<p>Den här studien tar fasta på kontexten och betydelsen av 2008 års svenska vårdstrejk och utreder dess motivationer. Studien utgår från tre kvinnliga sjuksköterskor, som alla deltog aktivt i strejken.</p> / <p>This<strong> </strong>study focuses on the context and significance of the Swedish health care strike of 2008 and investigates its motivations. The study’s vantage point is three female nurses, who were all actively involved in the strike.</p>

The styles of deformation of the fore-arc wedges along the Chilean convergent margin are observed to vary significantly, despite similar plate kinematic conditions. Here, I focus on the analysis of fore-arc deformation on two regions along the Chilean convergent margin at 20°-24°S and 37°-42°S. Although both regions are subjected to the oblique subduction of the oceanic Nazca plate and backstopped by the Andes mountain chain; they display different patterns of deformation. The northern Chilean study area (20° - 24°S) is characterized by an exceptionally thick crust of about 60 km beneath the Altiplano – Puna plateau, lack of an accretionary wedge in the fore-arc due to hyperarid climate, and consequently a sediment starved trench. Two major margin parallel strike slip faults are observed in this area, the Atacama Fault Zone (AFZ) and the Precordilleran Fault System (PFS). Both strike-slip faults do not exhibit significant recent displacement. The southern study area (37° - 42°S), compared to the northern study area, is characterized by lower topography, high precipitation rates (~2000 mm/yr), and a younger subducted oceanic plate. An active strike-slip fault, the Liquiñe-Ofqui-Fault-Zone (LOFZ), shows ~1 cm/yr recent dextral movement and shapes the surface of this area. Thus, the southern Chilean study area exhibits localized strike-slip motion. Within this area the largest earthquake ever recorded, the 1960 Valdivia earthquake, occurred with a moment magnitude of MW=9.5. I have constructed 2D thermal models and 3D mechanical models for both Chilean study areas to study processes related to active subduction. The applied numerical method is the finite element technique by means of the commercial software package ABAQUS. The thermal models are focused on the thermal conditions along the plate interface. The thermal structure along the plate interface reveals the limits of coupling but also the type of transition from coupled to uncoupled and vice versa. The model results show that shear heating at the plate interface is an important mechanism that should be taken into account. The models also show that the thermal condition at the downdip limit of the coupling zone leads to a sharp decrease of friction along the interface. Due to the different geometries of the two Chilean study areas, such as the slab dip and the thickness of the continental crust, the downdip limit of the southern study area is slightly shallower than that of the northern study area. The results of the 2D thermal models are used to constrain the spatial extent of the coupling zone in the 3D mechanical models. 3D numerical simulations are used to investigate how geometry, rheology and mechanical parameters influence strain partitioning and styles of deformation in the Chilean fore-arc. The general outline of the models is based on the fore-arc geometry and boundary conditions as derived from geophysical and geological field data. I examined the influence of different rheological approaches and varying physical properties of the fore-arc to identify and constrain the parameters controlling the difference in surface deformation between the northern and southern study area. The results of numerical studies demonstrate that a small slab dip, a high coefficient of basal friction, a high obliquity of convergence, and a high Young’s modulus favour localisation of deformation in the fore-arc wedge. This parameter study helped me to constrain preferred models for the two Chilean study areas that fit to first order observations. These preferred models explain the difference in styles of deformation as controlled by the angle of obliquity, the dip of subducting slab, and the strength of wedge material. The difference in styles can be even larger if I apply stronger coupling between plates within the southern area; however, several independent