriz territorial de Goiás e do sertanejo goiano. Essa abordagem foi pressuposta na consideração de que o espaço geográfico sintetiza elementos estruturais, qualitativos, políticos e simbólicos que revelam a organização espacial Fazenda-roça goiana. Entendemos, assim, que essa estrutura foi a organização espacial que suportou a base territorial de Goiás e condicionou a estruturação da sociedade sertaneja goiana, evidenciada nas relações econômicas, nas relações de poder e nas representações culturais, as quais configuraram a realidade de Goiás do Sertão. Ante a essa situação, entendemos o sertanejo como fruto da organização espacial Fazenda-roça goiana. Portanto, a partir do momento em que essa organização perdeu predominância enquanto ordenadora espacial hegemônica de Goiás o modo de existir do sertanejo foi consideravelmente alterado, levando-o a uma readaptação em uma nova organização espacial. Afirmamos, então, que o fenômeno modernização do campo em Goiás resultou no fim da base formadora do sertanejo goiano em sua originalidade. No entanto, ele prosseguiu sobre novas condições existenciais. À medida que se intensificou a investigação sobre a estrutura e a organização da Fazenda-roça goiana descobrimos que aquele mundo simples testemunhou o modo pelo qual espaço e tempo mediaram a construção da sociedade brasileira.

A presente investigação traz para a discussão a dinâmica das cooperativas agropecuárias do Rio Grande do Sul e seu papel com o desenvolvimento socioeconômico dos locais onde atuam. Este trabalho tem como propósito principal analisar a atuação das cooperativas agropecuárias no Planalto gaúcho e sua relação com a cadeia produtiva da soja, verificando a continuidade da atividade delas, no recorte espacial estudado. Para compreender a dinâmica do cooperativismo agropecuário, a pesquisa foi estruturada tendo por base os seguintes objetivos: a) estudar a evolução da atividade cooperativa agropecuária no Rio Grande do Sul e sua continuidade no contexto atual; b) investigar as mudanças na atividade cooperativa do Planalto gaúcho após a inserção do agronegócio da soja; c) averiguar o ponto de inflexão da atividade cooperativa considerando os aspectos políticos e econômicos no Rio Grande do Sul; d) analisar as transformações socioeconômicas e espaciais ocorridas no Planalto gaúcho e qual o papel das cooperativas agropecuárias na estruturação da cadeia produtiva da soja, como a modernização agrícola, a infraestrutura e a comercialização. A escolha em desenvolver a pesquisa nessa região do RS deveu-se a três fatores: a) pela expressiva área destinada à lavoura de soja e por estar localizada nessa parte do estado; b) por ser a parte do RS em que é expressiva a atuação socioeconômica das cooperativas agropecuárias; c) pelo cooperativismo agropecuário ter surgido no Planalto gaúcho. A pesquisa fornece informações que fundamentam as hipóteses de que as cooperativas agropecuárias são os principais responsáveis por fornecer suporte ao desenvolvimento da cadeia produtiva da soja no planalto do Rio Grande do Sul e por apresentarem capacidade de armazenamento e garantirem os negócios da produção agrícola para seus associados. Além disso, a pesquisa confirma que na década de 1970 iniciaram-se as crises no cooperativismo agropecuário gaúcho, entretanto, foi na década de 1980 que essa atividade passou a desestruturar-se economicamente pela abertura ao mercado externo, favorecida pela globalização. Essa nova situação forçou as cooperativas agropecuárias a reorganizarem a forma de gerenciar e conduzirem a atividade frente à nova dinâmica do mercado. As cooperativas agropecuárias conquistaram seu espaço e reconhecimento de seu papel na cadeia produtiva da soja. Constatou-se que o cooperativismo agropecuário gaúcho se encontra em período de redefinição e retomada da atividade, após ter superado o período de maior instabilidade e endividamento nas décadas de 80 e 90. Além disso, as cooperativas agropecuárias fazem a intermediação entre as atividades desenvolvidas no espaço urbano e rural, sendo esse tipo de cooperativa considerada um indicador de desenvolvimento socioeconômico. / The present investigation discusses the dynamics of agricultural cooperatives from Rio Grande do Sul and their role in relation to the socioeconomic development of the locations they function. This paper aims mainly at analyzing the performance of agricultural cooperatives at Rio Grande do Sul’s Plateau and its relation with soy production chain, verifying the continuity of their activities at the region selected. In order to understand the dynamics of agricultural cooperativism, the research was structured based on the following objectives: a) to study the evolution of agricultural cooperative activity in Rio Grande do Sul and its continuity in the current context; b) to investigate changes in the cooperative activity from Rio Grande do Sul’s Plateau after soy agribusiness insertion; c) to determine the inflection point of cooperative activity considering political and economic aspects in Rio Grande do Sul; d) to analyze socioeconomic and spatial transformations occurred at Rio Grande do Sul’s Plateau and what role agricultural cooperatives play at the soy production chain structure, such as agricultural modernization, infrastructure and marketing. The choice of developing the research at this region of RS was due to three reasons: a) the vast area designated to soy farming and its localization at this part of the state; b) it is the region of RS in which the socioeconomic performance of agricultural cooperatives is significant; c) the agricultural cooperativism arose at Rio Grande do Sul’s Plateau. The research provides information that bases the hypotheses that agricultural cooperatives are mainly responsible for providing support for the soy production chain development at Rio Grande do Sul’s Plateau and that they present