De nos jours, les projets d’architecture font participer de nombreux acteurs différents de plus en plus éloignées géographiquement et cependant regroupées dans le cadre de l’élaboration d’un seul et même projet. Intégrer les points de vue de tous ces acteurs de la conception en prenant en compte le cycle de vie du bâtiment suggère une certaine « transversalité » de la conception et est rendu possible par une prise en compte très tôt dans les processus, de contraintes ou de paramètres gérés beaucoup plus tard dans les organisations traditionnelles. Cette étude souligne l’exigence forte d’une conduite de la conception pour améliorer la qualité de cette dernière et réduire ainsi l’apparition des dysfonctionnements. En ce sens, nous mettons en exergue les caractéristiques multidisciplinaires et les aspects prédictifs et réactifs de la conduite de la conception en architecture. Ensuite sur la base des modèles cognitifs existants, nous proposons un modèle combinant de façon simple trois activités primitives (analyse, proposition, évaluation). Ensuite nous enrichissons ce modèle pour couvrir les aspects prédictifs et réactifs de la conduite de la conception. Cela se fait sur la base de notre analyse de la conduite de la conception qui a permis de révéler deux entités, généralement implicites mais omniprésentes dans les projets de conception : la situation problématique et la situation visée. Enfin, nous spécifions et présentons une maquette d’un outil d’un niveau supérieur par rapport aux outils existants et qui peut être qualifié d’outil réactif. Cela signifie qu’il ne permet pas de définir une solution, mais de déterminer quand l’intervention de l’acteur pilote est souhaitable / Nowadays, numerous architecture projects require different actors who are more and more remotely located to work together on the elaboration of a common project. The inputs of these actors of design need to be integrated by taking into account the life cycle of the buildings, which requires that design have a "transversal" dimension. This can be achieved by including, in the early stages of process, constraints and parameters that are usually managed much later in traditional organizations. This study highlights the strong demand for design steering aiming at improving the quality of design and thus reducing the appearance of dysfunctions. With regard to this, we highlight the multidisciplinary characteristics as well as the predictive and reactive aspects of design steering in architecture. Then, based on existing cognitive models, we propose a model combining - in a simple way - three primary activities (analysis, proposition, evaluation). Then we enrich the model so that it covers the predictive and reactive aspects of design steering. This is done on the basis of our analysis of design steering, which allowed to uncover two narrowly linked entities. These two entities, which are generally implicit but are actually present in design projects, are: the problematic situation and the aimed situation. Finally, we specify and present the mock-up of a tool that is superior to the existing drawing, CAD, calculation or simulation tools. The tool that we present doesn't belong to the same "family". In fact, it can be called "reactive", which means that instead of allowing to define a solution, it allows to determine when the intervention pilot actor is needed

Dokumentet går igenom könsskillnaderna mellan män och kvinnor när det gäller datoranvändning, och hur användandets utveckling har skett på den senaste tiden. Den belyser även hur människans kropp, styrenheterna och spelet länkar varandra på ett kommunikativt sätt. Kontrollernas funktioner och styrsätt förklaras i basis för få en inblick i styrenheternas kommunikationssätt. Kontrollerna som tas upp grupperas därefter i olika rörelsemoment. En enkätundersökning kompletterar och stärker bilden över könsskillnader, åldersgränser, speltimmar, genre kategorisering och framtida behov. De problem som finns när det gäller kommunikation är att de inte är tillräckliga när man spelar. Oftast så är användare ute efter att ha en verklighetskänsla samt få en inlevelse i spelen. Dokumentets syfte är att ta reda på vilka kommunikativa metoder som finns och kontrollera om de är tillräckliga för att uppnå denna inlevelse i spelen. För att kunna tackla problemen så görs det en omvärldsanalys i arbetet samt en positivistisk tolkning av resultatet. Enkätundersökningen innehöll både kvantitativa och kvalitativa frågor. Vi har också kollat reliabiliteten och validiteten på källorna och enkätundersökningens svar. Själva slutsatserna dras genom en induktiv metod. / This document goes through the gender differences between men and women when operating computers and how the using has developed through the past years. It also gives the reader how the human body, the controllers and the game link together in a communicative way. The controller functions and way of steering are explained in a basic way to get an overview on the controller’s communicative ways. The controllers that are brought up are grouped by way of movement. A survey strengthens the view over gender differences, age, hours of game play, genre categorization and future needs. The problem when it comes to communication, it’s not enough when you're playing. Users are mostly after the "reality-feel" and to get empathy in games. The purpose of this document is to find existing communicative methods and to control if they are enough to get empathy in games. To tackle these problems, we did a global analysis and a positivistic interpretation of the result. The survey contained both quantitative and qualitative questions. We also checked the reliability and validity in the sources and the survey. The conclusions were drawn in an inductive method.