observations indicate opposite tendency showing southward decrease of intensity of coupling. The weaker wedge material of the preferred model for the northern study area is associated with advanced development of the adjacent orogen, the Central Andes. Analysis of world-wide examples of oblique subduction zones supports the conclusion that more mature subduction zones demonstrate less pronounced localization of strike-slip motion. / Die Deformationsmuster der Fore-Arc Keile entlang des chilenischen konvergenten Plattenrandes variieren beachtlich, trotz ähnlicher plattenkinematischer Randbedingungen. In dieser Arbeit konzentriere ich mich auf die Analyse der Deformation des Fore-Arcs in zwei Gebieten entlang des chilenischen konvergenten Plattenrandes zwischen 20°-24°S und 37°-42°S. Obwohl beide Gebiete durch schiefe Subduktion der ozeanischen Nazca Platte und der östlichen Begrenzung durch die Andine Gebirgskette gekennzeichnet sind, zeigen sie unterschiedliche Deformationsmuster an der Oberfläche. Das nördliche chilenische Gebiet (20° - 24°S) ist gekennzeichnet durch eine außergewöhnliche Krustendicke von ~ 60 km unterhalb des Altiplano - Puna Plateaus, dem Fehlen eines akkretionären Prismas im Fore-Arc aufgrund des trockenen Klimas und somit einer nahezu sedimentfreien Tiefseerinne. Zwei große Plattenrand-parallele Strike-Slip Störungen werden in diesem Gebiet beobachtet, die Atacama Fault Zone (AFZ) und das Precordilleran Fault System (PFS). Beide Strike-Slip Störungen zeigen keine signifikanten aktuellen Bewegungsraten. Das südliche Gebiet (37° - 42°S) ist im Vergleich zum nördlichen Gebiet durch eine niedrigere Topographie, hohe Niederschlagsraten (~2000 mm/a) und eine jüngere abtauchende ozeanische Platte gekennzeichnet. Die aktive Strike-Slip Störung, Liquiñe-Ofqui-Fault-Zone (LOFZ), ist gekennzeichnet durch aktuelle dextrale Bewegungsraten von 1 cm/a und prägt die Oberflächenstruktur in dieser Region. Folglich ist der südliche Arbeitsbereich durch lokalisierte Strike-Slip Bewegung charakterisiert. Innerhalb dieses Gebietes ereignete sich das größte instrumentell aufgezeichnete Erdbeben, das 1960 Valdivia Erdbeben, mit einer Stärke von MW=9.5. 2D thermische Modelle und 3D mechanische Modelle wurden für die beiden chilenischen Gebiete konstruiert, um Prozesse im Zusammenhang mit aktiver Subduktion zu untersuchen. Als numerisches Verfahren wurde die Finite Elemente Methode mit Hilfe des kommerziellen Softwarepakets ABAQUS angewandt. Die thermischen Modelle sind auf die thermischen Konditionen entlang der Plattengrenzfläche fokussiert. Die thermische Struktur entlang der Plattengrenzfläche zeigt die Grenzen der Kopplung an aber auch die Art des Überganges von gekoppelt zu nicht gekoppelt und umgekehrt. Die Modellergebnisse zeigen, dass Heizen infolge der Scherung an der Plattengrenzfläche ein wichtiger Faktor ist, der in Betracht gezogen werden sollte. Die Modelle zeigen auch, dass die thermische Struktur an der unteren Begrenzung der Koppelzone zu einer deutlichen Abnahme der Reibung entlang der Grenzfläche führt. Aufgrund der unterschiedlichen Geometrien der zwei chilenischen Untersuchungsgebiete, z.B. Abtauchwinkel der ozeanischen Platte und Krustendicke, ist die untere Begrenzung der Koppelzone des südlichen Untersuchungsgebietes in geringerer Tiefe als die des nördlichen Gebietes. Die Ergebnisse der thermischen 2D Modelle werden genutzt, um die räumliche Ausdehnung der Koppelzone in den mechanischen 3D Modellen festzulegen. Numerische 3D Simulationen werden genutzt, um zu verstehen, wie Geometrien, Rheologien und mechanische Parameter die Verformungspartitionierung und das Deformationsmuster im chilenischen Fore-Arc beeinflussen. Ich habe den Einfluss unterschiedlicher rheologischer Ansätze und unterschiedlicher physikalischer Eigenschaften auf den Fore-Arc untersucht, um Parameter zu identifizieren und zu bestimmen, die den Unterschied des Deformationsmusters zwischen dem nördlichen und südlichen Gebiet steuern. Die Ergebnisse der numerischen Studien stellen heraus, dass ein kleinerer Abtauchwinkel der ozeanischen Platte, ein hoher basaler Reibungskoeffizient, eine hohe Konvergenzschiefe und ein großer Elastizitätsmodul die Lokalisierung der Deformation im Fore-Arc Keil begünstigen. Basierend auf dieser Parameterstudie habe ich Modelle