Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-11-22T09:53:03Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Uhallas Cordeiro Silva - 2017.pdf: 5138869 bytes, checksum: 7fcadd7eafe072a23281af181139ec7c (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-11-22T09:53:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Uhallas Cordeiro Silva - 2017.pdf: 5138869 bytes, checksum: 7fcadd7eafe072a23281af181139ec7c (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-22T09:53:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Uhallas Cordeiro Silva - 2017.pdf: 5138869 bytes, checksum: 7fcadd7eafe072a23281af181139ec7c (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-10-20 / Starting from the concept of urban space, it is understood the articulation existing in the spatial organization of the city of Rubiataba, seeking to analyze how they establish the relations between their parts, with the purpose of systematizing this space. The main objective will be to analyze the formation and configuration of the urban space of the city of Rubiataba through its socio-spatial dynamics, in order to understand the logic of the existing relationships in this urban space as to its particularities. Having as a starting point the idea of ​​articulating parts within the urban space, seeking to understand this set of relations, each part (sector) of the city should be characterized by analyzing its form and functionality, in which this analysis will result in the comprehension of the totality of this space urban. The methodological procedures of the research were based on review and bibliographical reading, and a survey of articles, dissertations and theses on medium and small cities was also carried out in the proposal to ascertain the methodologies related to the topic. A survey of official data concerning the service institutions, the productive infrastructure, the demographic dynamics and the financial system of Rubiataba was also carried out with the public agencies of this municipality. Data from the State Department of Planning and Development and institutes such as IBGE, IPEA, IMB and the National Treasury Secretariat were used. Questionnaires were applied to health institutions, education, public agencies and retail establishments, and interviews were conducted with local authorities, secretaries, traders, workers, employees and students. Questionnaires were carried out in the city's commerce, agricultural houses, industry in the upholstery sector and also in the alcohol and sugar production industry, called Cooper Rubi and Agro Rubi. The study presented here is divided into three chapters outlining the study object. In the first chapter the processes of territorial formation of Rubiataba were analyzed, being pointed the main factors of population and urbanization of the Goian territory, the influences of the Getúlio Vargas government with the policy of March to the West in the formation of the municipality of Rubiataba and the aspects of settlement in the origins of the municipality. In the second chapter, we intend to highlight general aspects of this municipality, emphasizing the main territorial elements of its urban nucleus, such as public health and education agencies, as well as the retail trade, seeking to understand the current socio-spatial conjuncture of this urban space. Next, a discussion was carried out involving the rural and urban space in the city of Rubiataba with the purpose of consolidating it as an urban space, based on a theoretical foundation aimed at understanding this city as a socially produced urban space. In the third chapter, aspects related to the urban morphology of the city and its socioeconomic dynamics were analyzed, analyzing its functionalities within the intraurban space, through a thorough reading and the own research in the city (interviews, observation, description and analysis of this urban space ), it was possible to establish characteristics of its spatial organization, in addition to establishing the set of influences established by this municipality. Also, a brief characterization of space and subject will be dedicated at the last moment, emphasizing aspects such as daily life, leisure and religiosity, seeking to understand some particularities. / Partindo do conceito de espaço urbano, compreende-se a articulação existente na organização espacial da cidade de Rubiataba, buscando analisar de que forma estabelecem as relações entre as suas partes, com a finalidade de sistematizar esse espaço. O principal objetivo será analisar a formação e configuração do espaço urbano da cidade de Rubiataba através da sua dinâmica socioespacial, a fim de compreender a lógica das relações existentes neste espaço urbano quanto às suas particularidades. Tendo como ponto de partida a ideia de articulação de partes dentro do espaço urbano, buscando compreender esse conjunto de relações, deverá se caracterizar cada parte (setor) da cidade analisando sua forma e funcionalidade, na qual essa análise resultará na compreensão da totalidade desse espaço urbano. Os procedimentos metodológicos da pesquisa foram baseados em revisão e leitura bibliográfica, sendo realizado, também, um levantamento de artigos, dissertações e teses sobre cidades médias e pequenas na proposta de averiguar as metodologias relacionadas ao tema. Foi realizado também um levantamento de dados oficiais referentes às instituições de serviços, à infraestrutura produtiva, à dinâmica demográfica e ao sistema financeiro de Rubiataba junto aos órgãos públicos desse município. Foram utilizados dados da Secretaria de Estado do Planejamento e Desenvolvimento, e institutos como o IBGE, IPEA, IMB e Secretaria do Tesouro Nacional. Foram aplicados questionários em instituições de saúde, educação, em órgãos públicos e estabelecimentos do comércio varejista e realizadas entrevistas com autoridades locais, secretários, comerciantes, trabalhadores, funcionários e estudantes. Foram realizados questionários no comércio da cidade, casas agropecuárias, indústria no setor de estofados e também na indústria de produção