<p>Dokumentet går igenom könsskillnaderna mellan män och kvinnor när det gäller</p><p>datoranvändning, och hur användandets utveckling har skett på den senaste tiden.</p><p>Den belyser även hur människans kropp, styrenheterna och spelet länkar varandra på ett</p><p>kommunikativt sätt. Kontrollernas funktioner och styrsätt förklaras i basis för få en inblick i</p><p>styrenheternas kommunikationssätt. Kontrollerna som tas upp grupperas därefter i olika</p><p>rörelsemoment. En enkätundersökning kompletterar och stärker bilden över könsskillnader,</p><p>åldersgränser, speltimmar, genre kategorisering och framtida behov.</p><p>De problem som finns när det gäller kommunikation är att de inte är tillräckliga när man</p><p>spelar. Oftast så är användare ute efter att ha en verklighetskänsla samt få en inlevelse i</p><p>spelen.</p><p>Dokumentets syfte är att ta reda på vilka kommunikativa metoder som finns och kontrollera</p><p>om de är tillräckliga för att uppnå denna inlevelse i spelen.</p><p>För att kunna tackla problemen så görs det en omvärldsanalys i arbetet samt en positivistisk</p><p>tolkning av resultatet. Enkätundersökningen innehöll både kvantitativa och kvalitativa frågor.</p><p>Vi har också kollat reliabiliteten och validiteten på källorna och enkätundersökningens svar.</p><p>Själva slutsatserna dras genom en induktiv metod.</p> / <p>This document goes through the gender differences between men and women when operating</p><p>computers and how the using has developed through the past years. It also gives the reader</p><p>how the human body, the controllers and the game link together in a communicative way. The</p><p>controller functions and way of steering are explained in a basic way to get an overview on</p><p>the controller’s communicative ways. The controllers that are brought up are grouped by way</p><p>of movement. A survey strengthens the view over gender differences, age, hours of game</p><p>play, genre categorization and future needs.</p><p>The problem when it comes to communication, it’s not enough when you're playing. Users are</p><p>mostly after the "reality-feel" and to get empathy in games. The purpose of this document is</p><p>to find existing communicative methods and to control if they are enough to get empathy in</p><p>games. To tackle these problems, we did a global analysis and a positivistic interpretation of</p><p>the result. The survey contained both quantitative and qualitative questions. We also checked</p><p>the reliability and validity in the sources and the survey. The conclusions were drawn in an</p><p>inductive method.</p>

