鋼鐵産業是象徵國家經濟情況的重要基礎産業，也是代表社會發展程度、經濟實力的重要標誌。因此鋼鐵產業常被認為是具有代表國力強弱的指標性意義，不論是先進國家或發展中國家，皆長期的、積極的振興鋼鐵產業。 現今臺灣的鋼鐵業者在面對上、下游皆瘦而中游獨大的特殊產業環境之下，許多企業為了達到產業規模經濟與拓展銷售市場，紛紛前往海外另闢戰場。傳統的國際化理論認為國際化過程的演變是大型企業為了因應產品生命週期的演進而選擇在海外市場發揮其資源優勢的行為，然而從網絡連結觀點我們可以把國際化看成是企業試圖和國外網絡連結建立關係的作為。通常非大型企業並不具備獨自建立國外相關網絡的資源深度，然而透過網絡關係的合作卻可以快速取得當地市場知識並藉由現有通路進入國際市場。這對於具有高進入障礙、高度資本密集、高度技術密集且企業難以獨自擁有足夠生產資源等特性的鋼鐵產業而言，網絡關係連結相當重要。 在這個全球化的時代，大多數企業遲早都會在國際上競爭。因此，專注於國內市場交易的在地企業會被迫具有國際競爭力並參與國際商業活動。所有管理國內企業或跨國集團的經理人都必須意識到這個潮流的影響力。全球化經濟現在已經充斥在世界的各個角落，而且國際化現在所影響的不僅是大型企業集團連許多的非大型企業也是。本次研究針對鋼鐵產業使用多點個案研究法，調查網絡連結對企業國際化進程的影響。來自六家鋼鐵業者的研究證據顯示可以印證在企業的國際化過程中，網絡連結會觸發並驅動企業的國際化、影響企業的海外市場選擇決策與進入模式決策、幫助企業獲得起始信用、接近新網絡關係與現成通路、也協助降低成本與風險，並且影響企業的國際化步調。 / The iron-and-steel industry is an important basic industry to symbolize national economics, and a main indicator which represents social development level and economics power. Because the iron-and-steel industry is usually considered as an index of national strength, no wander many developed and developing nations all have prospering iron-and-steel industries. Now iron-and-steel firms in Taiwan are facing a unique industrial environment, and many are expanding new overseas markets to exploit economies of scale. Traditional internationalization theory posited that the internationalization process is a behavior of giant enterprises to adapt to the product life cycle evolvement and exploit the resource advantage abroad. However, we can view internationalization as a behavior of SMEs to establish relationships with foreign networks from the network perspective. Usually small firms can’t afford enough resources to build up international networks by themselves, but by only cooperating through network connections they can obtain foreign market knowledge soon and penetrate international markets via existing channels. The iron-and-steel industry has high entry barriers, high capital requirement and technology intensity, for SMEs difficult to have all kinds of production resources, the network relationship connections are quite crucial to succeed in international markets. In this era of globalization, most firms will sooner or later have to compete in the international market. Therefore, local firms that focus their business on the domestic market are forced to be internationally competitive and to participate in international business. All managers must be aware of this trend when managing a domestic firm or a multinational conglomerate. The global economy now has reached every corner of the world, and internationalization now involves not just the giant corporations but also many SME enterprises. This research use case research method to examine the influence of network connections on the internationalization process of SME iron-and-steel firms in Taiwan. The evidence from the cases of six iron-and-steel firms shows that the firms’ internationalization process was triggered and motivated by network connections which also affected their foreign market-selection decisions and mode-of-entry decisions, helped them obtain initial credibility and access to other relationships and established channels, helped in lowering cost and risk, and influenced their internationalization pace.