storage capacity and guarantee their associates agricultural production businesses. Besides, the research confirms that crises emerged in the RS agricultural cooperativism in the 1970’s, however, in the 1980’s this activity began to disassemble economically because its opening to external market, favored by globalization. This new situation forced agricultural cooperatives to reorganize the way of managing and conducting the activity in the face of the new market dynamics. Agricultural cooperatives conquered their space and acknowledgement for their role in soy production chain. We noted that RS agricultural cooperativism is in a redefinition and activity resumption phase, after having overcome the biggest instability and debt period in the 1980’s and 1990’s. Furthermore, agricultural cooperatives intermediate activities developed in urban and rural areas, and this kind of cooperative is considered a socioeconomic development sign.

Investigating Neolithic pottery and vessel use could elucidate the duality between the farming Funnel Beaker Culture and the hunter-gathering Pitted Ware Culture during the Neolithic. The two archaeological groups differ on several accounts that are of great importance when interpreting past societies. However, it is the suggested differential subsistence economies that are of specific interest for this particular investigation. A comparative study based on the absorbed fatty acids in the ceramic material from two different Neolithic sites addresses the food cultures of the farming subsistence and the contrasting, contemporary hunter-gatherer society and the differences in resource-use. The investigation argues that food acts as an active social binder, and stress the importance of incorporating this aspect when discussing past cultures. The results of the analyses display difference in vessel use between the two sites as well as an intra-site difference at Korsnäs. It is argued that these differences are indicative of deviating food-cultures and spatial organisation at Korsnäs respectively. These results are combined with the previously conducted osteological analyses and stable isotopic analyses an approach that contribute to a more dynamic understanding of the Neolithic food cultures than what has been available before. Investigating Neolithic pottery and vessel use could elucidate the duality between the farming Funnel Beaker Culture and the hunter-gathering Pitted Ware Culture during the Neolithic. The two archaeological groups differ on several accounts that are of great importance when interpreting past societies. However, it is the suggested differential subsistence economies that are of specific interest for this particular investigation. A comparative study based on the absorbed fatty acids in the ceramic material from two different Neolithic sites addresses the food cultures of the farming subsistence and the contrasting, contemporary hunter-gatherer society and the differences in resource-use. The investigation argues that food acts as an active social binder, and stress the importance of incorporating this aspect when discussing past cultures. The results of the analyses display difference in vessel use between the two sites as well as an intra-site difference at Korsnäs. It is argued that these differences are indicative of deviating food-cultures and spatial organisation at Korsnäs respectively. These results are combined with the previously conducted osteological analyses and stable isotopic analyses an approach that contribute to a more dynamic understanding of the Neolithic food cultures than what has been available before.

The initial goal of this effort is to develop a discussion on urban design process and thinking that acknowledges the needs of places with meaning in the design of the urban waterfront. The thesis addresses the fact that the problematic of the coastal formulation is intricate, comprising not only aspects related to the spatial organization and design of its domain but also shared properties originated by the presence and movement of the perceiving subject in the area. In this framework, the research attempts to provide an understanding of the main relationships that the subject cultivates inside the coastal space and to offer a broader spatial reading of its narrative function. On the hypothesis that this function is susceptible of interpretation, the thesis develops an interest in examining the effects of the psychospatial nature of meaning on the design and experience of the urban edge, for to interpret a narrative spatial construct is to specify its meaning. To explore the issue of waterfront places that speak of the subject, the research conceives the coastal space as a field of mediated parameters that pertain to three crucial operational premises: the symbolic function of the urban space near the water, the meaning behind the coastal form, and the engagement of the perceiving subject in the conscious or reflexive appropriation of the waterfront setting. These premises, traced as psychophysiological spaces, determine the intermediary, the integrative, and the expressive discourses for the development of places with meaning near the water. Through them, the thesis attempts a reading of the coastal domain based upon the material interpretation of the meanings and messages associated with the immediate experience of the onset of water‐born notions, concepts, and images. Writing about the dialectics between the psychospatial inquiry and the spatial experience of the edge, this thesis suggests that, contrary to the established preconception, the psychology of human‐edge relations submits the perceiving subject to the conception of the coastal form and shape. / QC 20110907

Thesis (M.A.)--Miami University, Dept. of Psychology, 2006. / Title from first page of PDF document. Includes bibliographical references (p. 18-22).