de álcool e açúcar, denominada Cooper Rubi e Agro Rubi. O estudo aqui apresentado se encontra dividido em três capítulos delineando-se a partir do objeto de estudo. No primeiro capítulo foram analisados os processos de formação territorial de Rubiataba, sendo apontados os principais fatores de povoamento e de urbanização do território goiano, as influências do governo de Getúlio Vargas com a política de Marcha para o Oeste na formação do município de Rubiataba e os aspectos de povoamento nas origens do município. No segundo capítulo, pretende-se destacar aspectos gerais deste município, enfatizando os principais elementos territoriais de seu núcleo urbano, tais como órgãos públicos de saúde e educação, além do comércio varejista, buscando compreender a atual conjuntura socioespacial deste espaço urbano. Em seguida foi realizada uma discussão envolvendo o espaço rural e urbano na cidade de Rubiataba com intuito de consolidá-la como um espaço urbano, a partir de um embasamento teórico voltado ao entendimento desta cidade enquanto um espaço urbano socialmente produzido. No terceiro capítulo, foram abordados aspectos envolvendo a morfologia urbana da cidade e sua dinâmica socioeconômica, analisando suas funcionalidades dentro do espaço intraurbano, no qual através de uma minuciosa leitura e da própria pesquisa na cidade (entrevistas, observação, descrição e análise deste espaço urbano), foi possível estabelecer características de sua organização espacial, além de estabelecer o conjunto de influências estabelecidos por este município. E também, será dedicado em último momento, uma breve caracterização do espaço e do sujeito, enfatizando aspectos como o cotidiano, o lazer e a religiosidade, buscando compreender algumas particularidades.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The geographical science analyzes the space produced and/or reproduced by society throughout the history, which is rearranged in the face of demands imposed by capital and the economic actors. In this sense, the current research aims to verify the rural space transformations of the geographical micro-region called Campanha Meridional, its origin, changes and permanency as also the socioeconomic (re)articulation, and the prospects for regional development. Specifically, it sought to: (a) recover the socio-spatial evolution of the geographical micro-region Campanha Meridional; (b) analyze the productive space of the spatial area under study to understand the current situation of the agricultural sector, and (c) identify the economic potential and fragility to be explored. The analyzed micro-region is located in the southern half of Rio Grande do Sul state, which is composed of five counties (Aceguá, Bagé, Dom Pedrito, Hulha Negra and Lavras do Sul), and it is considered one of the most backward micro-regions compared with other micro-regions in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. This spatial area, that combines the perspective of culture, politics, with the formation of regional leaders who perpetuate themselves in power and local/regional economy through the coexistent traditional extensive livestock and integration of new economic actors, marking the influence of capital as an agent who "tries to" break down the barriers imposed by secular traditions. Thus, it is justified to rereading the geographical space of Campanha Meridional, which will allow identify the economic potential and/or fragility to be explored, linking the physical and natural, social and cultural aspects as assumptions to propose development alternatives, contributing with studies that aim to promote its productive structure. Methodologically the research was organized in steps: 1st bibliographic survey; 2nd the collection of data (secondary sources); 3rd field work; and 4th the analysis and interpretation of results. In this sense, was intended to investigate the changes in this spatial area, seeking to understand its spatial dynamics and the changes brought about by capital, which are aimed at its socioeconomic reorganization. / A ciência geográfica analisa o espaço produzido e/ou reproduzido pela sociedade ao longo da história, o qual é reorganizado frente às exigências impostas pelo capital e pelos atores econômicos. Neste contexto, a pesquisa tem como objetivo geral verificar as transformações do espaço rural da Microrregião Geográfica da Campanha Meridional, a sua origem, as mudanças e permanências, bem como as (re) articulações socioeconômicas. Especificamente, buscou-se: (a) resgatar a evolução socioespacial da Microrregião Geográfica da Campanha Meridional; (b) analisar o espaço produtivo do recorte espacial em estudo, para que se possa compreender a atual situação do setor agropecuário e (c) identificar as potencialidades e as fragilidades econômicas a serem exploradas, bem como as perspectivas de desenvolvimento regional. A Microrregião em análise está localizada na Metade Sul do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, a qual é constituída por cinco municípios (Aceguá, Bagé, Dom Pedrito, Hulha Negra e Lavras do Sul), sendo considerada uma das microrregiões mais atrasadas economicamente, se comparada a outras microrregiões do Rio Grande do Sul. Esse recorte espacial alia sob a ótica da cultura, a política, com a formação de lideranças regionais que se perpetuam no poder e na economia local/regional por meio da coexistência da pecuária extensiva tradicional e da inserção de novos atores econômicos, que marcam a influência do capital como um agente que tenta romper as barreiras impostas por tradições seculares. Desta forma, justifica-se a releitura do espaço geográfico da Campanha Meridional, a qual permitirá identificar as potencialidades e/ou as fragilidades socioeconômicas a serem exploradas, atrelando-as aos aspectos físico-naturais e socioculturais, como pressupostos para a proposição de alternativas de desenvolvimento, contribuindo com estudos que visem dinamizar sua estrutura produtiva. Metodologicamente a pesquisa foi estruturada em etapas: 1ª levantamento bibliográfico; 2ª Coleta dados (fontes secundárias); 3ª trabalho de campo e 4ª análise e interpretação dos resultados. Neste sentido, pretende-se averiguar as transformações desse recorte espacial, buscando compreender sua dinâmica espacial e as transformações acarretadas pelo capital, as quais visam sua reorganização socioeconômica.