für die beiden chilenischen Gebiete ausgewählt, die in Beobachtungen erster Ordnung übereinstimmen. Diese ausgewählten Modelle erklären die unterschiedlichen Deformationsmuster durch eine größere Konvergenzschiefe, einen kleineren Abtauchwinkel der ozeanischen Platte und ein härteres Keilmaterial für das südliche Untersuchungsgebiet. Der Unterschied bezüglich der Deformationsmuster kann sogar größer sein, wenn ich eine größere Reibung zwischen den Platten im südlichen Gebiet anwende; jedoch zeigen einige unabhängige Beobachtungen eine umgekehrte Tendenz: eine Abnahme der Intensität der Koppelung von Nord nach Süd. Das schwächere Keilmaterial des ausgewählten Modells für das nördliche Untersuchungsgebiet steht im Zusammenhang mit der fortgeschrittenen Entwicklung des angrenzenden Orogens, der zentralen Anden. Die Analyse weltweiter Beispiele von schiefen Subduktionzonen unterstützt die Schlussfolgerung, dass ältere Subduktionzonen weniger ausgeprägte Lokalisierung von Strike-Slip Bewegung aufzeigen.

Den här studien tar fasta på kontexten och betydelsen av 2008 års svenska vårdstrejk och utreder dess motivationer. Studien utgår från tre kvinnliga sjuksköterskor, som alla deltog aktivt i strejken. / This study focuses on the context and significance of the Swedish health care strike of 2008 and investigates its motivations. The study’s vantage point is three female nurses, who were all actively involved in the strike.

No description available.

En bientôt quarante ans de recherche, de nombreuses connaissances ont été acquises sur la géologie des champs hydrothermaux, la chimie des fluides qui en réchappent et l’écologie des communautés qui les habitent. Celles-ci s’organisent en assemblages denses, distribués le long de la zone de dilution du fluide hydrothermal dans l’eau de mer, et dominés visuellement par une poignée d’espèces. La forte variabilité spatio-temporelle du fluide hydrothermal a une forte influence sur la distribution des communautés. Cependant, les mécanismes à l’origine de la réponse de la faune à cette variabilité sont peu compris. Pour cela, une approche modélisatrice est présentée. Les données collectées pendant plus de 20 ans sur l’édifice Tour Eiffel, sur le champ hydrothermal Lucky Strike (ride médio-Atlantique) ont été intégrées afin d’en extraire les composantes principales. L’étude intégrative des biomasses sur l’édifice montre que celles-ci sont largement dominées par la modiole Bathymodiolus azoricus. Ce bivalve est susceptible d’avoir une influence importante sur le fonctionnement de l’écosystème, et fait donc l’objet d’un premier modèle. La recherche de données pour le contraindre ont mené à mesurer des taux métaboliques in situ. Une fois le modèle paramétré, le modèle a fourni des estimations de flux encore inconnu. La simulation d’interruption du flux hydrothermal a fourni des indices sur la réponse de la modiole à la variabilité de son environnement. / In nearly forty years of research, significant insights have been gained on vent field geology, on the chemistry of emitted fluid and on the ecology of the communities inhabiting hydrothermal ecosystems. The fauna forms dense assemblages, distributed along the hydrothermal fluid/sea water mixing gradient, and visually dominated only by a few species. The high spatio-temporal variability of the hydrothermal fluid has a strong influence on species distribution. However, the mechanisms determining the species response to this variability is still poorly understood. In order to investigate this issue, a modelling approach is presented. Data collected for more than 20 years on the Eiffel Tower edifice, on the Lucky Strike vent filed (Mid-Atlantic Ridge) were integrated in order to identify meaningful elements for our problem. An integrative study of the faunal biomasses on the edifice showed that these are dominated by the mussel Bathymodiolus azoricus. This bivalve is likely to have a significant influence on the ecosystem functioning and is thus the object of a first model. The search for data to constrain it led to the measurement of in situ metabolic rates. Once parametrized, the model provided quantitative estimates of unknown fluxes. The simulation of hydrothermal flow interruption provided some insights on the mussel biomass response to its environment variability.