O trabalho de pesquisa realizado trata do comportamento dinâmico e aeroelástico em compósitos laminados de rigidez variável (LCRV). Em virtude dos avanços das técnicas de manufatura de laminados, este tema tem ganhado notoriedade internacional e sua importância se justifica pelo crescente número de trabalhos na área. Neste contexto, foram analisados dois tipos distintos de LCRV: o primeiro diz respeito a laminados fabricados com espaçamento variável entre as fibras paralelas; e o segundo trata de laminados fabricados com deposição das fibras por caminhos curvilíneos, termo em inglês tow steering. Com objetivo de explorar as características dos LCRV, foi desenvolvido um modelo aeroelástico baseado no método dos modos admitidos (Rayleigh-Ritz), utilizando as hipóteses da teoria clássica de laminação (TCL), e foi utilizado o modelo aerodinâmico baseado na teoria das faixas quase estacionária para as análises em escoamentos subsônicos, e na teoria dos pistões, para escoamentos supersônicos nas análises de flutter de painel. Assim, foi investigada a influência do efeito de diferentes funções de distribuição do volume de fibras no comportamento aeroelástico e nas três primeiras frequências naturais, constatando-se uma significativa influência nos resultados, justificando um tratamento adequado para modelagem microestrutural dos laminados com espaçamento variável. Por outro lado, com objetivo de analisar o efeito de incertezas no processo de fabricação nos LCRV fabricados com a tecnologia de tow steering, foi desenvolvida uma estratégia de identificação de incertezas e sua propagação no modelo numérico, além da otimização para obtenção de um projeto robusto. Constatou-se que a melhor configuração obtida pela otimização determinística apresentou grande dispersão quando perturbado o ângulo de definição da trajetória das fibras, diferentemente da configuração selecionada de maneira robusta, que apresentou resultados menos sensíveis a perturbações nos ângulos de deposição das fibras. Foi investigada também a viabilidade da utilização de LCRV do ponto de vista dinâmico, visando aumentar a frequência natural fundamental, e com aplicação em flutter de painel. Em ambas as aplicações foi otimizada a trajetória da deposição das fibras, com base nos polinômios interpoladores de Lagrange, sendo encontrados ganhos razoáveis quando comparados com os laminados de material composto tradicionais de rigidez constante (LCRC). Adicionalmente, foi verificado que os resultados obtidos para o LCRC e o LCRV analisados experimentalmente corroboraram os resultados obtidos numericamente no que diz respeito às frequências naturais e aos modos de vibrar. / The developed research work is related to the dynamic and aeroelastic behaviors of variable stiffness composite laminate plates (VSCL). Due to the advances in the manufacturing techniques, this research theme has been gaining international relevance and its importance is justified by the increasing number of research works in this area. In this context, two different types of VSCL are analyzed: the first regards variable fiber spacing laminates, and the second is manufactured using curvilinear paths (tow steering). In order to explore the VSCL characteristics, it was developed an aeroelastic model based on the assumed modes approach (Rayleigh-Ritz), using the hypotheses of “classical lamination theory” (CLT). Moreover, it was used the aerodynamic model based on the quasi-steady strip theory in the subsonic analyses, and the piston theory, for supersonic flows used in the evaluation of panel flutter. It was investigated the influence of different fiber volume distribution on the aeroelastic behavior and on the first three natural frequencies; it has been found that those influences are significant, which justifies the adequate treatment for the micro -structural model of VSCL. Also, to cope with uncertainties during manufacturing of steered composite laminates, it was developed a strategy for identification of those uncertainties and their propagation through the numerical model; also, an optimization procedure was proposed to achieve robust designs. It was noticed that the response of the optimal configuration obtained from deterministic optimization presented a large dispersion when the tow steering angles were perturbed, in contrast with the selected configuration obtained from robust optimization, in which the results were much less sensible to perturbations in the tow steering angles. Also, it was investigated the viability to use LCRV from the dynamic standpoint, aiming at increasing the fundamental frequency, and with application in flutter panel. For both applications, the fiber placement trajectory was optimized based on Lagrange polynomials. Reasonable gains were found with respect to constant stiffness composite laminates (CSCL). Additionally, it was verified that the obtained experimental results for VSCL and CSCL corroborate the counterparts obtained from numerical simulations regarding natural frequencies and mode shapes. / Tese (Doutorado)

In this paper is described creation of a robot in Robot Operating system (ROS) withAckermann steering. It contains the principle of Ackermann steering geometry, search ofcontroller boards and basics of ROS structure. A RC car with connected PixHawk controlleris used as a basis of the robot. On the robot is placed an onboard computer Raspberry Pi3 with running ROS. This computer is connected to a laptop through Wi-Fi network. Theprocedure of starting up the robot and ROS is also described in this paper, as well asdesign of the graphical user interface (GUI) that will display sensory data and allow otherfunctionality. Another part of thesis explains principle of an optical encoder and how tocreate your own encoder which can detect rotation of a wheel. This is used to implementrobot odometry. The structure of ROS navigation library is analyzed with regards to itscommissioning. Implementation of the GUI and navigation library will follow in the masterthesis.

