Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:24:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leila Maria_confrontada.pdf: 719607 bytes, checksum: 44a403b5f31c627e8e84b22f0f4a4d33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-04-04 / This study it deals with the Analysis of the Speech of the life history of a girl in the street that if became street woman. Through an analysis of the statements it was tried to understand the subjective dimension of the life experience and the directions of silence. This is part of one politics of silencing and social exclusion, having as protagonists a girl and its familiar ones. Of this form, an agreement of an itinerary was looked that if it initiated with phenomena related to the gamma of the domestic violence, finding the victim in the street a protective pseudo-space. As method, it had an analysis of the respective history of life of an adolescent who frequents a situated not-governmental organization in the city of Victory of Santo Antão (PE), responsible for the care with this population. The present study if it characterized in a contribution of Sciences of the Language to the phenomenon, has seen that the product of the articulation and the necessary silencing to be studied in its linguistic and psicossocial dynamics, so that if it can construct to necessary instruments to the best performance and prevention of the problem. / Este estudo trata da Análise do Discurso da história de vida de uma menina na rua que se tornou dramaticamente mulher de rua. Através de uma análise dos enunciados tentou-se compreender a dimensão subjetiva da experiência de vida e os sentidos do silêncio. Isso faz parte de uma política de silenciamento e de exclusão social, tendo como protagonistas uma menina e seus familiares. Dessa forma, foi procurado um entendimento de um itinerário que se iniciou com fenômenos relacionados à gama da violência doméstica, encontrando a vítima na rua um pseudo-espaço protetor. Como método, houve uma análise da respectiva história de vida de uma adolescente que freqüenta uma organização não-Governamental situada no município de Vitória de Santo Antão (PE), responsável pelo cuidado com esta população. O presente estudo se caracterizou numa contribuição das Ciências da Linguagem ao fenômeno, haja vista que o produto da enunciação e do silenciamento precisa ser estudado na sua dinâmica lingüística e psicossocial, para que se possa construir instrumentos necessários à melhor atuação e prevenção do problema.

Cette thèse approche par une lecture interactionniste la manière dont les enfants et les jeunes en situation de rue au Népal négocient leur identité sociale face à un processus de domination,d’étiquetage et de violences. Leur capabilité à survivre en rue détermine leur carrière mais celle-ci est également influencée par leur capacité à jouer avec le maillage institutionnel supposé les aider ou les contrôler. Leurs parcours de vie seront abordés par une analyse poussée des identités héritées (caste, religion, bagage familial et communautaire), de leurs identités acquises en situation de rue (activités quotidiennes, groupe de survie, drogues et violences physiques, morales et sexuelles) et de leurs identités espérées (rêves, projections). Présentant une typologie des dispositifs d’intervention existants, cette recherche abordera leurs carences et les effets de conversion ou de retour à la norme portés ou suscités par les ONG et les pouvoirs publics népalais. Les transformations en cours des politiques de protection de l’enfant seront analysées ainsi que leur impact réel ou ressenti par les enfants et les jeunes à la marge. Le paradoxe entre les discours institutionnels présentant l’enfant comme acteur de sa vie et de ses droits et la réalité des dispositifs intégrants trop marginalement les perspectives individuelles et le contexte interactionnel des sujets concernés sera décrypté. / This thesis uses an interactionist approach to understand how Nepalese children and youth in street situations negotiate their social identity while confronted with dynamics of domination, labelling and violence. Their capability to survive on the street determines their career, which is also influenced by their capacity to play with the institutional network supposed to help or control them. These life stories will be approached with a deep analysis of: their inherited identity (e.g., cast, religion, family and community background); the identity developed by street situations (e.g., survival group, regular activities, drugs, physical, moral and sexual violence); and their projected identity (e.g., dreams, expectations, projections). Presenting a typology of the existing intervention system, this research will shed light on the existing gaps and the effect of conversion « back to the norm », carried out or encouraged by NGOs or public authorities in Nepal. The current transformation of the Child Protection System will be analyzed, along with their real or felt impact on marginalized children and youth. The paradox will be explored between the institutional discourse, which presents the child as an actor of his life and rights, and the reality on the ground, where intervention tools integrate little of the individual’s perspectives and the interactional context surrounding concerned subjects.