A escória de aciaria LD é um coproduto originado do refino do ferro gusa em aço e da metalurgia secundária, sendo gerado, em média, uma quantidade de aproximadamente 120 kg/t de aço produzido. Assim como as escórias de alto-forno, que são utilizadas como matéria-prima para a fabricação do cimento, as escórias de aciaria LD, após beneficiamento (chamadas de agregados siderúrgicos), possuem diversas aplicações, tais como: artigos de concreto, diques marítimos, tratamentos de efluentes, lastro ferroviário, base e sub-base para pavimentos de rodovia, corretivo de solos, entre outros. Entretanto, este material possui compostos (CaO e MgO quando livres, Fe0, FeO e mCaO.nSiO2) que sofrem reações quando exposto ao ambiente, provocando expansão e desintegração dos materiais onde é aplicado, sendo necessária a estocagem em pátios para cura ou envelhecimento e consequente minimização da expansão. Atingido um determinado tempo de envelhecimento, o agregado é avaliado sob o ponto de vista do potencial de expansão para que, a partir dos resultados obtidos, seja ainda mantido sob cura ou destinado à sua aplicação. Os métodos mais comuns que avaliam a expansão de escórias de aciaria são o PTM-130/78, JIS A 5015/92 e o ASTM D4792/00. No Brasil, atualmente, o ensaio PTM-130 é o mais utilizado pelo Departamento de Estradas de Rodagem, entretanto o método leva 14 dias para obtenção dos resultados, que em geral são pouco detalhados sobre o comportamento da escória. Desta forma, o presente trabalho buscou correlacionar o método de avaliação do potencial de expansão volumétrica da escória de aciaria LD com a concentração de determinados compostos, quantificados através da difratometria de raios X em pós e o método de Rietveld, respectivamente. Buscou-se, também, compreender a influência dos diferentes compostos sobre a expansibilidade. / BOF slag is a byproduct originated from the hot metal refining to steel and its subsequent types of secondary metallurgy processes, being generated, on average, an amount about 120 kg/t of steel. Similar to blast furnace slag which is used as raw material for the manufacturing of cement, BOF slag, after treatment (so-called of steel slag aggregates), has many applications such as: concrete components, marine docks, effluent treatment, ballast, road and highways base, correction of soil, among others. However, BOF slag is composed by chemical products (such as free CaO and MgO, Fe0, FeO and mCaO.nSiO2) which suffer expansive reactions when exposed to the atmosphere, causing expansion and disintegration of the materials where it is applied. Therefore, it is required some temporary storage for curing or aging to minimize the volumetric instability that is evaluated trough the potential of expansion. Depending on the volumetric expansion results, steel slag aggregates may be approved or disapproved according to a specified limit that will allow to be used or not. The most common methods to evaluate the expansion of BOF slags are the PTM-130/78, JIS A 5015/92 and ASTM D4792:2013. In Brazil, PTM-130 test is currently the most used by the department of highways. This method spends 14 days to obtain the result that generally shows few details about the behavior. Thus, the present study has the purpose of correlating the traditional method of evaluation with the one of X-ray diffraction in powders associated to the Rietveld Method. Another goal is to understand the influence of different compounds on expansion.

To achieve agreed targets for reducing global carbon emissions, industry must become more resource-efficient. To this end, two viable strategies exist: energy efficiency and material efficiency. Despite their inherent interdependence, industry continues to treat these two strategies as isolated pursuits, providing in the process only a partial insight into the potential of resource efficiency. To resolve this disconnect, this thesis attempts to develop and apply tools that help integrate industrial energy and material efficiency analyses. Three areas of research are explored. The first is concerned with a fundamental component of industrial performance: efficiency benchmarks. No agreed-upon metric exists to measure the efficiency with which the sector trans- forms both energy and materials - that is, how resource-efficient they are. This thesis applies exergy - a well-established method to consolidate energy and materials into a single metric - to a case study of the global steel industry in 2010. Results show that this exergy-based metric provides a suitable proxy to capture the interactions between energy and materials. By comparing energy and material efficiency options on an equal footing, this metric encourages the recovery of material by-products - an intervention excluded from traditional energy efficiency metrics. To realise resource efficiency opportunities, individual industry firms must be able to identify them at actionable time-frames and scopes. Doing this hinges on understanding resources flows through entire systems, the most detailed knowledge of which resides in control data. No academic study was found to exploit control data to construct an integrated picture of resources that is representative of real operations. In the second research area, control data is extracted to track the resource flows and efficiency of a basic oxygen steel-making plant from TataSteel. This second case study highlights the plant's material efficiency options during operations. It does so by building close-to-real-time Sankey diagrams of resource flows (measured in units of exergy) for the entire plant and its constituent processes. Without the support of effective policies the new exergy approach is unlikely to be widely adopted in industry. By collating evidence from interviews and policy documents, the third area explores why the European Union's industrial energy and emissions policies do not incentivise material efficiency. Results suggest several contributing factors, including: the inadequacy of monitored indicators; an imposed policy lock-in; and the lack of a designated industry lobby and high-level political buy-in. Policy interventions are then proposed to help integrate material efficiency into energy and climate agendas. The European Union's limited agency stresses the need for Member States and industry to drive the move to a low-carbon industry in the short-term.