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Culture is considered a key concept for Geography, that is, fundamental to explain the relationship that man establishes with landscaping and his influence on spatial materiality. This research seeks to analyze the ethnic diversity through their cultural codes embodied in the city of Santa Maria-RS, identifying the different temporalities and spatialities expressed in the landscape. The specific objectives were to: (a) understand the insertion of various ethnicities in Santa Maria considering their temporalities, (b) identify the city landscape and its cultural codes structuring symbolic forms, (c) analyze the current spatiality that refer to the set of expressions of distinct ethnic groups present in Santa Maria. The relevance of the research can be justified by the importance of studies regarding the cultural theme, demonstrating the possibilities of materialization of cultures embedded in the local space. In this regard, some questioning is relevant, such as, how did the cultures evolve via descendence in a multi-cultural space? Whether their descendants managed to keep their habits, or were there changes or even abandoning of some cultural codes? How did these cultures materialize in forementioned city? Did some ethnic groups redefine their cultural codes? These were questions that mediated the discussions held along the work. Methodologically the research was structured in stages. In the initial stage, there was the operationalization of the basic concepts of investigative theme, as well as the definition of the dialectical method. This choice is justified by the understanding of reality as a dynamic and ongoing process transformation. Once the theoretical-methodological matrices were defined, the second step consisted on surveying data from secondary sources. At the same time, we attempted to rescue photographs that materialize the contribution of immigrants to the spatial organization of Santa Maria. The third phase was related to field work, in order to observe in situ the materiality of cultures in Santa Maria. The fieldwork sought to highlight the cultural aspects present in the landscape, i.e., those which contain the "cultural mark", expressed through codes of ethnicities present. Accordingly, the selection of cultures to be studied had as a criterion their importance for the spatial organization and the historical and economic relevance to the genesis and evolution of Santa Maria. Thus, combining the concepts and the data collected on-site observation, we sought to understand and analyze the integration of different ethnic groups in the local context, considering the cultural perspective, as well as to understand their contribution to the spatial organization, rescuing the temporalities inherent cultural evolution of the city in question. / A cultura é considerada um conceito chave para a Geografia, ou seja, fundamental para explicar a relação que o homem estabelece com a paisagem e sua influência na materialidade do espaço. A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo geral analisar a diversidade étnica, através de seus códigos culturais materializados no município de Santa Maria-RS, identificando as distintas temporalidades e espacialidades expressas na paisagem. Os objetivos específicos buscaram: (a) compreender a inserção de diversas etnias em Santa Maria considerando suas temporalidades; (b) identificar na paisagem do município os códigos culturais e suas formas simbólicas estruturantes; (c) analisar as espacialidades atuais que remetem ao conjunto de expressões das distintas etnias presentes em Santa Maria. A relevância da pesquisa justifica-se pela importância dos estudos referentes à temática cultural, demonstrando às possibilidades de materialização das culturas inseridas no espaço local. Neste sentido, alguns questionamentos fazem-se pertinentes, ou seja, indaga-se como evoluíram as diferentes culturas via descendência em um espaço multicultural? Se os seus descendentes conseguiram manter seus hábitos, se houveram transformações ou até o abandono de alguns códigos culturais? Como essas culturas materializaram-se no espaço santa-mariense? Se alguns grupos étnicos ressignificaram seus códigos culturais? Essas foram questões que mediaram as reflexões realizadas ao longo do trabalho. Metodologicamente a pesquisa foi estruturada em etapas. Na fase inicial, realizou-se a operacionalização dos conceitos básicos da temática investigativa, bem como, a definição pelo método dialético. Tal opção se justifica pelo entendimento da realidade como um processo em permanente dinâmica e transformação. Definidas as matrizes teórico-metodológicas, a segunda etapa, se constituiu em levantamentos de dados em fontes secundárias. Paralelamente, buscou-se resgatar fotografias que materializem a contribuição dos imigrantes para a organização espacial de Santa Maria. A terceira fase esteve relacionada ao trabalho de campo, com intuito de observar in loco a materialidade das culturas no espaço santa-mariense. O trabalho de campo procurou evidenciar os aspectos culturais, presentes na paisagem, ou seja, aqueles que contêm a marca cultural , expressas através dos códigos das etnias presentes. Nesse sentido, a seleção das culturas, a serem estudadas tiveram como critério a sua importância para a organização espacial e a relevância histórica e econômica das mesmas para a gênese e evolução de Santa Maria. Nesta perspectiva, aliando os conceitos aos dados coletados e a observação in loco, procurou-se compreender e analisar a inserção das distintas etnias no contexto local, considerando a perspectiva cultural, bem como, entender a sua contribuição para a organização espacial, resgatando as temporalidades inerentes a evolução cultural santa-mariense.

