Introdução: O uso de molas metálicas para o tratamento das craniossinostoses têm ganho cada vez mais espaço no arsenal terapêutico do cirurgião Crânio-Maxilo-Facial, na intenção de minimizar procedimentos extensos e mórbidos. Apesar da simplificação cirúrgica promovida pela mesma ainda persiste a necessidade de sua remoção. Objetivos: Realizar expansão craniana cirúrgica em modelo animal, utilizando-se de um implante (mola) totalmente integrado, confeccionado em blenda polimérica bioabsorvível. Testar sua eficácia e realizar análise histológica. Material e Métodos: Estudo experimental, aberto e prospectivo, utilizando doze coelhos fêmeas da raça New Zealand (Oryctolagus cuniculus) com seis semanas de vida. Os animais foram randomizados em dois grupos: controle (G1) aonde foi realizada craniectomia linear, e estudo (G2) aonde além da craniectomia foi inserida uma mola confeccionada a partir de uma blenda de POLI ÁCIDO LÁCTICO-CO-GLICÓLICO/POLI ISOPRENO, com o objetivo de realizar expansão craniana no sentido transversal à ostectomia. A movimentação craniana foi mensurada radiologicamente nas 12 semanas seguintes, através de marcadores e ao final foi realizada análise histológica para avaliação de reação inflamatória. Resultados: As molas confeccionadas apresentaram uma força média de 4,2N. A expansão craniana no grupo estudo no nível do marcador frontal foi de 9,6mm a 11,67mm e foi significante em relação a grupo controle. A análise histológica demonstrou pequena reação inflamatória. Conclusão: É possível a realização de expansão craniana em modelo animal utilizando-se uma mola bioabsorvível através de craniectomia linear, com boa tolerabilidade dos tecidos circunjacentes ao implante. / Introduction: The use of metal springs for the treatment of craniosynostosis have gaining more and more posicion in the therapeutic armory of the Craniofacial surgeon in the intention to minimize morbid and extensive procedures. Objectives: Perform cranial expansion surgery in an animal model, using an implant elastic (spring) fully integrated, made of bio-absorbable polymeric material. Test its efficacy and histological analysis Methods: An experimental study, open, prospective, using twelve New Zealand female rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) with six weeks. The animals were randomized into two groups: control (G1) where linear craniectomy was performed and study (G2) where besides the craniectomy a spring made from a blend of POLY LACTIC ACID-CO-GLYCOLIC / POLI ISOPRENE, in order to perform cranial expansion in the transverse osteotomy. The cranial movement was assessed radiographically at 12 weeks following the surgical procedure and the final histological analysis was performed to evaluate the inflammatory reaction. Results: The springs made showed a medium force of 4,2N. The cranial expansion in the study group in the level of the frontal marker was of 9,6mm to 11,67 and was significant in relation to the control group. The histological analysis showed a small inflammatory reaction. Conclusion: It is possible to perform cranial expansion in an animal model using a bio-absorbable spring through the linear craniectomy. There was good tolerability of the surrounding tissues to the implant.

This study examines Al-Ḥirāk Al-Shabābī Al-ʾUrdunī (the Jordanian Youth Movement), from now on the HSU, and aims to be a first scholarly attempt at mapping the organisation, strategy, challenges, and significance of this youth-led and youth-organised social movement. Taking an interpretive approach to organisational research, this thesis has used a wide range of primary and secondary data, benefited from extensive periods of participant observation as well as interviews with a variety of people including movement participants, in order to achieve a better understanding of the HSU. The main findings that result from this research show that the HSU is ideologically an umbrella to a variety of ideologies, from leftist or communists to Islamists, and that it chooses to organise informally and uninstitutionally in accordance with their political conviction of political parties and traditional opposition groups being a tool of social control for the regime. Politically, therefore, the movement represents a rupture with traditional politics in the country which are perceived by participants as part of a historically constructed system for exercising social control. Finally, the movement challenges traditional frames of ethnic and religious understandings of social and political subjectivities by mobilising a more inclusive discourse that tries to recover the debate on class struggle. Its political independence from other actors in the Jordanian political scene allows participant to raise more radical claims that seek regime removal as well as demands for reform, and these radical discourse within the movement greatly depend on the varying political opportunity structure in time determined by the Jordanian regime’s combination of conciliatory and repressive counter-strategies. An analysis of the strategic conversation between the regime and the HSU is key to exploring the social and political significance of movement strategies in bringing about change in the country as it determines the challenges to organisation encountered. However, relevant transformations in the culture of activism in Jordan are evident, and have the potential to transforming the future of political participation and organisation.

