Published Article / The teachers' salary strike, which occurs almost annually in South Africa, is so widespread that it seems to have gained public toleration if not complete acceptance. However, the strike may have a lasting and devastating impact on the teachers' as well as the learners' discipline, motivation and morale, with the learners being the hardest hit. The strike has a negative impact on the learning and teaching culture and on the learners' academic performance. Although the teachers' strike is about salaries and salary-related matters, all too often, debates about it shift from the strike to the tension between the teachers' right to strike and the learners' right to receive education. This study endeavours to fathom the truth about the two rights, to establish whether they can stand side by side without contradicting each other, and to study their implications.

Projektet, som har utförts på uppdrag av Cimco Marine AB i Ängelholm, har haft som huvudmål att ta fram en testrigg för att ”log stirke”-testa utombordsmotorer. Cimco Marine AB har utvecklat en dieseldriven utombordsmotor för främst professionellt bruk. Dieselmotorn som används är en motor från bilindustrin som marinkonverterats och monterats på ett egenutvecklat underhus, där kraften från motorn överförs till propellern via två kuggremmar. ”Log strike” är när en utombordsmotor försedd båt kör över en stock som flyter i vattenytan. När detta händer uppstår en kollision mellan den del av utombordaren som sticker ner i vattnet och stocken. Om detta sker i hög hastighet induceras stora krafter i utombordaren och båten. För att säkerställa att Cimco Marine AB:s utombordsmotor klarar de påfrestningar som detta innebär vill de kunna testa detta i en testrigg. Man kan likna detta test med de krocktester som utförs inom bilindustrin. Den inledande fasen i projektet var att undersöka tillgänglig information om liknande tester. Det bestämdes sedan att riggen skulle bestå av en vagn som sköts mot utombordarens underhus och att vagnen således motsvarade stocken. Utifrån detta delades konstruktionen upp i olika enheter och varje enhet behandlades var för sig innan de sattes samman till en helhet. Konstruktionsarbetet har följt Fredy Olssons konstruktionsmetoder, princip- och primär konstruktion. Resultatet av projektet är en konceptkonstruktion på en ”log strike”-testrigg anpassad efter Cimco Marine AB:s krav och önskemål. / The goal for this project, carried out with directions from Cimco Marine AB, has been to design a concept construction for a “log strike” testrig for outboard motors. Cimco Marine AB has developed a diesel powered outboard motor mainly for professional use. The diesel engine used is an engine from the automotive industry that has been converted for marine use. The engine is located on a gearbox and underhouse that transfer the power via two belts down to the propeller. A “log strike” occurs when a boat with an outboard motor runs over a log floating in the surface of the water. When this happens a collision between the part of the outboard motor under the waterline and the log is a fact. To ensure that the outboard motor manufactured by Cimco Marine AB manage the loads a high speed log strike produces, they want a test rig to test this. One can compare this test with the crash tests performed in the vehicle industry. In the beginning of the project, time was spent on research and information gathering. It was then decided that the rig should consist of a sled that is propelled against the underhouse of the outboard motor. After this, the project was split in smaller units and every unit was considered separately before they were put together again as a whole. The construction project has followed the design method developed by Fredy Olsson. The end result is a concept design of a “log strike”- test rig, adapted to the requirements set up by Cimco Marine AB.

<p>Vad är grejen med dataspel? Det är en fritidssyssla, något som unga killar sysslar med istället för att vara ute i friska luften skulle nog många svara. Det stämmer för en hel del men det har också börjat växa upp en tävlingskultur med proffs, sponsorer och internationella tävlingar. Det kallas för e-sport och är på stark frammarsch, och idag kan ungdomarna som sitter kvar hemma ses som e-sportens amatörer.</p>

