Orientador: Ruth Elisabeth Vasconcellos Lopes / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T20:07:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sancassani_Maisa_M.pdf: 3562931 bytes, checksum: ac041df9cb5848219cb23f520dccff1c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: A literatura (Tanenhaus et al., 1995) aponta que adultos, quando apresentados a contextos referenciais tendenciosos, utilizam informações extralinguísticas para processar ambiguidades sintáticas, demonstrando sensibilidade ao Princípio do Suporte Referencial (Altmann & Steedman, 1985). Quando crianças são submetidas a teste semelhante (Trueswell et al., 1999), elas baseiam suas decisões de processamento em princípios estruturais ou em propriedades lexicais e desconsideram informações de ordem referencial. Neste trabalho, testamos o efeito do contexto visual e do viés lexical durante o processamento de ambiguidades. 36 crianças e 31 adultos foram solicitados a manipular brinquedos em resposta a instruções verbais ambíguas como "limpe a zebra com o pincel", em que o sintagma preposicionado pode ser interpretado como instrumento da ação (adjunção-VP) ou modificador do objeto (adjunção-NP). Empregamos a técnica do paradigma do mundo visual em que gestos e olhares dos participantes são monitorados para observação do processamento on-line e off-line. Nossos resultados demonstram que informações globais de alto nível (contexto referencial) influenciam o processamento em tempo real de adultos e crianças igualmente, enquanto informações locais de baixo nível (viés lexical) exercem influência apenas com estímulos tendenciosos. Na presença de propriedades lexicais neutras, adultos executam ações correspondentes a estruturas de adjunto adnominal nos contextos referencias competitivos e crianças optam pela interpretação de adjunto adverbial em todos os casos. Consideramos que a neutralidade lexical permite a manifestação do Princípio do Suporte Referencial em adultos e, para crianças, manifesta-se um efeito (ainda a ser definido) em que estruturas de adjunto adverbial são preferidas. Esses achados se alinham a teorias lexicalistas, como a de Satisfação de Condições, em que múltiplas informações competem para a geração de uma única estrutura e preveem que, no curso do desenvolvimento linguístico, informações estruturais emergem mais cedo e de forma mais robusta do que outras menos confiáveis como as discursivo-pragmáticas / Abstract: Tanenhaus et al. (1995), among many others, point out that adults, when presented to biased visual contexts, use extralinguistics information in order to process syntactic ambiguities, showing that they are sensitive to the Principle of Referential Support (Altmann & Steedman, 1985). When five-year-old children undergo similar tests (Trueswell et al., 1999), however, they rely on syntactically based parsing principles or on the lexical properties of the input and ignore referential information. Here, we tested the effect of visual context and lexical bias during the processing of ambiguities. 36 children and 31 adults were asked to manipulate toys in response to globally ambiguous verbal instructions like "clean the zebra with the brush", in which the prepositional phrase can be interpreted as an instrument of the action (VP-attachment) or modifier of the object (NP-attachment). We used the technique of the Visual World Paradigm in which eye-gazes and gestures are monitored in order to obtain measures of the final processing of the sentences and measures of the real-time processing. High-level global cues (reference bias) influence real-time processing equally in adults and children, while low-level local cues (lexical bias) interfere with biased stimuli. In the presence of neutral lexical properties, adults perform actions that correspond to NP-attachment only in competitive referential contexts and children prefer VP-attachment interpretation in all cases. We concluded that the lexical neutrality allows for the manifestation of the Principle of Referential Support in adults; children, on the other hand, manifest a certain effect (still to be defined) in which VP-attachment structures are preferred. These findings align with the lexicalist theories such as the constraint-satisfaction, in which multiple information compete for generating a single interpretation. This theory predicts that during the development of the parser, structural information such as verbs bias emerge earlier and more robustly than less reliable ones such as the discourse-pragmatic cues / Mestrado / Linguistica / Mestra em Linguística

The term ‘Object Shift’ means that a weak object pronoun has been raised to a position to the left of a sentence adverbial. Primarily, there are two positions to which a weak object pronoun can be raised; one of them is called Long Object Shift. In this paper, I primarily deal with finite verb frequencies in sentences with Long Object Shift in Swedish. Also, in order to further define the verbs in these sentences I discuss verb semantic and syntactic valence in relation to the shifted object. Furthermore, I discuss the search methods which have generated sentences with Long Object Shift in written sources in Swedish; an equivalent study has never been done before.   The most salient results of my study indicate that: verbs with physical denotation, and specifically vänta, möta and slå, frequently recur in sentences with Long Object Shift in written sources in Swedish; monotransitive verbs appear more often than ditransitive ones; shifted objects are most often assigned the semantic role of experiencer in the studied sentences; the search methods show divergent results, which indicates the significance of sentence adverbial initiating sentences with Long Object Shift. Lastly, the results show that semantic analyses, terminology and search methods need to be extended in order to further define the finite verb in sentences with Long Object Shift in Swedish.