This dissertation explores civil-military relations in democratizing contexts, specifically how the historical relationship between the military and the broader public shapes responses to political crises such as riots and revolutions. I develop a novel theory, rooted in civil-military relations literature from political science and sociology, for how an army's historical interactions with the population and with foreign sponsors create doctrine by shaping organizational culture and practices toward the population. Doctrine, in turn, influences the military’s response to a popular uprising. The foundations of military doctrine are historical and include the military's institutional origins, role in national independence, and relationship to the ruling party. Subsequently, doctrinal innovation occurs as a result of interacting with the domestic population and foreign military sponsors. The dissertation features qualitative case studies of Tunisia, Egypt, and Syria during the Arab Spring and a quantitative data analysis of major uprisings worldwide since 1950. Both qualitative and quantitative evidence demonstrate that the nature of military doctrine explains soldiers' behavior during popular uprisings better than alternative arguments based on capacity, patronage, and ethnicity.

L'assassinat de Rafic Hariri, le 14 février 2005, est un événement fondateur. Un mois plus tard, le 14 mars 2005, la manifestation pro‐Hariri sur la place des Martyrs, rebaptisée place de la Liberté, transforme en effet cette place publique en un espace public. Cette même place sera utilisée ensuite aussi bien par les pro‐Hariri (la formation du 14 mars) que par les anti‐Hariri (la formation du 8 mars). La question qui nous intéresse est de savoir comment cette suite d'événements a été reprise et médiatisée par les différents médias, au point de faire de la place des Martyrs le lieu d'un rendez‐vous annuel des partis en présence. Notre objectif est donc de montrer dans quelles conditions cette place a été transformée, le 14 mars 2005, en un espace public et d'étudier quels moyens ont été mis en œuvre pour cela. Notre perspective ne se limite pas aux médias libanais mais s'étend jusqu'à la presse internationale, dont nous faisons l'hypothèse qu'elle a joué un rôle important dans la construction de cet événement. Le paradoxe et la nouveauté de cet événement tiennent à ce que la notion d'espace public est relativement étrangère au paysage libanais. Au contraire, la confessionnalité est reconnue au Liban et même mentionnée dans la Constitution du pays, en contradiction avec la conception d'un espace public (notamment bourgeois) reposant sur le principe de la laïcité. Pour traiter de cette question, nous montrons que l'occupation de la place des Martyrs révèle le lien étroit qui associe religion et laïcité, contrairement aux représentations stéréotypées qui tendent à opposer ces deux pôles. Une approche communicationnelle nous permet de mettre en évidence la relation entre ces deux pôles. / The assassination of Rafic Hariri, February 14th 2005, is the founding event. A month later, March 14, the demonstration pro‐Hariri in Martyrs' Square, renamed Freedom Square, transform the public square into a public sphere. The question we are interested by is how different media broadcasted this sequence of events ; as to make Martyrs’ square a yearly meeting of all parties. Our target is to show under what conditions this place has been transformed, March 14th 2005, into a public space and to explore different ways that allowed reaching the target. Our perspective is not limited to Lebanese media, but extends to international media, which we suggest that they had an important role in the construction of this event. The paradox and novelty of this event is that the concept of public sphere is relatively foreign to the Lebanese scene. The contrast is that, the confessionality is recognized in Lebanon and even mentioned in the constitution, on opposition of the conception of public sphere based on the principle of secularism. To answer this question, we’ll try to show that the occupation of Martyrs’ square reveals the close link between religion and secularism, unlike the stereotypical representations that tend to oppose these two poles. A communicational approach highlight the relationship between these two poles.

New technology in the automotive industry is the key to success. Therefore, it is appreciated when people come with new design ways to solve problems. This leads to innovation in the automotive industry that will lead to better and more environmentally friendly cars. This report presents a concept on a pushing counter lever spring which provides the same characteristics of force curve as a diaphragm spring in a pressure plate of a car has. The mechanism is to be used for long-term testing and evaluating clutch pedals. The work describes the development process and the manufacture of a prototype. The program Creo (CAD / 3D) is largely used to construct the components. As are the subprograms Mechanism Design and Simulate to simulate the movement and loads. Excel is a great help at the theoretical calculation of the mechanism and to evaluate the theory behind the concept. The result shows how to simulate a diaphragm spring in the pressure plate in a car for long-term testing of clutch pedals. The goal is to accurately mimic the force curve of a diaphragm spring, in order to design better pedals, and thus reduce the weight on the pedals to in turn reduce fuel consumption to protect the environment is one of the most important factors of all in the automotive industry.