No description available.

A biologia molecular e celular tem acumulado um elevado número de fatos experimentais, como seqüências genômicas e propriedades de proteínas. Entretanto, isso não é suficiente para a compreensão dos sistemas biológicos e nem para explicar as intrincadas interações dinâmicas entre a expressão gênica e o desenvolvimento anatômico. É preciso fazer uso de métodos e ferramentas que permitam caracterizar e analisar a complexidade das interações entre o genótipo e o fenótipo, de forma a confrontar as alterações na anatomia com os padrões espaço-temporais da expressão gênica. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho propõe métodos computacionais que, a partir de imagens contendo informações anatômicas e/ou de expressão gênica, em duas e três dimensões, identificam diferentes propriedades geométricas de amostras biológicas, com a finalidade de caracterizar e analisar a relação entre anatomia e expressão gênica. O desenvolvimento desses métodos inclui o uso intensivo de técnicas de processamento de imagens e visualização computacional. Em particular, quatro propriedades geométricas são descritas: o gradiente, a simetria, a distância e a organização espacial. Para ilustrar o potencial dos métodos propostos, são usadas diversas espécies e são analisadas diferentes questões biológicas, aqui listadas: caracterização morfológica e da expressão gênica durante a cardiogênese em embriões de Zebrafish (Danio rerio); caracterização morfológica do desenvolvimento do parasita Echinococcus granulosus; e análise dos danos morfológicos em retinas de traíras (Hoplias malabaricus) causados por intoxicação mercurial. Os resultados obtidos nessas análises permitiram descrever e inferir importantes propriedades do desenvolvimento, da morfologia e dos padrões de expressão gênica desses sistemas biológicos. Com isso, é mostrado que o uso de métodos computacionais capazes de identificar e analisar, a partir de imagens, padrões espaciais de expressão gênica e sua relação com o desenvolvimento morfológico, está se tornando cada vez mais importante para o estudo do desenvolvimento, por fornecerem informações valiosas a respeito da função biológica e das interações entre os genes. / The areas of cell and molecular biology have accumulated a large number of experimental facts, such as genomic sequences and protein structure. However, this is not sufficient to the understanding of biological systems, even to explain the intricate dynamical interactions between gene expression and anatomical development. In order to characterize and analyze the complexity of the interactions between the genotypes and phenotypes, it is necessary to make use of methods and tools that allow the confrontation between spatio-temporal gene expression and changes in developing anatomy. In this context, the present work proposes a set of computational methods that, based on images containing anatomical and/or gene expression information in two and three dimensions, allow the identification of different geometrical properties in biological samples, so as to characterize and analyze the relationship between anatomy and gene expression. The development of these methods includes intensive use of techniques from image processing and computer visualization. In particular, four geometrical properties are described here: gradient, symmetry, distance and spatial organization. The potential of the proposed methods is illustrated in the analysis of various problems, involving different biological issues and species, including: gene expression and morphological characterization of the heart development in Zebrafish (Danio rerio); morphological characterization of the development of the parasite Echinococcus granulosus; and the analysis of the morphological damage in the retina of the fish Hoplias malabaricus caused by mercurial intoxication. The results obtained in these analyses allowed to infer and describe important proprieties with respect to development, morphology and gene expression patterns of these biological systems. Overall, it is shown that the use of computational methods to identify and analyze, from 2D and 3D images, the spatial patterns of gene expression and its relationship with the morphological development, is becoming an increasingly important tool for the study of the development, providing valuable information about the biological function and interactions among genes.