This cross-sectional study looks at the health profiles of street children both in institutions and on the street between May and November 1989. The former group had a clinical examination, with blood and urine investigations done where possible; the latter group were only interviewed. 159 street children were interviewed of whom 47 were interviewed on the street. 73 children had clinical examinations; 64 of these had blood and urine investigations. The age range was 8 years to 19.8 years. 18.2% were females and 28.3% were black. 59,6% of those interviewed on the street had not been in an institution or shelter for street children. 27, 2% of the total group had been on the street for more 3 years. 3 7, 1 % perceived colds and chest complaints as their main physical health problem. This was confirmed by the fact that 69,2% had a history of respiratory problems. 44,7% said that they would go to a hospital if they injured themselves or were ill; however, 36,5% said they would not use or get any medication for problems such as a headache or a bad cold. 37·, 7% of children used a hospital while they were on street but 59, 7% had not used any facility while on the street. Most street children (72,8%) washed themselves at least occasionally and 61% washed their clothes. 47,2% had suffered trauma significant enough to seek hospital attention. 56% had skin problems (including lice and scabies) while on the street. 15,7% complained of visual problems and 10,7% complained of reduced hearing. Dental problems appeared to be of major concern with 37,7% complaining of either toothache or dental caries (23,3% had obvious caries on examination). 73,4% admitted to solvent abuse, 49,9% had never taken alcohol and 12,7% had never smoked. 43% had tried dagga, 10,8% white pipe (mixture of dagga and "Mandrax" which is smoked) and only 7,6% "Mandrax" alone. 10, 9% of boys and 10, 0% of girls indicated that they had been sexually exploited. Of the 67 examined 32,8% were below 90% of expected height for age, 44,8% were below 80% of expected weight for age and 8,6% had a circumference of head below 95% of standard. There is a 9,4% Hepatitis Bs ag carrier rate. No HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) antibodies were detected in 64 sera tested. On the basis of these results, the following are recommended: 1) Improving accessibility of health care resources. 2) Improving the availability of health care resources. 3)· Initiating contacts with street children by employing field health workers. 4) Drawing up a health care policy for street children institutions and field care workers. 5) Limit venereal disease management to single dose treatment where possible. 6) Further studies need to be undertaken in the following areas: - solvent abuse - utilisation of health care resources utilisation institutions of street children shelters and Further breakdown of habits, physical problems and results of examinations are presented.

Studien ämnar att skapa en djupare förståelse för arbetet med gatubarn i Kilimanjaro regionen, Tanzania, samt undersöka verksamma faktorer för att främja barnens levnadsvillkor. Det empiriska materialet har samlats in genom fyra semistrukturerade intervjuer med socialarbetare från organisationen Amani Centre for Street Children. En tematisk analys användes sedan för att analysera empirin utifrån social konstruktionism, symbolisk interaktionism, identitetsskapande, kommunikationsteori och empowerment. Studiens resultat antyder att samhället har en negativ syn på barn som bor och lever på gatan, vilket leder till stigmatisering och illa behandling. Denna syn, tillsammans med barnens liv på gatan och tidigare erfarenheter i hemmet, påverkar deras självuppfattning. Trots låg självkänsla och självförtroende har barnen utvecklat en känsla av självständighet och handlingskraft för att överleva på gatan. Detta gör det svårt för dem att anpassa sig till ett liv på center, vilket utgör en av de största utmaningarna för organisationen. Slutligen framkom det att organisationen använder olika strategier i arbetet med den utsatta gruppen, inklusive ekonomiskt stöd, olika utbildningar, individuellt anpassade stödprogram samt samtal med kuratorer. Genom att identifiera strategier, framgångsfaktorer och utmaningar i arbetet, syftar studien till en fördjupad förståelse för socialt arbete i en annan kontext än den svenska, samt förbättra situationen för denna sårbara grupp. / The study aims to create a deeper understanding of the work with street children in Kilimanjaro region, Tanzania, and to investigate effective factors to promote the children's living conditions. The empirical material has been collected through four semi-structured interviews with social workers at the organization Amani Centre for Street Children. A thematic analysis was then used to analyze the empirical data based on social constructionism, symbolic interactionism, identity formation, communication theory and empowerment. The results of the study suggest that society has a negative view of children living on the street, which leads to stigmatization and mistreatment. This view, together with the children's life on the street and previous experiences at home, affects their self-perception. Despite low self-esteem and self-confidence, children have developed a sense of independence and agency to survive on the streets. This makes it difficult for them to adapt to life in a center, which is one of the biggest challenges for the organization. Finally, it was found that the organization uses different strategies to work with the vulnerable group, including financial support, various trainings, individualized support programs and counseling. By identifying strategies, success factors and challenges, the study aims to deepen the understanding of social work in a context other than the Swedish one and improve the situation for this vulnerable group.