Esta pesquisa foi desenvolvida para examinar a articulação dos recursos de linguagem e seus efeitos de sentido e compreender o seu papel na transformação social que motivou, mobilizou e legitimou a Revolução Egípcia de 2011, um evento social do movimento popular Primavera Árabe, promovido na página do site de rede social Facebook denominado We Are All Khaled Said. Para isto, valemo-nos da abordagem metodológica da Teoria Social do Discurso, uma vertente da Análise de Discurso Crítica, desenvolvida por Norman Fairclough, que possibilitou o mapeamento da organização dos enunciados escolhidos ao corpus desta análise. / This research was conducted to examine the articulation of language features and their effects of meaning and understand their role in social transformation that motivated, mobilized and legitimized the Egyptian Revolution of 2011, a social event of the popular Arab Spring movement, promoted on the page social networking site Facebook called We Are All Khaled Said. For this, we used of the methodological approach of Social Discourse Theory, a branch of Critical Discourse Analysis, developed by Norman Fairclough, which enabled the mapping of the organization of the corpus utterances chosen this analysis.

O jateamento com granalha (shot peening) é um processo mecânico a frio onde um jato de granalhas é impelido contra a superfície dos componentes. Cada impacto provoca deformação plástica e introduz tensões residuais de compressão na superfície, as quais aumentam a sua resistência à fadiga. Este tratamento é muito usado na indústria automotiva, particularmente no tratamento de molas automotivas devido à alta solicitação a carregamentos cíclicos. Uma variante aprimorada deste processo, exclusivo para molas automotivas planas, é o jateamento com granalha sob tensão (stress peening) onde é imposta uma pré-carga de flexão na mola que aumenta a intensidade do processo. Neste trabalho foram desenvolvidas as modelagens numéricas, usando o Método dos Elementos Finitos (MEF), do jateamento com granalha e do jateamento com granalha sob tensão, ambos aplicados a molas automotivas, para analisar o campo de tensões residuais induzido. Os modelos numéricos desenvolvidos contemplam: análise dinâmica explícita, modelagem tridimensional de múltiplos impactos de granalha numa superfície plana, avaliação da velocidade real das granalhas, atrito entre as superfícies de contato, propriedades mecânicas do aço ABNT 5160 (molas automotivas), encruamento do material e sensibilidade do material às altas taxas de deformação. A partir dos resultados da modelagem foram avaliados: o progresso da cobertura ao longo do tempo da aplicação dos múltiplos impactos de granalha, as tensões residuais, as deformações elásticas e as deformações plásticas resultantes induzidas pelo jateamento. Neste trabalho, foi realizado um programa experimental para introdução e avaliação das tensões residuais em duas molas parabólicas automotivas, uma delas submetida ao jateamento com granalha e a outra submetida ao jateamento com granalha sob tensão. A avaliação experimental das tensões residuais foi desenvolvida usando as técnicas de difração de raios-X e do furo incremental cego. Os resultados das modelagens numéricas são corroborados com as medições experimentais e com os resultados experimentais e numérico-computacionais obtidos por outros autores. Finalmente, algumas conclusões são inferidas diante da análise comparativa entre os resultados numéricos e experimentais. / The shot peening is a cold-working mechanical process where a stream of tiny small balls is impelled against the surface of components. Each impact causes plastic deformation and introduces compressive residual stresses on the surface, which consequently increases their resistance to fatigue. This process is widely used in the automotive industry, particularly in the treatment of automotive springs due to high cyclic loads required. An improved variant of the shot peening process for leaf springs is the stress peening, in which a flexion pre-load is imposed to bend the spring while a conventional shot peening process is applied, resulting in an increase in the intensity of the process. In this work, numerical models of the shot peening and the stress peening process were created to be applied to automotive leaf springs. To analyze the induced residual stress field the finite elements method was used. Numerical models include: dynamic explicit formulation, three-dimensional modeling of multiple impacts of balls on a plane target, the calculation of the real shot speed, friction between the contact areas, mechanical properties of ABNT 5160 steel (for automotive leaf springs), plastic work of the material and high strain rate sensitivity of the material. The indentation coverage progress over the analyzed area, the residual stresses, the remaining elastic and plastic strains induced by the shot peening were evaluated from the modeling. In this work an experimental programme was carried out to introduce and to evaluate residual stresses in one automotive leaf spring submitted to conventional shot peening and another submitted to stress peening. The experimental evaluation of the residual stresses was done using X-ray diffraction and incremental hole drilling techniques. Results for the numerical model are compared to the experimental measurements and the experimental measurement, as well as to numerical modeling results obtained by other authors. Finally, conclusions are drawn after comparing the numerical results to experimental ones.