<p></p><p></p><p></p><p>In urbanized river basins, sanitary wastewater and urban runoff (non-sanitary water) from urban agglomerations drain to complex engineered networks, are treated at centralized wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and discharged to river networks. Discharge from multiple WWTPs distributed in urbanized river basins contributes to impairments of river water-quality and aquatic ecosystem integrity. The size and location of WWTPs are determined by spatial patterns of population in urban agglomerations within a river basin. Economic and engineering constraints determine the combination of wastewater treatment technologies used to meet required environmental regulatory standards for treated wastewater discharged to river networks. Thus, it is necessary to understand the natural-human-engineered networks as coupled systems, to characterize their interrelations, and to understand emergent spatiotemporal patterns and scaling of geochemical and ecological responses. </p><br><p></p><p></p><p>My PhD research involved data-model synthesis, using publicly available data and application of well-established network analysis/modeling synthesis approaches. I present the scope and specific subjects of my PhD project by employing the <i>Drivers-Pressures-Status-Impacts-Responses</i> (<i>DPSIR</i>) framework. The defined research scope is organized as three main themes: (1) River network and urban drainage networks (<i>Foundation</i>-<i>Pathway of Pressures</i>); (2) River network, human population, and WWTPs (<i>Foundation</i>-<i>Drivers</i>-<i>Pathway of Pressures</i>); and (3) Nutrient loads and their impacts at reach- and basin-scales (<i>Pressures</i>-<i>Impacts</i>).</p><br><p></p><p></p><p>Three inter-related research topics are: (1) the similarities and differences in scaling and topology of engineered urban drainage networks (UDNs) in two cities, and UDN evolution over decades; (2) the scaling and spatial organization of three attributes: human population (POP), population equivalents (PE; the aggregated population served by each WWTP), and the number/sizes of WWTPs using geo-referenced data for WWTPs in three large urbanized basins in Germany; and (3) the scaling of nutrient loads (P and N) discharged from ~845 WWTPs (five class-sizes) in urbanized Weser River basin in Germany, and likely water-quality impacts from point- and diffuse- nutrient sources. </p><br><p></p><p></p><p>I investigate the UDN scaling using two power-law scaling characteristics widely employed for river networks: (1) Hack’s law (length-area power-law relationship), and (2) exceedance probability distribution of upstream contributing area. For the smallest UDNs, length-area scales linearly, but power-law scaling emerges as the UDNs grow. While area-exceedance plots for river networks are abruptly truncated, those for UDNs display exponential tempering. The tempering parameter decreases as the UDNs grow, implying that the distribution evolves in time to resemble those for river networks. However, the power-law exponent for mature UDNs tends to be larger than the range reported for river networks. Differences in generative processes and engineering design constraints contribute to observed differences in the evolution of UDNs and river networks, including subnet heterogeneity and non-random branching.</p><br><p></p><p></p><p>In this study, I also examine the spatial patterns of POP, PE, and WWTPs from two perspectives by employing fractal river networks as structural platforms: spatial hierarchy (stream order) and patterns along longitudinal flow paths (width function). I propose three dimensionless scaling indices to quantify: (1) human settlement preferences by stream order, (2) non-sanitary flow contribution to total wastewater treated at WWTPs, and (3) degree of centralization in WWTPs locations. I select as case studies three large urbanized river basins (Weser, Elbe, and Rhine), home to about 70% of the population in Germany. Across the three river basins, the study shows scale-invariant distributions for each of the three attributes with stream order, quantified using extended Horton scaling ratios; a weak downstream clustering of POP in the three basins. Variations in PE clustering among different class-sizes of WWTPs reflect the size, number, and locations of urban agglomerations in these catchments. <b></b></p><br><p></p><p></p><p>WWTP effluents have impacts on hydrologic attributes and water quality of receiving river bodies at the reach- and basin-scales. I analyze the adverse impacts of WWTP discharges for the Weser River basin (Germany), at two steady river discharge conditions (median flow; low-flow). This study shows that significant variability in treated wastewater discharge within and among different five class-sizes WWTPs, and variability of river discharge within the stream order <3, contribute to large variations in capacity to dilute WWTP nutrient loads. For the median flow, reach-scale water quality impairment assessed by nutrient concentration is likely at 136 (~16%) locations for P and 15 locations (~2%) for N. About 90% of the impaired locations are the stream order < 3. At basin-scale analysis, considering in stream uptake resulted 225 (~27%) P-impaired streams, which was ~5% reduction from considering only dilution. This result suggests the dominant role of dilution in the Weser River basin. Under the low flow conditions, water quality impaired locations are likely double than the median flow status for the analyses. This study for the Weser River basin reveals that the role of in-stream uptake diminishes along the flow paths, while dilution in larger streams (4≤ stream order ≤7) minimizes the impact of WWTP loads. </p><br><p></p><p></p><p>Furthermore, I investigate eutrophication risk from spatially heterogeneous diffuse- and point-source P loads in the Weser River basin, using the basin-scale network model with in-stream losses (nutrient uptake).Considering long-term shifts in P loads for three representative periods, my analysis shows that P loads from diffuse-sources, mainly from agricultural areas, played a dominant role in contributing to eutrophication risk since 2000s, because of ~87% reduction of point-source P loads compared to 1980s through the implementation of the EU WFD. Nevertheless, point-sources discharged to smaller streams (stream order < 3) pose amplification effects on water quality impairment, consistent with the reach-scale analyses only for WWTPs effluents. Comparing to the long-term water quality monitoring data, I demonstrate that point-sources loads are the primary contributors for eutrophication in smaller streams, whereas diffuse-source loads mainly from agricultural areas address eutrophication in larger streams. The results are reflective of spatial patterns of WWTPs and land cover in the Weser River basin.</p><br><p></p><p></p><p>Through data-model synthesis, I identify the characteristics of the coupled natural (rivers) – humans – engineered (urban drainage infrastructure) systems (CNHES), inspired by analogy, coexistence, and causality across the coupled networks in urbanized river basins. The quantitative measures and the basin-scale network model presented in my PhD project could extend to other large urbanized basins for better understanding the spatial distribution patterns of the CNHES and the resultant impacts on river water-quality impairment.</p><p><br></p><p></p>