Many older bridges and tunnels were constructed using standards by now many decades out-of-date, at a time when trucks and other large vehicles were smaller. A bridge or tunnel strike is an incidence in which a vehicle, typically a lorry (truck) or double-decker bus, tries to pass under a bridge or tunnel that is lower than its height, subsequently colliding with the structure. These strikes lead to an increased cost of bridge repairs, clogged up roadways and increased potential for catastrophic events: hazardous spillage and/or total collapse. Today, Network Rail reports on average a strike every 4.5 hours. There are a number of reasons why strikes occur, and why drivers of heavy goods vehicles sometimes fail to recognise the warning signs, consequently striking the bridge or tunnel. At first glance, it may seem like the problem is a fairly easy one to solve; however, no matter how well planned the road system, human error is an ever-present risk. The research proposes to address the problem of bridge and tunnel strike prevention and management. The intent of the research is to develop an affordable, reliable and robust early warning over-height detection system bridge-owners can implement at locations with high strike occurrences. The research aims to test and validate a novel vision-based system using a single camera to accurately detect over-height vehicles using a set of optimised parameters. The system uses a camera installed at the offending height, which acts as an “over-height plane” formed by the averages of the maximum allowable heights across all lanes in a given traffic direction. Any vehicle exceeding this plane is analysed within a region of interest using a trigger-based approach for accurate detection and driver warning. If the vehicle is deemed to be over-height, a warning is issued to the driver. As a result, prolonging life expectancy of structures while decreasing the cost of repairs, maintenance and inspections.

Le système de failles de Haiyuan qui borde le plateau du Tibet au Nord-Est est un système majeur sénestre. Au cours du dernier siècle, deux grands séismes (M~8) ont rompu ce système de failles: le séisme de Haiyuan en 1920 et le séisme de Gulang en 1927. A l'aide d'interférométrie radar à synthèse d'ouverture, nous analysons les variations spatiales et temporelles de la déformation intersismique au travers de la faille de Haiyuan, dans une zone étendue (150x150 km2) qui couvre l'extrémité Ouest de la rupture de 1920 et la lacune sismique de Tianzhu. Avec une approche dite en Small Baseline, nous traitons cinq séries temporelles d'images SAR, acquises par le satellite Envisat le long de tracks descendantes et ascendantes pendant la période allant de 2003 à 2009. Les cartes de vitesse moyenne de déformation dans la ligne de visée du satellite ainsi obtenues sont cohérentes avec un mouvement sénestre au travers de la faille et montrent des variations latérales du gradient de vitesse dans la zone de faille. Nous inversons ces cartes de vitesse moyenne en LOS pour obtenir le taux de chargement à court terme en profondeur et la distribution du glissement dans la partie sismogène le long du plan de faille. Le taux de chargement en profondeur est d'environ 5mm/an. Les sections de faille ayant rompu en 1920 et une grande partie de la lacune sismique de Tianzhu sont bloquées en surface. Entre ces deux sections, un segment de 35 km de long, qui montre une forte activité micro-sismique, glisse de manière asismique avec un taux de glissement horizontal qui atteint presque 5 mm/an. Cependant, le taux de glissement asismique le long de la partie sismogène varie le long du plan de faille et atteint localement des taux supérieurs au chargement tectonique, suggérant des variations temporelles du glissement asismique. La comparaison de profils moyens de vitesse parallèle à la faille issus de données InSAR sur les périodes 1993-1998 (données ERS) et 2003-2009 suggèrent une migration vers la surface du glissement asismique sur une période de 20~ans. Une analyse en séries temporelles des données Envisat, en appliquant un lissage temporel, montrent une accélération du taux de glissement asismique pendant l'année 2007. Cette accélération est précédée et a probablement été déclenchée par un séisme de magnitude 4.7 au sein même du glissement asismique. Enfin, nous étudions la relation entre l'évolution spatio-temporelle du glissement asismique en surface et la rugosité de la trace de la faille à l'aide d'une analyse multi-échelle. Nous montrons que les propriétés élastiques de la croûte cassante contrôlent la rugosité de la faille, qui exerce à son tour un contrôle sur la distribution de glissement asismique en surface. Le glissement asismique est fait de spasmes qui interagissent les uns avec les autres en suivant une loi d'échelle similaire à la loi de Gutenberg-Richter pour