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I dagens samhälle tas miljöfrågor allt oftare upp i den allmänna och politiska debatten och ett aktivt miljöarbete är något som i allt högre grad krävs av företag från bland annat myndigheter och miljöorganisationer. Stålindustrin är inget undantag och får därför ofta kritik för att de åtgärder som vidtas inte är tillräckliga. Inom stålindustrin genomför företag ofta investeringar för att minska sin miljöpåverkan trots att avkastning på det investerade kapitalet uteblir. Den institutionella organisationsteorin förklarar dessa handlingar som direkta konsekvenser av likriktning. Det fenomen som studeras i studien är spridningen av miljömedvetenhet eftersom denna anses ligga till grund för investeringarna i miljöåtgärder inom den svenska stålindustrin. Formatet för studien är en fallstudie där den empiriska datainsamlingen skett genom tryckt material och intervjuer. Det kan konstateras att det studerade företagets miljöarbete påverkas i stor utsträckning av andra aktörer inom det organisatoriska fält som företaget tillhör. Inverkan på det studerade företagets miljöarbete och således spridningen av miljömedvetenhet varierar mycket mellan olika aktörer. Det är framförallt aktören politiker och myndigheter som genom tvingande mekanismer styr företagets miljöarbete. Beroende på rådande situation kan dock även influenserna från övriga aktörer påverka företagets miljöarbete och spridningen av miljömedvetenhet. / In society today environmental issues more often appear on both the public and the political agenda and an active environmental awareness is increasingly often demanded from companies by regulative authorities and environmental organisations. The steel industry is no exception and therefore receives criticism that they do not undertake the necessary actions to prevent further pollution. Companies within the steel industry often invest in different measures to reduce their environmental impact although it seldom generates a profit. Institutional theory explains these actions as direct consequences of conformity. The phenomenon of interest is the spread of environmental awareness because it is considered to be the reason behind investments in environmental impact reduction within the Swedish steel industry. The study is preformed as a case study where the empirical data is collected through written sources and interviews. It is established that the environmental work of the focal company is largely affected by the other actors within the organizational field of interest. Among these actors the level of impact on the focal company’s environmental work and therefore also the spreading of environmental awareness varies a lot. Politicians and government authorities are the actor which first and foremost through coercive actions affects the environmental work in the studied company. Although, depending on the situation at hand the other actors can also play very important parts in affecting the studied company and the spread of environmental awareness.