The study of emerging networks of agricultural marketing, in Sergipe, aims to analyze bases, structures, spatial configuration and contributions to agriculture challenges established by the expansion of the global economy which involves transformations of agriculture, driven by the dynamics of the internal and external markets. The analysis of emerging networks of agricultural marketing considers as fundamental elements the activities developed around the production and commercialization involving the countryside and the city, the family agriculture and market, the provision of technical-scientific-informational services, the network infrastructure that allows access to the markets of production and consumption, through actions that involve the presence of actors that constitute the system of networks installed amount and downstream of the primary production and processing of this production. To unveil the complexity that involves the various stages of marketing, was made wide bibliographical survey, being also conducted surveys of five-year census data, annual production and marketing, available in publications of national and international institutions and bodies, of representative institutions of classes. In addition, fieldwork was conducted, from visits to dozens of trade shows by sergipanas cities, to free capital markets and several commercial establishments of agricultural products and production processing. Interviews with professionals have been applied yet, managers, producers, intermediaries and consumers. This study focused on the sweet potatoes, milk, corn and poultry and eggs together in the last decade, are contributing to the dynamics of the contemporary economy and emerging marketing networks form. The expansion of these networks is enabling the access of small production developed by family farmers and agriculture the agricultural market shopping local, regional, national and global levels, seeking to monitor the dynamics of market agriculture operated by global integration of production and consumption. At the same time, the emerging agricultural marketing networks through its multiple forms, will be inserting in the competitive market through the agricultural access and adherence to formal and informal marketing dichotomous. Emerging networks are by crystallizing as occupying a prominent position in the economy and contribute significantly to changes in the landscape of Sergipe, forming new channels with streams of objects, things and linking capital markets, production and processing of internal and external consumption, increasing the visibility of the State as a producer, processor and exporter of consumer goods diversified. / El estudio de nuevas redes de comercialización agrícola, en Sergipe, pretende analizar las bases, estructuras, configuración espacial y contribuciones a los desafíos de la agricultura establecidas por la expansión de la economía mundial que implica transformaciones de la agricultura, impulsado por la dinámica de los mercados internos y externos. El análisis de nuevas redes de comercialización agrícola considera como elementos fundamentales de las actividades desarrolladas por la producción y comercialización que involucra el campo y la ciudad, la granja y mercado, la prestación de servicios técnicos-científicos-informativos, la infraestructura de red que permite el acceso a los mercados de producción y consumo, a través de acciones que implican la presencia de actores que constituyen el sistema de redes instalados aguas arriba y aguas abajo de la producción primaria y el procesamiento de esta producción. Para dar a conocer la complejidad que implica las distintas etapas de comercialización, se realizó encuesta amplia bibliográfica, siendo también realizó estudios de los datos del censo de cinco años, la producción anual y comercialización, disponible en publicaciones de instituciones nacionales e internacionales y organismos, de instituciones representativas de las clases. Además, el trabajo de campo se llevó a cabo, desde visitas a docenas de comercio muestra por las ciudades de sergipanas, para liberar a los mercados de capitales y varios establecimientos comerciales de productos agrícolas y el proceso de producción. Entrevistas con profesionales han sido aplicadas, directores, productores, intermediarios y consumidores. Este estudio se centró en la batatas, leche, maíz, aves de corral y huevos juntos en la última década, está contribuyendo a la dinámica de la economía contemporánea y emergente forma redes de la comercialización. La expansión de estas redes está permitiendo el acceso de la pequeña producción desarrollada por familias de agricultores y la agricultura el mercado agrícola de compras a nivel local, regional, nacional y mundial, tratando de controlar la dinámica de la agricultura de mercado operado por integración global de producción y consumo. Al mismo tiempo, el emergente agrícola marketing redes a través de sus múltiples formas, va ser insertando en el mercado competitivo con el acceso a productos agrícolas y la adherencia al marketing formal e informal dicotómico. Redes emergentes se están desarrollando como ocupando una posición prominente en la economía y contribuyan significativamente a los cambios en el paisaje de Sergipe, formando nuevos canales con las secuencias de objetos, cosas y enlace a los mercados de capitales, producción y procesamiento de consumo interno y externo, aumentar la visibilidad del estado como productor, procesador y exportador de bienes de consumo diversificado. / O estudo de redes emergentes de comercialização agrícola, em Sergipe, tem como objetivo analisar bases, estruturas, configuração espacial e as contribuições para a agricultura frente aos desafios estabelecidos pela expansão da economia globalizada que envolve transformações da agricultura, impulsionada pela dinâmica dos mercados internos e externos. A análise de redes emergentes de comercialização agrícola considera como elementos fundamentais as atividades desenvolvidas em torno da produção e comercialização que envolvem o campo e a cidade, a agricultura familiar e a de mercado, a prestação de serviços técnico-científicos-informacionais, a infraestrutura de redes que possibilita o acesso aos mercados de produção e de consumo, através de ações que envolvem a presença de atores que constituem o sistema de redes