les séismes. / The Haiyuan fault system is a major left-lateral fault system bounding the tibetan plateau to the north-east. Two M~8 earthquakes ruptured that fault system in the past hundred years: the 1920, Haiyuan earthquake and the 1927, Gulang earthquake. Here, we use Synthetic Aperture Radar interferometry to explore the spatial and temporal variations of the interseismic deformation across the Haiyuan fault, over a broad (150x150 km2) area covering the 1920 rupture zone and the millennial Tianzhu seismic gap. Using a small baseline approach, we process five SAR images time series acquired by the Envisat satellite along descending and ascending orbits, spanning the 2003-2009 period. The resulting mean Line-Of-Sight velocity maps are, in overall, consistent with left-lateral motion across the fault and reveal lateral variations of the velocity gradient in the near fault zone. We invert these mean LOS velocity maps for the short-term loading rate on the fault plane at depth and for the shallow slip distribution along the seismogenic part of the fault. The short-term loading rate is about 5 mm/yr. The shallow sections of the fault, that ruptured in 1920 and the most part of the Tianzhu seismic gap are currently locked. In between, a 35 km-long section, that experiences a strong micro-seismic activity, is creeping at a mean horizontal rate of almost 5 mm/yr. However, the shallow creep rate varies along the fault strike and locally reaches values higher than the deep loading rate. This suggests temporal fluctuations of the observed aseismic slip. The comparison of InSAR-derived averaged profiles of the fault parallel velocity, spanning the 1993-1998 (ERS data) and 2003-2009 periods, suggests an upward migration of the creep over the 20 years-long observation period. A time series analysis on the Envisat dataset using a temporal smoothing reveals a creep rate increase during the year 2007. This rate increase follows and may have been triggered by a M4.7 earthquake that occurred on the creeping patch. We finally investigate the relationship between the spatio-temporal evolution of the surface creep and the roughness of the surface fault trace with a multiscale analysis. We show the control of the elastic properties of the brittle crust on the fault roughness, that in turn exerts a direct control on the surface aseismic slip distribution. The aseismic slip is made of locally interacting bursts that follow a scaling law similar to the Gutenberg-Richter law for earthquakes.

The purpose of this study was to investigate how anonymous online players treat each other in the game environment in Counter Strike (CS GO), where the way they communicate can affect other people's gaming experience through cheating or "griefing". We have also sought to examine how issues of anonymity affected player's experiences. Data was collected through the use of qualitative methods, such as semi-structured interviews and non-participant observations. Ten respondents participated in the interviews, five women and five men who had played Counter Strike for at least two years. The questions which they were asked related to attitudes, communication, gaming experience, trust, behavior, cheaters and griefers inCounter Strike. The results were analyzed with the help of previous research and theory related to the problem of our study. The results showed that the anonymous players responded to each other positively or negatively depending on various factors such as performance, gender, experience, communication and trust. Positive attitudes gave a positive gaming experience that increased the teamwork and changed the anonymity to friendship, while negative attitudes gave negative gameplay experience that made players lose the desire to play for awhile, because they had high expectations of others. In order to improve Counter Strike for anonymous players, we recommend that the game company improves its security, by blocking cheaters and griefers faster than they do at present, by changing blocking of a cheater from only a blocked account to a whole computersystem, and by making the game more expensive. We also recommend applying region or country functions when they people play anonymously to avoid linguistic misunderstandings and to ease communication by ensuring that players from the same country play with eachother and speak a common language. / Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka hur anonyma online-spelare bemöter varandra i spelmiljön som omger Counter Strike (CS GO), där det kan uppstå ett visst kommunikativt beteende som kan påverka andras spelupplevelse, såsom att fuska eller "griefa". Vi ville även undersöka hur man kan lösa de svårigheter som anonyma spelare upplevde när de spelade med varandra. Undersökningen använder kvalitativa metoder där data insamlades med hjälpav semistrukturerade