Contextualização: A compreensão das variáveis que modulam a sobrecarga externa oriunda dos exercícios de Pilates pode afetar as forças internas que agem na articulação do quadril e seu entendimento é de grande importância para os educadores físicos e fisioterapeutas que atuam nesse âmbito, que podem subsidiar a prescrição dos exercícios tanto para o treinamento físico quanto para a reabilitação. Objetivo: analisar o efeito da mola e da velocidade de execução de três exercícios de Pilates no comportamento e na magnitude da força muscular resultante (FMR) da articulação do quadril, obtida pela técnica de dinâmica inversa. Metodologia: 20 sujeitos praticantes de Pilates foram avaliados durante três exercícios de extensão de quadril com e sem mola: (1) leg lower mola alta (LLMA); (2) leg lower mola baixa (LLMB); (3) leg extension (LE). A partir da técnica da dinâmica inversa obtiveram-se os torques musculares e foram utilizando dados da literatura para quantificar a distância perpendicular média ponderada (DPMP) dos flexores e extensores de quadril e assim, estimar a FMR da articulação do quadril. A análise estatística utilizada foi uma ANOVA one-way para verificar o efeito principal dos exercícios sobre a FMR e uma correlação de Spearmann foi aplicada para descrever o comportamento da FMR ao longo de uma faixa de velocidade. Resultados: No exercício LE o esforço muscular passa de 200% do peso corporal, o LLMA atinge 50% e o LLMB, ao contrário dos demais exercícios, tem exigência da musculatura flexora nos últimos 10° da ADM. No LLMA, independente da velocidade a FMR foi a mesma. No LLMB, a FMR diminui com o aumento da velocidade. No LE, a FMR aumenta com o aumento da velocidade. Conclusão: Os diferentes exercícios de extensão de quadril apresentaram configurações distintas que interferiram na força muscular dos extensores de quadril. A velocidade de execução afeta de forma diferente cada um dos exercícios. / Background: Understanding of the behavior of external forces coming from the exercises can affect the internal forces that act in the hip joint and understanding is of great importance to the physical educators and clinical therapists that work in this field and can be helpful for prescribing exercises to physical training and rehabilitation. Objectives: To evaluate the effect of spring and the performing velocity of three exercises of Pilates in resultant muscle force (RMF) of the hip, with the support of inverse dynamics technique. Methods: Twenty Pilates practitioners, performed three hip extension exercises: (1) Leg Lower high spring (LLHS); (2) Leg Lower Low Spring (LLLS); (3) Leg extension (LE). From inverse dynamic technique the muscular moments were obtained and literature data was necessary to quantify the weighted mean moment arm (WMMA) of the hip flexors and extensors to estimate a RMF of the hip joint. The statistical analysis used was an ANOVA one way to verify the mean effect from the exercises on the RMF and Spearmann correlation was used to describe the RMF during different velocities. Results: In the exercise LE the muscular effort is greater than 200% of the body weight, in the LLHS was as high as 50% and the LLLS, contrary to the other exercises, have a flexors muscular effort in the last ten degrees of the range of motion. In the LLHS, independent of velocities the RMF is the same. In LLLS, the RMF decreases with the increase of velocity. In LE, the RMF increases with the increase of velocity. Conclusion: The different exercises of hip extension show singular configurations that alter in RMF of hip extensors. The performing velocity changes in different ways each exercises.