Abstract Since the beginning of this new century, global steel industries have gone through dramatic change. From the researches we have observed, the following major changes have taken place. Number one, the¡¥death spiral¡¦in 2001 to the¡¥volcanic eruption¡¦in 2003; steel prices appeared as V shape fluctuations. Global steelmakers¡¦ raw materials, including iron ore, coking coal, hot-rolled band, pig iron and even steel scrap, prices are constantly on the rise; Survival Success Surprise was what many people in this business were saying. The second, reflecting this late-2001 pricing catastrophe, steel mills began to adopt new behavior patterns of rationalization¢wSmall is Beautiful ¡¥. In order to survive in some cases, and to win in others, the steelmakers: a) implemented more rapid production cutbacks once steel prices started to fall; b) closed marginal facilities and c) increased M&A activity.It suddenly became an international trend to merge and merge again;and the appearance of the Acelor Mittal giant steel company, people called this the Metal Mettle Mittal phenomenon. The third was that the Flying-geese Theory and steel industries began to spread across Asia, from Eastern Japan, Korea, and Taiwan, to Northern China, and to Southern India. Asia became the world¡¦s steel industry center. Just as the book,¡mChina Shakes the World: the Rise of a Hungry Nation¡ndescribes, China has became a ¡§magnetic field¡¨ in the global steel industry. China¡¦s steel production increased rapidly and caused supply to exceed demand. The fourth is that global steel industries are now ushered in the energetic resource constraints era, and not the capital constraints anymore. Upstream mine sources are monopolized, more than 70% of global mining sources are owned by three major companies. In the future, global crude steel manufacturing bases will leave the main steel consuming countries and settle down in countries that are rich in mine resources to produce steel. The fifth is identical with what¡mThe Age of Discontinuity¡npointed out. The beginning of a Sigmoid Curve includes Modern Imperatives, Market Smart, and Future Scenarios; the discontinuity of global steel industry and major changes are hard to predict. The demand, growth, and price change models are not the same anymore. However, perhaps there will be a stable New Continuum when discontinuity comes to an end. The local structure of steel industries is also going through dramatic change; it used to resemble a giraffe, now it looks like Steven Spielberg¡¦s ET! Local upstream cannot provide enough semi-product steel, imports of 7 to 8 million tons of semi-product steel manage to keep this in balance. Midstream steel industries, especially single rolling mills flourish. Yet the sizes of downstream processing industries are small with low added value. The demand is not enough to absorb the production of midstream mills, causing midstream steel rolling mills to rely on massive exports. A small head with a big body and skinny legs is like a giraffe, which is just the case in Taiwan¡¦s steel industry. Whenever local steel market is sluggish, the prices are subject to change. Taiwan¡¦s steel is mostly localized in the Asia area, while joining the WTO, internationalization, and globalization will only make competition worse than ever. The plans for a big steel mill in Yunlin and expansion of another large steel mill in Taichung will cause them to face local production surplus problems; the head has become larger than the body, just like ET. Asia¡¦s steel is mainly consumed by China, yet China is constantly increasing production capacity, causing the Taiwan steel material export and domestic market to shrink. If political factors are added into the mix, the market will become even harder to predict. The competition of steel mills in Taiwan faces with China, India, Japan, and Korea steel mills shall prove to be a very harsh test. They made NT $45.1 billion in 2003, NT $65 billion in 2004, NT $65.1 billion in 2005, NT $47.7 billion in 2006; estimates say they will make NT $60¡ã70 billion in 2007. At least one amount of capital can be made every two years in the Steel Mill C, causing them to have a global leading profitability. Their strategic management is something we should look upon and conduct research on; this also includes their learning and application of strategic planning, their sharing and exchanging of strategic execution experiences, and their innovation or revolution in visions or goals, etc. They are considered a capital and technology intensive industry, and with adequate management systems, they have become the role model of a sustainable competitive advantage and a perpetual operation and sustainable development. High-ranking finance personnel in the government point out that anybody can make money out of the Steel Mill C. Is that really so?! Our research reveals the sustainable competitive advantage of enterprises with high profit and low growth rates, we used the Steel Mill C as an example; the only integrated steel mill in Taiwan that makes everything on its own has a very high productivity that made it become one of the worlds most competitive steel mills. They constantly maintain high productivity with low costs. Thus, their core competence is actually their sustainable competitive advantage in long-term, and not their high market share. When an enterprise develops, it should focus on increasing its profit and growth at the same time; when the profit condition is better than growth, start focusing on growth (and vice versa). According to the World-Class Steelmakers¡¦ rankings by World Steel Dynamics, we find the mill is trying to be far away from a haze of low growth by expanding capacity. To come up with the following five internationalization strategy suggestions is that we give to our steel mill subject: 1. Construct competitive powers and strategies of growth with quantity and quality of production at the same time. 2. Maneuver to enter international markets.of low cost product and high growth boom 3. Focus on strategic products and valuable international product strategies. 4. Take control of multi-national vertical integral investment mineral related strategies. 5. Come up with the positioning strategies of a perpetual operation and sustainable development. within the global steel industry value chain. Have a vision, persist on fulfilling the core values, grasp hold of core abilities, construct a competitive edge, seize chances, actively plan beforehand, and take control of the future. Choose the right time, use the right tactics, and do the right things to survive and succeed as a going concern of world class steelmaker.