intervjuer. Respondenterna som deltog i intervjuerna var totalt tio personer, fem tjejer och fem killar som hade spelat Counter Strike i minst två år. Frågorna som ställdes berörde bemötande, kommunikation, spelupplevelse, tillit, beteende, fuskare och griefers i Counter strike. Resultatet analyserades med hjälp av relevant tidigare forskning och teori. Resultaten visar att anonyma spelare bemötte varandra positivt eller negativt beroende på olika faktorer, såsom prestation, kön, erfarenhet, kommunikation och tillit. Positiv bemötandegav en positiv spelupplevelse som ökade lagsamarbetet och ändrade anonymitet till vänskap, medan negativ bemötande gav negativ spelupplevelse som gjorde att man tappade lust att spela ett tag, eftersom man hade höga förväntningar på andra. För att kunna förbättra Counter Strike för anonyma spelare rekommenderar vi att spelutvecklarna förbättrar sitt säkerhetssystem, genom att blockera fuskare och griefers snabbare än vanligt, förändra blockeringen av fuskare till att omfatta både konto och datorsystem, samt göra spelet dyrare. Vi rekommenderar även att tillämpa en region- eller landfunktion när man ska spela med fyra andra anonyma, för att förhindra språkmissförstånd samt underlätta kommunikation med varandra när man hamnar med spelare från samma land och talar ett gemensamt språk.

Magister Artium - MA / This thesis follows the course of the Nigerian general strike of 1945 in the Northern provinces, a previously under-researched region. It examines some of the many ways in which the strike has been understood in the academy, focusing in particular on the works of Alkasum Abba, Kazah-Toure and Bill Freund who have regarded the strike as well supported and successful. By employing Ian Phimister and Brian Raftopoulos's analysis of the 1948 general strike in colonial Zimbabwe, this thesis re-reads the narrative of success by bringing to the fore previosuly ignored issues relating to questions of planning, tactics, propaganda, solidarity, leadership, and execution of the strike. This re-reading reveals a considerably more varied and uneven response across and within the different categories of workers than has been previously assumed by scholars. Such unevenness challenges notions of "solidarity" and "steadfastness" attributed to the industrial action, with implications for how workers struggles have been incorporated into wider narratives of decolonization and anti-colonial nationalism.

La presente investigación planteó como objetivo proponer la incorporación del modelo polivalente del derecho a huelga a efectos de regular un universo de modalidades para el ejercicio efectivo de la medida de fuerza. En esa línea, resultó necesario comprobar la ineficiencia de la modalidad clásica conforme a piezas doctrinarias y jurisprudenciales; a su vez, se enfatizó en la naturaleza dinámica del modelo polivalente que provee de diversos mecanismos a la organización sindical para la consecución de sus fines. Por otro lado, la metodología empleada fue cualitativa, de tipo descriptivo, bibliográfico y analítico. Para finalizar, de los resultados obtenidos se resaltó que la modalidad clásica es deficiente, en cuanto a que, la paralización de actividades no es efectiva para causar una afectación en todas las empresas debido a que contemplan distintos procesos de producción, no generándose el daño lícito buscado. En ese sentido, se concluye que el modelo polivalente es considerado como la máxima expresión de la libertad sindical y su ejercicio genera la presión esperada hacia el empleador; asimismo, la desconexión digital al ser incompatible con la modalidad clásica demanda su debida protección en el ordenamiento jurídico. / The objective of this research was to propose the incorporation of the multipurpose model of the right to strike to regulate a universe of modalities for the effective exercise of the measure of force. Along these lines, it was necessary to verify the inefficiency of the classical modality according to doctrinal and jurisprudential pieces; in turn, the dynamic nature of the multipurpose model that provides different mechanisms to the union organization to achieve its goals was emphasized. On the other hand, the methodology used was qualitative, descriptive, bibliographic and analytical. Finally, from the results obtained, it was highlighted that the classic modality is deficient, in that the stoppage of activities is not effective in causing an impact on all companies because they contemplate different production processes, not generating legal damage. sought. In this sense, it is concluded that the multipurpose model is considered the maximum expression of union freedom, and its exercise generates the expected pressure on the employer; Likewise, digital disconnection, being incompatible with the classic modality, demands its due protection in the legal system.