Afrikaans text / Besorgdheid het in die gemeenskap bestaan oar die toenemende getalle kinders wat binne die stedelike konteks van Pretoria op straat leef en werk. Hierdie navorsing is onderneem om die behoeftes van die kinders aan te spreek en om alternatiewe wyses te vind om met hulle te werk. 'n Konteks is geskep sodat na hulle stemme geluister kon word. nag 'n alternatief tot "tradisionele" vorme van gesinsterapie bruikbaar is, op sekere voorwaardes, soos aangedui in hoofstuk vier. Sleutelwoorde: reflekterende span; "straatkinders"; ekosistemiese benadering; ekologie; epistemologie; konstruktivisme; objektivisme; kubernetika; sisteemteorie; mikro-, meso- en makrosisteme; sirkulere en liniere punktuasie Ekosistemiese beginsels is aanvanklik benut, maar was nie vir die span wat saamgewerk het, betekenisvol nie. 'n Gevallestudie-ontwerp was nuttig om die ontwikkeling en "opleiding" van die span wat sou saamwerk, te beskryf, asook die benutting van ekosistemiese beginsels tydens dienste aan die "straatkinders" en hulle gesinne by ltumeleng. Die navorsing het aangedui dat 'n ekosistemiese benadering tot gesinsterapie as / The community showed concern about the increasing number of children living and working on the streets within the urban context of Pretoria. This researchwas undertaken to address the needs of these children and to find alternative ways of working with them. A context was created so that their voices could be heard. Ecosystemic principles were initially used, but were not meaningful to the team who worked together. A case study design proved useful in developing and "training" of the team who would be working together, as well as applying ecosystemic principles while making services available to the "street children" and their families in ltumeleng. The research indicated that an ecosystemic approach to family therapy could be used as an alternative to "traditional" forms of family therapy, subject to certain conditions, as stipulated in Chapter Four. / Social Work / M.A. (Sosiale Wetenskappe (Geestesgesondheid))

Afrikaans text / Besorgdheid het in die gemeenskap bestaan oar die toenemende getalle kinders wat binne die stedelike konteks van Pretoria op straat leef en werk. Hierdie navorsing is onderneem om die behoeftes van die kinders aan te spreek en om alternatiewe wyses te vind om met hulle te werk. 'n Konteks is geskep sodat na hulle stemme geluister kon word. nag 'n alternatief tot "tradisionele" vorme van gesinsterapie bruikbaar is, op sekere voorwaardes, soos aangedui in hoofstuk vier. Sleutelwoorde: reflekterende span; "straatkinders"; ekosistemiese benadering; ekologie; epistemologie; konstruktivisme; objektivisme; kubernetika; sisteemteorie; mikro-, meso- en makrosisteme; sirkulere en liniere punktuasie Ekosistemiese beginsels is aanvanklik benut, maar was nie vir die span wat saamgewerk het, betekenisvol nie. 'n Gevallestudie-ontwerp was nuttig om die ontwikkeling en "opleiding" van die span wat sou saamwerk, te beskryf, asook die benutting van ekosistemiese beginsels tydens dienste aan die "straatkinders" en hulle gesinne by ltumeleng. Die navorsing het aangedui dat 'n ekosistemiese benadering tot gesinsterapie as / The community showed concern about the increasing number of children living and working on the streets within the urban context of Pretoria. This researchwas undertaken to address the needs of these children and to find alternative ways of working with them. A context was created so that their voices could be heard. Ecosystemic principles were initially used, but were not meaningful to the team who worked together. A case study design proved useful in developing and "training" of the team who would be working together, as well as applying ecosystemic principles while making services available to the "street children" and their families in ltumeleng. The research indicated that an ecosystemic approach to family therapy could be used as an alternative to "traditional" forms of family therapy, subject to certain conditions, as stipulated in Chapter Four. / Social Work / M.A. (Sosiale Wetenskappe (Geestesgesondheid))