Being innovative and environmentally sustainable can help companies to achieve success. Depending on the size of the company it can be achieved in different ways. When conducting innovation projects, the level of formal steering support might differ, especially if sustainability wants to be achieved. This thesis aims to answer the question how the need of ensuring the firm’s vision of being environmentally sustainable and use it as a marketing advantage affect the need of formal steering support in innovation projects in medium sized enterprises. Until today research have not addressed this question in a sufficient manner whereas focus has been on “SME’s” (Small and Medium sized Enterprises), small or large companies. Large companies need rather formal processes while smaller companies can be more informal and flexible. This thesis takes the perspective of the medium sized company and investigates their specific needs. A variety of innovation projects have been studied at a medium sized company and insights from it has been combined with literature on innovation processes to find the right balance of formality. The conclusion being drawn is that formality is needed especially in the beginning and in the end of an innovation project for a medium sized company if sustainability wants to be achieved and used as a marketing advantage. / Att vara innovativ och miljömässigt hållbar kan hjälpa ett företag att nå framgång. Beroende på företagets storlek kan denna framgång uppnås på olika sätt. När innovationsprojekt genomförs kan nivån av formell projektstyrning variera, speciellt om man vill uppnå en viss nivå av miljömässig hållbarhet. Denna uppsats ämnar svara på frågan huruvida behovet av att säkerhetsställa ett företags hållbarhetsvision och använda resultatet som en marknadsfördel påverkar behovet av formell projektstyrning i medelstora företag. Fram tills idag har forskning inte tagit upp denna fråga på ett tillräckligt sätt. Fokus har varit på ”SME’s” (små och medelstora företag), små eller stora företag. Stora företag behöver ha rätt formella processer för innovationsarbete medan små företag kan vara informella och flexibla. I denna uppsats är fokus på medelstora företag och deras specifika behov gällande formalitet. För att göra detta har vi studerat en rad olika innovationsprojekt på ett medelstort företag och kombinerat detta med litteratur rörande innovationsprocesser för att hitta rätt balans av formalitet. Slutsatsen som dras är att formalitet är nödvändig, särskilt i början och i slutet av ett innovationsprojekt för medelstora företag som vill uppnå en viss nivå av miljömässig hållbarhet och använda det som en marknadsfördel.

This dissertation proposes, studies and experimentally demonstrates novel liquid crystal (LC) optics to solve challenging problems in RF and photonic signal processing, freespace and fiber optic communications and microscopic imaging. These include free-space optical scanners for military and optical wireless applications, variable fiber-optic attenuators for optical communications, photonic control techniques for phased array antennas and radar, and 3-D microscopic imaging. At the heart of the applications demonstrated in this thesis are LC devices that are non-pixelated and can be controlled either electrically or optically. Instead of the typical pixel-by-pixel control as is custom in LC devices, the phase profile across the aperture of these novel LC devices is varied through the use of high impedance layers. Due to the presence of the high impedance layer, there forms a voltage gradient across the aperture of such a device which results in a phase gradient across the LC layer which in turn is accumulated by the optical beam traversing through this LC device. The geometry of the electrical contacts that are used to apply the external voltage will define the nature of the phase gradient present across the optical beam. In order to steer a laser beam in one angular dimension, straight line electrical contacts are used to form a one dimensional phase gradient while an annular electrical contact results in a circularly symmetric phase profile across the optical beam making it suitable for focusing the optical beam. The geometry of the electrical contacts alone is not sufficient to form the linear and the quadratic phase profiles that are required to either deflect or focus an optical beam. Clever use of the phase response of a typical nematic liquid crystal (NLC) is made such that the linear response region is used for the angular beam deflection while the high voltage quadratic response region is used for focusing the beam. Employing an NLC deflector, a device that uses the linear angular deflection, laser beam steering is demonstrated in two orthogonal dimensions whereas an NLC lens is used to address the third dimension to complete a three dimensional (3-D) scanner. Such an NLC deflector was then used in a variable optical attenuator (VOA), whereby a laser beam coupled between two identical single mode fibers (SMF) was mis-aligned away from the output fiber causing the intensity of the output coupled light to decrease as a function of the angular deflection. Since the angular deflection is electrically controlled, hence the VOA operation is fairly simple and repeatable. An extension of this VOA for wavelength tunable operation is also shown in this dissertation. A LC spatial light modulator (SLM) that uses a photo-sensitive high impedance electrode whose impedance can be varied by controlling the light intensity incident on it, is used in a control system for a phased array antenna. Phase is controlled on the Write side of the SLM by controlling the intensity of the Write laser beam which then is accessed by the Read beam from the opposite side of this reflective SLM. Thus the phase of the Read beam is varied by controlling the intensity of the Write beam. A variable fiber-optic delay line is demonstrated in the thesis which uses wavelength sensitive and wavelength insensitive optics to get both analog as well as digital delays. It uses a chirped fiber Bragg grating (FBG), and a 1xN optical switch to achieve multiple time delays. The switch can be implemented using the 3-D optical scanner mentioned earlier. A technique is presented for ultra-low loss laser communication that uses a combination of strong and weak thin lens optics. As opposed to conventional laser communication systems, the Gaussian laser beam is prevented from diverging at the receiving station by using a weak thin lens that places the transmitted beam waist mid-way between a symmetrical transmitter-receiver link design thus saving prime optical power. LC device technology forms an excellent basis to realize such a large aperture weak lens. Using a 1-D array of LC deflectors, a broadband optical add-drop filter (OADF) is proposed for dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) applications. By binary control of the drive signal to the individual LC deflectors in the array, any optical channel can be selectively dropped and added. For demonstration purposes, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) digital micromirrors have been used to implement the OADF. Several key systems issues such as insertion loss, polarization dependent loss, wavelength resolution and response time are analyzed in detail for comparison with the LC deflector approach. A no-moving-parts axial scanning confocal microscope (ASCM) system is designed and demonstrated using a combination of a large diameter LC lens and a classical microscope objective lens. By electrically controlling the 5 mm diameter LC lens, the 633 nm wavelength focal spot is moved continuously over a 48 [micro]m range with measured 3-dB axial resolution of 3.1 [micro]m using a 0.65 numerical aperture (NA) micro-objective lens. The ASCM is successfully used to image an Indium Phosphide twin square optical waveguide sample with a 10.2 [micro]m waveguide pitch and 2.3 [micro]m height and width. Using fine analog electrical control of the LC lens, a super-fine sub-wavelength axial resolution of 270 nm is demonstrated. The proposed ASCM can be useful in various precision three dimensional imaging and profiling applications.