Background: Following an increased awareness concerning social and environmental aspectsin society, more enterprises establish sustainability reports in order to inform theirstakeholders about the company’s sustainability duties. A previous study indicates that themetal sector is enjoying relatively limited increases in business opportunities and/or financialvalue of corporate responsibility. Another study suggests that there is a gap in expectationsbetween producers and users of sustainability reports due to an uncertainty regarding whatinformation such reports should contain and what audience such reports should target. Thequestion is whether or not a gap in expectations concerning sustainability reporting is acontributing factor to the limited increases in financial value in the metal sector? Purpose: The purpose of the study was to examine how a sustainability report should becarried out by a company in the steel industry given what information the company and thestakeholders consider as essential in a sustainability report. Methodology: To accomplish the purpose of the study, a deductive approach was used due tothe availability of suitable theories. We conducted semi-structured interviews in order toenable a deeper analysis of the subject. Interviews were carried out with employees at thesteel company Ovako in order to investigate what information they aim to communicate, themotivations for sustainability reporting, to whom the information is addressed and howcommunication with stakeholders is carried out. Four interviews with different stakeholders inthe Swedish steel industry were also conducted in order to study what information theyrequire for. The purpose was to highlight potential differences between the company and thestakeholders. Results: The study indicates the importance of clarifying the motives behind sustainabilityreporting and to identify which stakeholders to target. The importance stems from the fact thatthese factors decide what information to include. The case company identifies thestakeholders' expectations as their main motive and these should therefore form the basis forthe sustainability report. Both internal stakeholders such as employees and externalstakeholders as investors, customers and society are identified as important stakeholders bythe case company. The study further indicates that financial stakeholders without specificsustainability criteria do not place emphasis on the content of sustainability reports. Financialstakeholders with such criteria on the other hand, demand in particular informationconcerning environmental aspects, while non-financial stakeholders also requests informationon social aspects such as employee responsibility and business ethics. The case companydoes, however, show skepticism on whether social aspects such as employee responsibilityare relevant to include in the report due to the information's subjective nature and narrowaudience. The study indicates that the lack of stakeholder dialogues results in a sustainabilityreport that excludes information requested by stakeholders to whom the report is addressed.For a company in the steel industry, information concerning impact on the environment mayseem more relevant, but given the non-financial stakeholders demand the company shouldalso report on their social impact. / Bakgrund: Till följd av en ökad medvetenhet i dagens samhälle om miljömässiga och socialaaspekter, har det blivit allt vanligare att företag avger en hållbarhetsredovisning. En tidigarestudie tyder på att företag i metallbranschen har upplevt ett relativt litet ekonomiskt värde avarbete med hållbar utveckling. En annan studie visar på ett förväntningsgap mellan upprättareoch användare av hållbarhetsredovisningar som antas bero på osäkerhet om vilka intressentersom informationen ska rikta sig till och vilken information dessa intressenter vill få. Frågan ärom ett förväntningsgap när det gäller hållbarhetsredovisning är en bidragande faktor till detlåga ekonomiska värdet i metallbranschen? Syfte: Syftet var att undersöka hur en hållbarhetsredovisning bör utformas av ett företag istålbranschen utifrån vilken information företag respektive intressenter anser är väsentlig i enhållbarhetsredovisning. Genomförande: Ett deduktivt angreppssätt antogs eftersom vi fann lämpliga teorier att utgåfrån i analysen. Vi genomförde semistrukturerade intervjuer för en djupare behandling avämnet. Intervjuer genomfördes på stålföretaget Ovako för att undersöka vilken informationföretaget vill kommunicera till intressenterna, motiven till att hållbarhetsredovisa, till veminformationen riktar sig och hur kommunikationen med intressenterna sker. För att ävenerhålla