instaladas a montante e a jusante da produção primária e de transformação dessa produção. Para desvelar a complexidade que envolve as diversas etapas da comercialização, foi feita vasta prospecção bibliográfica, sendo, também, realizados levantamentos de dados censitários quinquenais, de produção anual e de comercialização, disponíveis em publicações de instituições e organismos nacional e internacional, de instituições representativas de classes. Além disso, foi realizado trabalho de campo, a partir de visitas a dezenas de feiras pelas cidades sergipanas, às feiras livres da capital e vários estabelecimentos comerciais de produtos agrícolas e de transformação da produção. Ainda foram aplicados questionários com profissionais, gestores, produtores, intermediários e consumidores. Este estudo focou a batata doce, o leite, o milho e a avicultura de corte e ovos que juntas, na última década, estão contribuindo para a dinâmica da economia contemporânea e formam redes emergentes da comercialização. A expansão dessas redes está possibilitando o acesso da pequena produção desenvolvida por agricultores familiares e da agricultura comercial ao mercado agrícola local, regional, nacional e global, procurando acompanhar a dinâmica da agricultura de mercado comandada pela integração global de produção e consumo. Ao mesmo tempo, as redes emergentes de comercialização agrícola, através de suas múltiplas formas, vão se inserindo no competitivo mercado agrícola mediante o acesso e aderência à dicotômica comercialização formal e informal. As redes emergentes estão se cristalizando à medida que ocupam posição de destaque na economia e contribuem significativamente para as mudanças na paisagem sergipana, formando novos canais com fluxos de objetos, coisas e capitais que ligam os mercados de produção, de transformação e de consumo interno e externo, ampliando a visibilidade do Estado como produtor, transformador e exportador de bens de consumo diversificado.

Au cours de la dernière décennie, la pathologie numérique a été améliorée grâce aux avancées des algorithmes d'analyse d'images et de la puissance de calcul. Néanmoins, le diagnostic par un expert à partir d'images histopathologiques reste le gold standard pour un nombre considérable de maladies notamment le cancer. Ce type d'images préserve la structure des tissus aussi proches que possible de leur état vivant. Ainsi, cela permet de quantifier les objets biologiques et de décrire leur organisation spatiale afin de fournir une description plus précise des tissus malades. L'analyse automatique des images histopathologiques peut avoir trois objectifs: le diagnostic assisté par ordinateur, l'évaluation de la sévérité des maladies et enfin l'étude et l'interprétation des mécanismes sous-jacents des maladies et leurs impacts sur les objets biologiques. L'objectif principal de cette thèse est en premier lieu de comprendre et relever les défis associés à l'analyse automatisée des images histologiques. Ensuite, ces travaux visent à décrire les populations d'objets biologiques présents dans les images et leurs relations et interactions à l'aide des statistiques spatiales et également à évaluer la significativité de leurs différences en fonction de la maladie par des tests statistiques. Après une étape de séparation des populations d'objets biologiques basée sur la couleur des marqueurs, une extraction automatique de leurs emplacements est effectuée en fonction de leur type, qui peut être ponctuel ou surfacique. Les statistiques spatiales, basées sur la distance pour les données ponctuelles, sont étudiées et une fonction originale afin de mesurer les interactions entre deux types de données est proposée. Puisqu'il a été montré dans la littérature que la texture d'un tissu est altérée par la présence d'une maladie, les méthodes fondées sur les motifs binaires locaux sont discutées et une approche basée sur une modification de la résolution de l'image afin d'améliorer leur description est introduite. Enfin, les statistiques descriptives et déductives sont appliquées afin d'interpréter les caractéristiques extraites et d'étudier leur pouvoir discriminant dans le cadre de l'étude des modèles animaux de cancer colorectal. Ce travail préconise la mesure des associations entre différents types d'objets biologiques pour mieux comprendre et comparer les mécanismes sous-jacents des maladies et leurs impacts sur la structure des tissus. En outre, nos expériences confirment que l'information de texture joue un rôle important dans la différenciation des deux modèles d'implantation d'une même maladie. / During the last decade, digital pathology has been improved thanks to the advance of image analysis algorithms and calculus power. However, the diagnosis from histopathology images by an expert remains the gold standard in a considerable number of diseases especially cancer. This type of images preserves the tissue structures as close as possible to their living state. Thus, it allows to quantify the biological objects and to describe their spatial organization in order to provide a more specific characterization of diseased tissues. The automated analysis of histopathological images can have three objectives: computer-aided diagnosis, disease grading, and the study and interpretation of the underlying disease mechanisms and their impact on biological objects. The main goal of this dissertation is first to understand and address the challenges associated with the automated analysis of histology images. Then it aims at describing the populations of biological objects present in histology images and their relationships using spatial statistics and also at assessing the significance of their differences according to the disease through statistical tests. After a color-based separation of the biological object populations, an automated extraction of their locations is performed according to their types, which can be point or areal data. Distance-based spatial statistics for point data are reviewed and an original function to measure the interactions between point and areal data is proposed. Since it has been shown that the tissue texture is altered by the presence of a disease, local binary patterns methods are discussed and an approach based on a modification of the image resolution to enhance their description is introduced. Finally, descriptive and inferential statistics are applied in order to interpret the extracted features and to study their discriminative power in the application context of animal models of colorectal cancer. This work advocates the measure of associations between different types of biological objects to better understand and compare the underlying mechanisms of diseases and their impact on the tissue structure. Besides, our experiments confirm that the texture information plays an important part in the differentiation of two implemented models of the same disease.