The aim of this investigation was threefold : to determine origins and perceptions of the street child problem nationally and internationally ; to explore the way in which children experience life in the streets ; and to devise strategies to enable these children to develop optimally. Literature indicates that the street child phenomenon is a global issue that presents many challenges. It is a socio-educational problem precipitated by multi-factorial events in the home, community and by children's personality attributes. Street children experience rejection, suffering, shame and anxiety. Deprivation of an environment conducive to positive development leads to maladjustment, anti-social behaviour and marginalisation. The empirical research was undertaken by means of semi-structured interviews conducted among fourteen children of the Khayalethu shelter and by administering questionnaires in the community of Port Shepstone. The findings culminate in recommendations for suitable assistance programmes and strategies to handle the problem in South Africa. / Educational Studies / M.Ed.(Socio-Education)

Using an emergent design, this study developed a program approach for young people in the child headed households of Zambia. Phase I dealt with prior ethnography, Phase II focused on independent living services, and Phase III concerned translation to Zambia. A total of 36 participants from Richmond, consisting of 20 Richmond Department of Social Services workers and youth and 16 Africans, were recruited. Three major themes emerged: feasibility, content, and quality. Lessons learned about translational research highlight the need for uniformity in a cultural screen’s composition. This might enhance the richness of perspectives on young people. Lessons for the Department of Social Services include a need to focus on tracking young people exiting services. This might involve exit interviews with young people and guidance with life decisions. There were lessons about decisions regarding local and expert knowledge in the translation process. This often becomes difficult when there are no assurances of participant uniformity. Paying attention to issues of local and expert knowledge would eliminate decision barriers that might arise during the translational process. Implications for social work education suggest that an emphasis on cultural competency might help students at the BSW and MSW levels to become better managers of adolescents. Implications for practice and policy include enhancing access to education and health for all young people. This process might be facilitated by the enactment of polices that highlight education and health for all young people at national and state levels. The following are crucial considerations for practice with young people: recruiting and training appropriate staff, promoting civic education, collaborating with young people, strengthening community involvement, strengthening agency collaboration, and developing targeted services. Implications for further research include: exploring what areas to consider when making a paradigm jump, considering cultural principles as bridges for making that jump, examining the implications for translational research as opposed to diffusion of innovation, determining what types of research samples would eliminate some of the gender issues that emerge with focus groups, recruiting more young people as participants, and conducting a study that focuses on lived experiences of young people.

Buscou-se descrever e compreender as principais dimensões da personalidade de cinco jovens, entre 15 e 19 anos de idade, que viveram nas ruas do município de São Paulo, e que estavam abrigados em instituições. Mediante depoimentos pessoais, procurou-se resgatar, retrospectivamente, as circunstâncias de vida presentes no desenvolvimento desses jovens. Partimos da hipótese de que as condições emocionais de existência nos primeiros anos de vida relacionam-se, de forma estreita, com o desenvolvimento da personalidade e do caráter desses jovens. Adotou-se o método qualitativo, tendo, como referencial teórico, o conjunto de conceitos e hipóteses da teoria psicanalítica. Para a coleta de dados, foram utilizadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas, além de desenhos livres e testes projetivos. Constatamos que em épocas precoces da maturação dos jovens entrevistados (fase do “Cordão Umbilical Afetivo"), suas famílias passaram circunstâncias potencialmente adversas (Potencial Circunstancial) para a estabilidade emocional dos seus componentes e das suas relações interpessoais, circunstâncias essas que parecem ter afetado o desenvolvimento emocional de nossos sujeitos. Não obstante, estes jovens, puderam também vivenciar circunstâncias favorecedoras, internalizadas como experiências positivas que possibilitaram que o impulso para a integração e desenvolvimento pessoal também se estabelecesse em suas personalidades. Concluímos este trabalho esperando que uma visão mais abrangente e integrada da saúde e da doença no homem seja um dos objetivos das instituições de ensino na formação de seus profissionais, assim como esperamos que os responsáveis pelas políticas de saúde, contemplem a Saúde Mental sob a perspectiva de prevenção, adotada e exposta por esse trabalho, ressaltando a importância dos conceitos de “Cordão Umbilical Afetivo" e “Potencial Circunstancial" para a Saúde Pública. / We tried to understand and describe the main personality dimensions of five teenagers, of ages between 15 and 19 years old, who lived in the streets of the city of São Paulo, and who were living in shelters. Based on their personal accounts, we tried to retrospectively recover the life circumstances during their development. We started from the hypothesis that the emotional conditions of existence in the first years of life relate, in a close way, to personality development and to the character of these teenagers. We applied the qualitative method, having, as a theoretical reference, the fundamentals of psychoanalytical theory. To collect the data, we used semi-structured interviews, free drawings and projective tests. We found out that the families of our subjects have been through more than one period of potentially adverse circumstances (circumstantial potential) that influenced the emotional stability of their members and their personal relationships. These circumstances ocurred in the early maturation stages of these teenagers (“emotional umbilical cord" stage). On the other hand, these teenagers could also known some favourable circumstances, internalized as positive experiences, which provided the will for integration and personal development in their personalities. We conclude hoping that a wider and more integrated vision of health and disease be one of the goals of teaching institutions in worker formation, as well as hoping that those responsible for public policies regard mental health from the prevention perspective, adopted and explained by this work, noting the importance of the “emotional umbilical cord" and “circumstantial potential" concepts for public health.