ett intressentperspektiv genomfördes intervjuer med fyra intressenter med anknytningtill stålbranschen. Detta för att undersöka vilken information de efterfrågar och belysaeventuella skillnader mellan företaget och intressenterna. Resultat: Inför utformandet av en hållbarhetsredovisning i stålbranschen är det viktigt attföretaget klargör motiven till att hållbarhetsredovisa och identifierar vilka intressenterföretaget vill rikta sig till. Det påverkar nämligen vilken information som ska ingå ihållbarhetsredovisningen. Fallföretaget framhåller att den starkaste drivkraften till atthållbarhetsredovisa är intressenternas förväntningar, och dessa bör därmed utgöra grunden förhållbarhetsredovisningen. Både interna intressenter, som medarbetare, och externaintressenter i form av investerare, kunder och samhälle lyfts fram som viktiga intressenter attrikta sig till. Studien visar att finansiella intressenter utan speciella hållbarhetskriterier intelägger någon större vikt vid innehållet i hållbarhetsredovisningar. Finansiella intressenter medsådana kriterier efterfrågar framför allt information om miljömässiga aspekter, medan ickefinansiellaintressenter även efterfrågar information om sociala aspekter sommedarbetaransvar och affärsetik. Fallföretaget visar dock en viss skepsis till huruvida det ärrelevant att inkludera sociala aspekter som medarbetaransvar i hållbarhetsredovisningen pågrund av informationens subjektiva karaktär och smala målgrupp. Studien visar emellertid attbristen på intressentdialoger leder till att företaget utelämnar information som efterfrågas avde intressenter som redovisningen riktar sig till. För ett företag i stålbranschen kan det fallasig mer naturligt att rapportera om företagets påverkan på miljön, men med hänsyn till deicke-finansiella intressenternas efterfrågan bör företaget även rapportera om sociala aspekter.

Abstract The Mainland China has been the global newest economic body, having the fastest growth in economy. It is now being developed and built by way of internationalization. It further combines itself with the entire development of the great East Asia economic circle and tries to become the next international economic center all over the world. Its economy fast grows at a speed of almost annual two-digit. It will become the third economic body in the whole world in scale. Because it nears Taiwan, so reasonably turns into one of the favorite destinations which Taiwanese enterprises prefer moving out overseas in recent years. However, the investment risk in Mainland China is very high. When it comes to finance, it is not easy to ask for the loan of bank. When human matter is concerned, it is closing of information and the difficulty about management. As for marketing, you have to face the obstacle with regard to market opening and collecting market information. Concerning about production, the insufficiency of traffic facility and the restraint of electric power supply exist. As to law, the inconsistency about the explanation of rule among the responsible officials and the unpredictable changes in policy often occur. When it comes to general operation management, not only does the administrative efficiency lower, but extra social fees and concoct expenses flood. According to the statistical data of the communication foundation between straits, the number of dispute cases having been received by the foundation is 127 in 1998, almost twice, 70 in 1997. To sum up, the problems happening among Taiwanese merchant about investing in Mainland China are full of all kinds. Therefore, it is sure to raise the rate of success in business only by way of finding out the key success factor¡]KSF¡^about investing and operating. The main procedures of this study consist of the followings: ¤@¡BTo collect and manipulate the concerning domestic, foreign reference in order to analyze the operating mode of steel industry between straits. ¤G¡BTo try to find out the KSF about operating steel industry among Taiwanese merchant forward to Mainland China operate steel industry supervision according to the theoretical mode of habitual domains¡]HD¡^. ¤T¡BProfessional questionnaire - to use the professional questionnaire to collect the KSF. ¥|¡BAHP questionnaire - to make use of analytical hierarchy process¡]AHP¡^ to proceed to the analysis study in priority for the KSF. ¤­¡BAccording to the result of the second questionnaire to discuss, analyze and suggest. Anticipate providing Taiwanese merchant forward to Mainland China operate steel industry the great strategy decision and utilization basis in priority about the KSF from the conclusion of this study.

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