The Arctic regions are currently undergoing transformative changes linked to globalization and climate change, which pose challenges for current governance structures. This thesis investigates governance in times of change through the lens of reindeer pastoralism, and the traditional ecological knowledge (TEK)- based management in reindeer herding. While studies increasingly highlight the benefits of incorporating TEK into governance, a central challenge remains in finding ways to ensure integration. To contribute such knowledge, this thesis analyses how reindeer-herding local management systems interact with multiple processes of governance steering reindeer pastoralism, and the ways TEK is negotiated in such interactions. Theoretically, the thesis draws on literature on multi-level governance as an analytical framework for engaging with different types of governance processes and actors, and the literature on TEK to conceptualize local social institutions. Methodologically, a qualitative bottom-up methodological strategy (with local reindeer-herding groups and constellations – siidas, brigadas – forming the central starting point for the research) was adopted, focusing on cases from reindeer pastoralism in western Finnmark in northern Norway and Yamal in northwest Siberia. The results show that local reindeer herding organizations are incorporated into processes of governance through participatory, representative and deliberative processes for decision-making. Yet, such incorporation has not facilitated integration of the TEK to processes of governance. A central challenge is that current governance processes are formalized in a way that do not accommodate non-scientific ways of knowing, or non hierarchical consensus-based decision- making. The thesis thus highlights the need for holistic strategies for how to include TEK in governance. Co-management and participatory processes alone are not enough. / IPY EALÁT, the Reindeer Herders Vulnerability Network Study / RUF: Forvaltning i endring

No description available.

The Giant Magellan Telescope (GMT) will be featured with two Gregorian secondary mirrors, an adaptive secondary mirror (ASM) and a fast-steering secondary mirror (FSM). The FSM has an effective diameter of 3.2 m and built as seven 1.1 m diameter circular segments, which are conjugated 1:1 to the seven 8.4m segments of the primary. Each FSM segment contains a tip-tilt capability for fine co-alignment of the telescope subapertures and fast guiding to attenuate telescope wind shake and mount control jitter. This tip-tilt capability thus enhances performance of the telescope in the seeing limited observation mode. As the first stage of the FSM development, Phase 0 study was conducted to develop a program plan detailing the design and manufacturing process for the seven FSM segments. The FSM development plan has been matured through an internal review by the GMTO-KASI team in May 2016 and fully assessed by an external review in June 2016. In this paper, we present the technical aspects of the FSM development plan.