A presente pesquisa analisou as Agriculturas Urbanas de Belém-PA e Porto Alegre-RS no que se refere aos papéis e funções socioeconômicas da atividade nos espaços em que ocorrem suas práticas. A opção pelos dois municípios envolveu trabalhos anteriores que evidenciaram a existência da atividade e fomentaram a curiosidade na observação do fenômeno no Norte e no Sul do Brasil. Focando a análise da dinâmica espacial e suas interações socioeconômicas evidenciou-se perspectivas distintas de ações e práticas bem como de enfoques dados à Agricultura Urbana nos dois Municípios. Foi possível perceber que a atividade agrícola situada no espaço urbano tende a se adaptar a demandas citadinas e/ou relacionar-se com práticas agropecuárias desejadas pelos atores. Inicialmente percebe-se a existência de expansão do território urbano, o que é uma tendência contemporânea e que já desvirtua a própria delimitação do espaço rural e urbano. Simultaneamente existem áreas transitórias em que a atividade agrícola segue com relevância no contexto local. Nas áreas mais centrais ocorrem apenas demandas específicas no que se refere à agricultura. Foi possível observar que existe um benefício desta prática no âmbito urbano, uma vez que a mesma possibilita “encurtar canais” do produtor até o consumidor, exceto quando o produtor enfrenta dificuldades na logística da cadeia produtiva. Assim, a pesquisa mostrou maior vantagem socioeconômica às produções que visaram à comercialização e o autoconsumo, pois manteve a diversificação de produtos na mesa e garantiu renda para os indivíduos. As diferenciações observadas da produção do Norte e do Sul se deram principalmente no foco produtivo, considerando desde oportunidades de mercado até dificuldades físicas enfrentadas pelos produtores. A produção agrícola sulina demonstrou ser mais comercial do que a produção do norte, preferencialmente direcionada ao autoconsumo. Por fim, constatou-se que existem Agriculturas Urbanas, que se apresentam de diversas formas, desde a pequena produção em hortas até cultivos maiores, expressando diferentes estratégias, organizações e focos produtivos. / The present research analyzed the urban agricultures in the municipalities of Belém-PA and Porto Alegre-RS, evaluating the socioeconomical role and function of this activity in spaces where it is applied. The municipalities were chosen on the basis of previous studies evidencing the presence of such activities, as these fomented the curiosity in the observation of the phenomenon in the North and South of Brasil. Focusing the analysis in the spatial dynamics and its socioeconomical interactions, we could detect distinct actions and practices in both municipalities, which also differ in terms of the importance given to the urban agriculture. It was possible to realize that the agricultural activity situated in the urban space tends to adapt itself to the cities demands and/or be related to the agropecuary practices whished by the authors. First, the existence of an expansion of the urban space could be notes, which is a contemporary tendency that distorts the delimitation of the rural and urban spaces. Simultaneously, there are areas of transition in which the agricultural activity continues relevant in the local context. In the central areas there are only specific demands related to the agriculture. It was possible to observe the existence of a benefit of this practice in the urban scope, since it enables to “shorten the channels” between the producer and the consumer, except when the producer deals with difficulties in the productive chain logistics. So, the research showed more socioeconomical advantages for the productions aimed to the commercialization and autoconsumtion, because these maintained the diversification of products in the table and guaranteed an income for the individuals. The differentiation observed between North and South productions occurred mainly in the productive plan, considering market opportunities and physical difficulties faced by producers. The agricultural production in the south was shown to be more commercial than that in the north, preferentially related to autoconsumption. Finally, we found that there are urban agricultures that manifest themselves in different ways, from the small production in vegetable gardens to bigger crops, expressing different strategies, organizations and productive focus.