The North Canterbury tectonic setting involves the southward propagating margin of easterly strike-slip activity intersecting earlier thrust activity propagating east from the Alpine Fault. The resulting tectonics contain a variety of structures caused by the way these patterns overlap, creating complexities on the regional and individual feature scale. An unpublished map by Jongens et al. (1999) shows the Ashley-Loburn Fault System crossing the plains from the east connected with the Springfield Thrust Fault in the western margins, possibly the southern limit of the east-west trending strikeslip activity. Of note are two hill structures inferred to be affected by this fault system. View Hill to the west, is on the south side of this fault junction, and Starvation Hill further east, was shown lying on the north side of a left stepover restraining bend. During thrust uplift and simple tilting of the View Hill structure, at least two uplift events post date last Pleistocene aggradation accounting for variations in scarp morphology. Broad constraints on fault dip and the age of the displacement surface suggest that slip-rates are in the order of 0.5 mm/year. East from View Hill, the strike-slip fault was originally thought to curve northeast, around the southeast of Starvation Hill. But there is neither evidence of a scarp, nor other clear evidence of surface faulting at Starvation Hill, which poses the question of the extent to which folding may reflect both fault geometry and fault activity. Starvation Hill is a triangular shape, with a series of distinctive smooth, semi-planar surfaces, lapping across both sides of the hill at a range of elevations and gradients. These surfaces are thought to be remnants of old river channels, and are indicative of tilting and upwarping of the hill structure. 3D computer modelling of these surfaces, combined with studies of the cover sequence on the hill, resulted in inferences being drawn as to the location of hinge lines of a dual-hinged anticline and an overview of the tectonic history of the hill. This illustrates the potential to apply topographical and geomorphic studies to the evolution of geometrically complex structures Starvation Hill is interpreted to be the result of two fault-generated folds, one fault trending north, the other, more recent fault, trending east. These two faults are thought to be sequentially developed segments of the original fault zone inferred by Jongens et al. (1999) but with reinterpreted location and mechanism detail. The presence of two faults has resulted in overprinted differential uplift of the structure, which has been significantly degraded, especially in the southwest corner of the hill. The majority of the formation of the northerly trending structure of Starvation Hill is inferred to be pre-Otiran, with uplift of the later east trending structure continuing into the late Pleistocene and Holocene.

Human bipedal locomotion is characterized by a habitual heel-strike (HS) plantigrade gait, yet the significance of walking foot-posture is not well understood. To date, researchers have not fully investigated the costs of non-heel-strike (NHS) walking. Therefore, we examined walking speed, walk-to-run transition speed, estimated locomotor costs (lower limb muscle volume activated during walking), impact transient (rapid increase in ground force at touchdown) and effective limb length (ELL) in subjects (n=14) who walked at self-selected speeds using HS and NHS gaits. HS walking increases ELL compared with NHS walking since the center of pressure translates anteriorly from heel touchdown to toe-off. NHS gaits led to decreased absolutewalking speeds (P=0.012) and walk-to-run transition speeds (P=0.0025), and increased estimated locomotor energy costs (P<0.0001) compared with HS gaits. These differences lost significance after using the dynamic similarity hypothesis to account for the effects of foot landing posture on ELL. Thus, reduced locomotor costs and increased maximum walking speeds in HS gaits are linked to the increased ELL compared with NHS gaits. However, HS walking significantly increases impact transient values at all speeds (P<0.0001). These trade-offs may be key to understanding the functional benefits of HS walking. Given the current debate over the locomotor mechanics of early hominins and the range of foot landing postures used by nonhuman apes, we suggest the consistent use of HS gaits provides key locomotor advantages to striding bipeds and may have appeared early in hominin evolution.

In 1979, New Orleans’ Mardi Gras celebration was disrupted by a police strike. The strike exposed the new political positioning that had resulted from national pressures such as the realization of black political power and the brief surge in public worker unions. New Orleans’ weakening white social elite was forced to assert its remaining power through Mardi Gras, while finding an unexpected ally in Mayor Ernest N. Morial, the first black mayor of New Orleans. This temporary alliance exemplifies an experience that was different than that of other American cities. While strong racial tension persisted, the old establishment’s interests coincided with Mayor Morial’s when Mardi Gras, a powerful cultural and economic institution, was threatened. This temporary alliance managed to defeat the local police union by galvanizing the citizens of the city against the strikers.