Buscou-se descrever e compreender as principais dimensões da personalidade de cinco jovens, entre 15 e 19 anos de idade, que viveram nas ruas do município de São Paulo, e que estavam abrigados em instituições. Mediante depoimentos pessoais, procurou-se resgatar, retrospectivamente, as circunstâncias de vida presentes no desenvolvimento desses jovens. Partimos da hipótese de que as condições emocionais de existência nos primeiros anos de vida relacionam-se, de forma estreita, com o desenvolvimento da personalidade e do caráter desses jovens. Adotou-se o método qualitativo, tendo, como referencial teórico, o conjunto de conceitos e hipóteses da teoria psicanalítica. Para a coleta de dados, foram utilizadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas, além de desenhos livres e testes projetivos. Constatamos que em épocas precoces da maturação dos jovens entrevistados (fase do “Cordão Umbilical Afetivo”), suas famílias passaram circunstâncias potencialmente adversas (Potencial Circunstancial) para a estabilidade emocional dos seus componentes e das suas relações interpessoais, circunstâncias essas que parecem ter afetado o desenvolvimento emocional de nossos sujeitos. Não obstante, estes jovens, puderam também vivenciar circunstâncias favorecedoras, internalizadas como experiências positivas que possibilitaram que o impulso para a integração e desenvolvimento pessoal também se estabelecesse em suas personalidades. Concluímos este trabalho esperando que uma visão mais abrangente e integrada da saúde e da doença no homem seja um dos objetivos das instituições de ensino na formação de seus profissionais, assim como esperamos que os responsáveis pelas políticas de saúde, contemplem a Saúde Mental sob a perspectiva de prevenção, adotada e exposta por esse trabalho, ressaltando a importância dos conceitos de “Cordão Umbilical Afetivo” e “Potencial Circunstancial” para a Saúde Pública. / We tried to understand and describe the main personality dimensions of five teenagers, of ages between 15 and 19 years old, who lived in the streets of the city of São Paulo, and who were living in shelters. Based on their personal accounts, we tried to retrospectively recover the life circumstances during their development. We started from the hypothesis that the emotional conditions of existence in the first years of life relate, in a close way, to personality development and to the character of these teenagers. We applied the qualitative method, having, as a theoretical reference, the fundamentals of psychoanalytical theory. To collect the data, we used semi-structured interviews, free drawings and projective tests. We found out that the families of our subjects have been through more than one period of potentially adverse circumstances (circumstantial potential) that influenced the emotional stability of their members and their personal relationships. These circumstances ocurred in the early maturation stages of these teenagers (“emotional umbilical cord” stage). On the other hand, these teenagers could also known some favourable circumstances, internalized as positive experiences, which provided the will for integration and personal development in their personalities. We conclude hoping that a wider and more integrated vision of health and disease be one of the goals of teaching institutions in worker formation, as well as hoping that those responsible for public policies regard mental health from the prevention perspective, adopted and explained by this work, noting the importance of the “emotional umbilical cord” and “circumstantial potential” concepts for public health.