This thesis examines the attitude of Malaysia’s Islamist movements – (1) The Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS); (2) The National Trust Party (AMANAH); (3) The Muslim Youth Movement of Malaysia (ABIM) and (4) the Malaysian Muslim Solidarity Front (ISMA) towards the 2011 Arab Uprisings events or popularly known as the ‘Arab Spring’ in the Middle East and North Africa. In particular, it explores the knowledge and perceptions of selected Islamist movement activists, politicians and members in Malaysia towards the Arab Uprisings as well as considering how the events impact their activism, political approach and attitudes towards the issues of regime change, civil disobedience, political revolution, democracy, Islamism and political stability. This thesis also identifies a number lessons learnt by the Malaysian Islamists from the development of post-Arab Uprisings in the MENA region. The tendency of Malaysian Islamists to be influenced by the development in the Middle East and global political Islam are not seen as something new as evidently shown in the case of the 1979 Iranian Islamic Revolution. This popular event was known for its indirect impact on the political activism and approaches of PAS and ABIM in Malaysia back in the 1980-1990s, as well as inspiring many Malaysian Islamists to uphold the struggle of establishing an Islamic state in the country. Following the recent uprisings in several Arab states, which also witnesses the rise of Arab Islamist parties in securing a ruling power, these events have also been widely followed by the Malaysians in general and the Islamists in particular with great interest. Furthermore, the major involvement of Malaysian Islamists in a series of mass protests, popularly known in Malaysia as the “Bersih movement” (circa 2011-2016), against the ruling government, were perceived by numerous local and foreign journalists as an attempt to create a “Malaysian Spring” which inspired by the ‘Arab Spring’ phenomenon for the sake of toppling the current regime. However, there have been strong opinions voiced by the Malaysian authorities and various local scholars suggesting that there was no basis for presuming an Arab Uprisings impact in the context of the Malaysian experience. This raises the question of the relationship between the Arab Uprisings and Malaysian Islamists. Nevertheless, no matter how relevant the questions raised between Malaysia’s Islamist movements and the ‘Arab Spring’, the central concern that needs to be highlighted is the extent to which Malaysian Islamists grasp the fundamental issues of the 2011 Arab Uprisings before jumping to any conclusion about the polemics of the “Malaysian Spring”. In so doing, both quantitative and qualitative methods were applied through a questionnaire based-survey which was conducted in Malaysia involving 530 respondents, primarily among the registered and active representative of Malaysian Islamist between the ages of 18 and 45, as well as 15 in-depth interviews with selected Malaysian Islamist activists and leaders ranging from those in opposition political parties (PAS and AMANAH) to those in non-government Islamist organisations (ABIM and ISMA). The survey of Malaysian Islamists’ attitudes towards the Arab Uprisings development covered a variety of dimensions, namely understanding the general issues about the Arab Uprisings’ phenomenon, factors that lead to the Uprisings, the role of Islamist movements, the influences of the Uprisings on Malaysia’s Islamist movements activism and finally lessons learnt from the Arab Uprisings. The data is statistically analysed with the assistance of the SPSS computer package, and by using a number of statistical procedures, such as frequencies and cross-tabulations. The outcome of this research shows that the majority of respondents have an outstanding knowledge on the Arab Uprisings which was mostly obtained via new social media such as Facebook and Twitter, along with mixed perceptions toward the events. Furthermore, they also reached an understanding that the uncertainties in the Arab world would eventually lead to another wave of uprisings in the long term. Speaking of the global impact of the Arab Uprisings events, some elements of political repression, coupled with corruption and power abuses (which some claimed to be practised by the Malaysian regime), led to a number of Malaysian Islamists believing that they were inspired by the acts of mass street protests during the Arab Uprisings. This inspiration came when they witnessed the ousting of several long-serving autocratic Arab rulers in their respective states by the Arab protesters. However, the fear of insecurity and political instability which is currently evident in the post-Arab Uprisings in Egypt, Libya, Syria and the Yemen led to many respondents favouring political stability rather than regime change. Most of the respondents were quite sceptical about the polemics of the “Malaysian Spring” as most of them neither disagreed nor agreed that the series of political rallies by the Bersih movement were an indirect effort to topple the ruling government which was ‘accused’ by several pro-government media, politicians and authorities in Malaysia. Overall, this empirical research found that the majority of Malaysian Islamists from PAS, ABIM, ISMA and AMANAH are supportive of a free and democratic elections as a relevant medium for political change, rather than overthrowing the current regime via civil disobedience, street demonstration, or ‘revolution’.

abstract: The Arab Spring revolutions of 2010-11 raised important questions about how social-movement actors use new communication technologies, such as social media, for communication and organizing during episodes of contentious politics. This dissertation examines how organizers of and participants in Tunisia’s Arab Spring revolution used communication technologies such as Facebook, blogs, news websites, email, television, radio, newspapers, telephones, and interpersonal communication. The dissertation approaches the topic through the communication paradigm of framing, which the author uses to tie together theories of social movements, neo-patrimonialism, and revolution. The author traveled to Tunisia and conducted 44 interviews with organizers and participants about their uses of communication media, the frames they constructed and deployed, their framing strategies, their organizing activities, and their experiences of the revolution. The most common frames were those of the regime’s corruption, economic issues, and the security forces’ brutality. Interviewees deployed a hybrid network of media to disseminate these frames; Facebook represented a single node in the network, though many interviewees used it more than any other node. To explain the framing process and the resonance of the frames deployed by revolutionaries, the dissertation creates the concept of the alternative narrative, which describes how revolutionaries used a hybrid network to successfully construct an alternative to the narrative constructed by the regime. The dissertation also creates the concept of authoritarian weakening, to explain how citizens can potentially weaken neo-patrimonial regimes under conditions concerning corruption, poverty, and the introduction of civil society and of new communication technologies. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Journalism and Mass Communication 2018