Au cours de la dernière décennie, la pathologie numérique a été améliorée grâce aux avancées des algorithmes d'analyse d'images et de la puissance de calcul. Néanmoins, le diagnostic par un expert à partir d'images histopathologiques reste le gold standard pour un nombre considérable de maladies notamment le cancer. Ce type d'images préserve la structure des tissus aussi proches que possible de leur état vivant. Ainsi, cela permet de quantifier les objets biologiques et de décrire leur organisation spatiale afin de fournir une description plus précise des tissus malades. L'analyse automatique des images histopathologiques peut avoir trois objectifs: le diagnostic assisté par ordinateur, l'évaluation de la sévérité des maladies et enfin l'étude et l'interprétation des mécanismes sous-jacents des maladies et leurs impacts sur les objets biologiques. L'objectif principal de cette thèse est en premier lieu de comprendre et relever les défis associés à l'analyse automatisée des images histologiques. Ensuite, ces travaux visent à décrire les populations d'objets biologiques présents dans les images et leurs relations et interactions à l'aide des statistiques spatiales et également à évaluer la significativité de leurs différences en fonction de la maladie par des tests statistiques. Après une étape de séparation des populations d'objets biologiques basée sur la couleur des marqueurs, une extraction automatique de leurs emplacements est effectuée en fonction de leur type, qui peut être ponctuel ou surfacique. Les statistiques spatiales, basées sur la distance pour les données ponctuelles, sont étudiées et une fonction originale afin de mesurer les interactions entre deux types de données est proposée. Puisqu'il a été montré dans la littérature que la texture d'un tissu est altérée par la présence d'une maladie, les méthodes fondées sur les motifs binaires locaux sont discutées et une approche basée sur une modification de la résolution de l'image afin d'améliorer leur description est introduite. Enfin, les statistiques descriptives et déductives sont appliquées afin d'interpréter les caractéristiques extraites et d'étudier leur pouvoir discriminant dans le cadre de l'étude des modèles animaux de cancer colorectal. Ce travail préconise la mesure des associations entre différents types d'objets biologiques pour mieux comprendre et comparer les mécanismes sous-jacents des maladies et leurs impacts sur la structure des tissus. En outre, nos expériences confirment que l'information de texture joue un rôle important dans la différenciation des deux modèles d'implantation d'une même maladie. / During the last decade, digital pathology has been improved thanks to the advance of image analysis algorithms and calculus power. However, the diagnosis from histopathology images by an expert remains the gold standard in a considerable number of diseases especially cancer. This type of images preserves the tissue structures as close as possible to their living state. Thus, it allows to quantify the biological objects and to describe their spatial organization in order to provide a more specific characterization of diseased tissues. The automated analysis of histopathological images can have three objectives: computer-aided diagnosis, disease grading, and the study and interpretation of the underlying disease mechanisms and their impact on biological objects. The main goal of this dissertation is first to understand and address the challenges associated with the automated analysis of histology images. Then it aims at describing the populations of biological objects present in histology images and their relationships using spatial statistics and also at assessing the significance of their differences according to the disease through statistical tests. After a color-based separation of the biological object populations, an automated extraction of their locations is performed according to their types, which can be point or areal data. Distance-based spatial statistics for point data are reviewed and an original function to measure the interactions between point and areal data is proposed. Since it has been shown that the tissue texture is altered by the presence of a disease, local binary patterns methods are discussed and an approach based on a modification of the image resolution to enhance their description is introduced. Finally, descriptive and inferential statistics are applied in order to interpret the extracted features and to study their discriminative power in the application context of animal models of colorectal cancer. This work advocates the measure of associations between different types of biological objects to better understand and compare the underlying mechanisms of diseases and their impact on the tissue structure. Besides, our experiments confirm that the texture information plays an important part in the differentiation of two implemented models of the same disease.

Polymerní nanokompozity na bázi polyhedrálních oligomerních silsesquioxanů (POSS) představují slibnou oblast výzkumu, která potenciálně může využít samouspořádávní při navrhování nových materiálů. Tato diplomová práce popisuje postup přípravy oktafenyl-POSS/PS, oktafenyl-POSS/PMMA a oktamethyl-POSS/PS systémů a charakterizaci jejich termomechanických vlastností v pevné fázi a reologických vlastností v roztoku. Získané výsledky jsou diskutovány s přihlédnutím k teoriím zabývajících se stavem disperze nanočástic.