Student Number : 0418388R - MSc(Eng) research report - School of Electrical and Information Engineering - Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment / Due to the high soil resistivities and high frequency of lightning strikes in South Africa, the background theory about the effect of soil resistivity on the LV surge environment is important, but the present local and international standards do not give reasonable explanations for this effect. The previously published experimental results and research results related to this effect were investigated. From these investigations, it can be shown that the soil resistivity can affect surge generation, surge propagation and surge attenuation significantly. Also, soil resistivity plays a main role in the lightning surges caused by both direct strikes and indirect strikes, which can cause severe damage to the LV distribution system. Soil resistivity also has a significant impact on the resistance of an earth electrode.

A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, in fulfilment of the requirements of degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Sociology) Johannesburg, 2015 / This dissertation explores the shifting patterns of institutionalisation of industrial relations and violence in strikes over a period of thirty years, shaped by the transition from apartheid to democracy. It draws from an ethnographic study of Impala Platinum mine between 1982 and 2012 and some analysis of the Lonmin Platinum strike in 2012. It traces the trajectory of institutionalisation from the period of apartheid despotism, the transition to inclusive and participatory industrial relations system, through to the second decade after the democratic transition. The overriding aim of this study which is informed by theories of institutionalisation of industrial relations is to understand how workplace order is attained, sustained, challenged and change overtime. This dissertation argues that the institutionalisation of industrial relations is highly unstable, precarious and generates new forms of conflict and worker solidarity. It is continuously being (re)configured, and violence is part of this making, remaking and unmaking of order. This cycle informs the nature and repertoires of strike violence. This thesis shows the ambiguity of institutionalisation of industrial relations as a source of power. It simultaneously empowers and dis-empowers. It confers rights and at the same time constrains how the rights may be exercised. The broader context shaping the South African labour relations before the democratic transition was informed by apartheid which produced a despotic labour regime and an insurgent trade unionism characterised by various forms of violence. This resulted in institutionalisation of negotiations and recognition of the National Union of Mineworkers (NUM) at Impala Platinum in Rustenburg. This process of institutionalising industrial relations and bureaucratisation of the union happened in the context of broader national democratic transition and shift to an industrial democracy. The NUM evolved into a dominant and highly institutionalised union at Impala Platinum and nationally. The industrial relations shifted from non-hegemonic to a hegemonic system in which class relations were sustained through consent. Consequently, insurgent trade unionism was institutionalised but ironically crystallised into a class compromise which undermined the attainment of union goals. This simultaneously generated some elements of insurgent trade unionism from below by 2009. The study observed that insurgent trade unionism characterised by informal structures and networks challenging the institutionalisation of industrial relations was renewed or reinvigorated reasserting resistance to the co-option of the union by 2012. The primary contribution of this thesis is that it develops a typology explicating the variations of institutionalisation of industrial relations and violence in strikes over time, capturing different and complex power relations: ‘ideal institutionalisation’, ‘de-institutionalisation’ and ‘re-institutionalisation’. Ideal institutionalisation of industrial relations crystallizes a particular balance of organisational and institutional power and when this is disturbed it may be (re)configured. Ideal institutionalisation is attained and sustained where organisational power commensurate with institutional power. Moreover, if the balance dissipates and or is not sustained, there is bound to be a shift/backlash towards de-institutionalisation or unmaking of institutionalisation of industrial relations. The transition of institutionalisation of industrial relations is a function of power play between capital and labour mediated by the state and tied to worker agency. This thesis sheds light on how worker agency continually changes shaping the industrial relations and how a diverse workforce attempts to overcome divisions and fragmentation through forging solidarity including utilising coercive means, conceptualised as a ‘violent solidarity’. Key words: institutionalisation, strike violence, industrial relations, trade union, insurgent unionism, violence.