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Qualquer duvida estamos a disposição, Att, Pâmela Tonsa on 2017-03-31T18:16:34Z (GMT) / Submitted by Nayara Silva de Noronha (nayara.noronha@gmail.com) on 2017-03-31T18:48:17Z No. of bitstreams: 3 Tese_Versao_Final_Biblioteca.pdf: 4396355 bytes, checksum: bb4246f9fd91f42680cabebf9d37b655 (MD5) Tese_Versao_Final_Biblioteca.pdf: 4396303 bytes, checksum: eeef2287dd895b1cb9128d34388c61b7 (MD5) Tese_Versao_Final_Biblioteca_Corrigido.pdf: 4396303 bytes, checksum: eeef2287dd895b1cb9128d34388c61b7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Pamela Beltran Tonsa (pamela.tonsa@fgv.br) on 2017-03-31T18:53:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 3 Tese_Versao_Final_Biblioteca.pdf: 4396355 bytes, checksum: bb4246f9fd91f42680cabebf9d37b655 (MD5) Tese_Versao_Final_Biblioteca.pdf: 4396303 bytes, checksum: eeef2287dd895b1cb9128d34388c61b7 (MD5) Tese_Versao_Final_Biblioteca_Corrigido.pdf: 4396303 bytes, checksum: eeef2287dd895b1cb9128d34388c61b7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-03T12:40:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 Tese_Versao_Final_Biblioteca.pdf: 4396355 bytes, checksum: bb4246f9fd91f42680cabebf9d37b655 (MD5) Tese_Versao_Final_Biblioteca.pdf: 4396303 bytes, checksum: eeef2287dd895b1cb9128d34388c61b7 (MD5) Tese_Versao_Final_Biblioteca_Corrigido.pdf: 4396303 bytes, checksum: eeef2287dd895b1cb9128d34388c61b7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-21 / In this dissertation, I analyze how the social space in Heliópolis’ favela is organized. I utilize ethnographic insights and grounded theory as research strategies, based on the social constructionism approach. The data collection method was an 18-month participant observation, from ethnographic fieldwork. Besides the field notes, I also used as part of my analysis: 7 minutes of local meetings, 13 semi-structured interviews, 8 open interviews, 26 testimonials on the project “Memória de Heliópolis” and 2 WhatsApp groups. Following the grounded theory, the data analysis consists in examining 9 categories and 29 subcategories found in the fieldwork. I found that the social space in Heliópolis is, in fact, a complex multidimensional organizational environment, and such aspects as cultural, political, urbanistic and market must be taken into consideration. That said, the intricacy and interaction of these different aspects led me to understand that it is not possible to reduce the favela to precariousness only – even though it might be one of the facets present in some way into this space. The heterogeneity found in Heliopolis made me realize that this image of a favela as a static space which is apparently forgotten by the State and society does not exist in reality. Heliopolis is a space in constant movement – a movement not only made by people or objects, but also by these dimensionalities that constantly complement, overlap, modify, and contradict each other. Thus, in highlighting Heliópolis’ multidimensional sociospatial organization structure, this dissertation aims to contribute in helping scholars to see favelas as an totality of urban space. / Nessa tese, tive como objetivo analisar como ocorre a organização socioespacial da favela de Heliópolis. Para tanto, realizei uma pesquisa socioconstrucionista, utilizando o trabalho etnográfico e a teoria fundamentada como estratégias de pesquisa. As fontes de dados que compuseram minha experiência empírica foram 18 meses de observação participante, a partir do trabalho de campo etnográfico. Além das notas de campos produzidas, também fizeram parte da pesquisa como dados: sete atas de reuniões locais, treze entrevistas semiestruturadas, oito entrevistas abertas, 26 depoimentos do projeto “Memória de Heliópolis” e o acompanhamento de mensagens de dois grupos de WhatsApp. Na tentativa de dar sentido e compreender este fenômeno social urbano, dividi a “realidade” em nove categorias e 29 subcategorias, na análise dos dados embasada na grounded theory. Conclui que o espaço de Heliópolis é organizado a partir da multidimensionalidade de ordem urbana, política, cultural e mercadológica, que me levaram a entender que não é possível reduzir a favela à precariedade, ainda que se faça presente de algum modo nesse espaço. Essa heterogeneidade encontrada em Heliópolis me fez perceber que a imagem da favela como espaço estático que, de longe, parece estar esquecido pelo poder público, pela sociedade, pela cidade, não condiz com a realidade. A favela de Heliópolis é um espaço em constante movimento, não só de pessoas e objetos, mas também destas dimensionalidades que, a todo o momento, se complementam, se sobrepõem, se modificam, se contradizem. Assim, ao destacar a multidimensionalidade da organização socioespacial de Heliópolis, esta tese contribui para a tentativa de olhar para a favela como uma totalidade espacial urbana.