Le principe de continuité du service public fait partie de ces grands principes du droit administratif que l'on ne songe guère à reconsidérer. Son identité est établie, sa valeur juridique acquise. Toutefois, dans son rapport au droit de grève, l'étude de ses manifestations laisse rapidement entrevoir ses limites. En effet, s'il apparaît en théorie comme le pendant du droit de grève des agents, il n'est en réalité effectif que dans les cas particuliers où la grève est susceptible de porter atteinte à l'ordre public. Cette conception minimaliste est la conséquence du processus d'édification du principe. Perçu à l'origine comme un rempart au développement des conflits collectifs dans la fonction publique régalienne, sa finalité s'est rapidement confondue avec les nécessités de l'ordre public. Et bien que son assise se soit progressivement renforcée, qu'il se soit diffusé à la quasi-totalité des branches du droit administratif, il s'est toujours cantonné à ce fondement.Le principe de continuité du service public est ainsi figé dans une acception étroite, et son champ d'application demeure restreint. De fait, l'équilibre qui aurait dû procéder de la conciliation du droit de grève et du principe de continuité n'a jamais été atteint, malgré leur égale valeur constitutionnelle.L'analyse des caractéristiques du principe de continuité renseigne pourtant sur son aptitude à dépasser les limites qui lui ont été assignées. Il apparaît notamment que toutes ses virtualités n'ont pas été exploitées, le législateur n'ayant pas su en imposer une vision plus conforme à l'évolution contemporaine du service public et des rapports entre l'Administration et ses administrés. Pour y parvenir, la relation du service public avec l'usager doit être pleinement intégrée à l'objectif de conciliation du droit de grève et du principe de continuité. Enrichi de cette nouvelle dimension, le principe de continuité du service public est susceptible de fonder un nouveau régime de la grève dans les services publics, plus équilibré, qui induit aussi d'en adapter le champ d'application à l'importance des activités d'intérêt général considérées. / The principle of continuity of public service is one of those great principles of administrative law that we seldom think to reconsider. His identity is established, its acquired legal status. However, in its report to the right to strike, the study of its manifestations leaves quickly glimpse limitations. If it appears in theory like the opposite of right to strike, it is in actual fact only in special cases where the strike is likely to undermine public order. Frozen in the narrow sense, its scope remains limited . In fact, the balance that should have made the reconciliation of the right to strike and the principle of continuity was never reached , despite their equal constitutional value. Analysis of the characteristics of the principle of continuity information yet its ability to overcome the limitations that have been assigned. Particular, it appears that all his potential has not been exploited, the legislature has not been able to impose a more consistent vision of the contemporary evolution of public service and the relationship between the Administration and its citizens. To achieve this, the relationship of public service with the user must be fully integrated with the objective of reconciling the right to strike and the principle of continuity. Enriched with this new dimension, the principle of continuity of public service is likely to start a new strike system in public services, more balanced, which also leads to adapt the scope of the importance of activities public interest consideration.

Os movimentos grevistas sofreram o impacto das recentes modificações tecnológicas, da globalização e da terceirização. Antigas estratégias utilizadas pelos trabalhadores para pressionar seus empregadores já não produzem o mesmo efeito que outrora. Novas formas de manifestação estão surgindo o que, naturalmente, provoca novas formas de contraofensiva dos empregadores. O conceito legal de greve já não se mostra adequado, requerendo certo esforço hermenêutico para que os novos movimentos paredistas não sejam considerados irregulares. Além de estudar estas transformações, o presente trabalho se dedica a refletir sobre a postura dos órgãos do Poder Judiciário nesse novo contexto. Após pesquisa dogmático teórica em fontes legais, releitura de textos doutrinários e estudo de precedentes judiciais e de organismos internacionais, concluiu-se que os órgãos judiciais devem apresentar uma atuação voltada a assegurar o exercício do direito de greve. Sugeriu-se, para tanto, que, em caso de dúvida, seja sempre adotada a exegese que assegure a realização das manifestações. / The strike movements have suffered the impact of recent technological changes, globalization and outsourcing. Old strategies used by workers to pressure their employers no longer produce the same effect as before. New forms of workers manifestations are emerging which, of course, provokes new forms of counter-offensive of the employers. The legal concept of a strike is no longer adequate, requiring some hermeneutic effort to recognize the validity of the new kinds of strike movements. In addition to studying these transformations, the present work is dedicated to reflect on the position of the Brazilian Labor Justice in this new context. After a theoretical dogmatic research in legal sources and after reading doctrinal texts and judicial precedents and precedents of international agencies, the conclusion found is that the courts should have an action aimed at ensuring the right to strike. To achieve this goal, the courts should, in case of doubt, adopt an exegesis that assures work stoppage.