One of the main characteristics of German technical language is the nominal style, which includes complex pre-nominal and post-nominal extended modifiers. A commonly held view is that these are less common in Swedish due to language-specific restrictions and preferences. As such, they may pose a challenge to Swedish translators. This essay examines this particular problem and focuses on the translation of four different complex extended modifiers: adjectival, participial, genitival and prepositional.The aim of this study was to determine which syntactic structures are used when these modifiers are translated into Swedish and to identify shifts using the concept “grammatical metaphor”, thereby focusing on the degree of grammatical metaphoricity. For the purposes of this study, a chapter of the technical book Neues Bauen mit Stroh in Europa by Gruber, Gruber and Sentler was translated into Swedish and then analysed with the above-mentioned aims in mind.The study showed that out of the 117 noun phrases with extended complex modifiers in the source text 21 were transposed into a less explicit, direct structure and more metaphorical language. The metaphorization was in some cases a result of simplification/omission of less dense semantic material and/or the translation into compounds. In 46 cases, the extended modifiers showed the same degree of grammatical metaphoricity as the source language expression and thus were re-metaphorized. In the remaining cases, a verbal or more explicit structure was chosen in the translation. This especially proved to be the case with pre-nominal extended adjectival and participial modifiers.

Languages rely on grammatical rules, by which even such variable constituents as adverbials are affected. However, due to the many different positions in Old English sentences taken up by adverbials, it is easy to wrongfully assume that there is an absence of grammatical rules regarding adverbials in Old English. Hence, it may be possible to detect patterns of behaviour among Old English adverbs if their different position and movement within various clauses is studied systematically. This paper has been focused on examining two conjunct adverbs, and two disjunct adverbs, functioning as sentence adverbials in prose, in order to contribute information of where they are base-generated within the syntactic structure of Old English clauses, and thus hopefully contribute to a better understanding of the grammatical system of Old English. 120 sentences of prose containing sentence adverbials have been examined according to the Government and Binding Theory, as introduced in Stæfcræft: An Introduction to Old English Syntax, in order to establish where the different textual constituents of Old English are base-generated.

Cette thèse porte sur les particularités de la reprise anaphorique des pronoms indéfinis et des noms épicènes qui ont pour référents des individus humains indéfinis. Nous allons essayer de distinguer les différents facteurs (morphosyntaxiques, sémantiques et pragmatiques), qui influent sur le choix du pronom anaphorique. Ce choix ne sera pas toujours objectif. Il ne sera pas obligatoirement conforme aux règles d’accord syntaxique, puisqu’il dépendra de la décision de l’énonciateur concernant la pertinence du sexe ou du nombre d’individus faisant l’objet du discours. Ainsi, il est prouvé que le pronom personnel de la troisième personne du pluriel they est le meilleur candidat que ce soit dans les contextes où l’énonciateur et ses co-énonciateurs ignorent le sexe et/ou le nombre des personnes évoquées, dans les contextes génériques ou bien dans les contextes où l’énonciateur ne souhaite pas être précis sur l’identité de la personne dont il ou elle parle. Les pronoms personnels de la troisième personne du singulier he / she ne sont pas préférés dans ces contextes puisqu’ils rendent le référent plus défini qu’il l’est dans le discours en ajoutant des propriétés telles que le sexe et le nombre. Le choix que l’on fait pour se référer ou se coréférer sous-entend la prise d’un point de vue vis-à-vis des référents ou vis-à-vis des interlocuteurs. L’étude de plusieurs corpus, écrits comme oraux (BNC, COCA, SOAP, CHILDES, le corpus littéraire, le corpus de presse et d’émissions de télévision), nous a dévoilé que les locuteurs anglophones savent en quelque sorte manipuler le système pronominal conventionnel afin de rendre explicite ou de mettre en avant certains éléments ou bien d’en sous-spécifier ou d’en taire d’autres. / This dissertation investigates the peculiarities of pronominal reference to indefinite pronouns and epicene nouns that refer to indefinite human beings. It brings to light morphosyntactic, semantic and pragmatic factors which influence the choice of the anaphoric pronoun. This choice is not always objective, and does not necessarily match the rules of syntactic agreement. It tends to depend on the speaker’s decisions about the relevance of the sex and/or the number of individuals that are the topic of discussion. Thus, the third person plural pronoun they proves to be the best candidate when the referent’s sex and/or number is unknown by both the speaker and the hearer, as well as in generic contexts or when the speaker wishes to remain vague about the identity of the person he or she is referring to. The third person singular pronouns he / she do not fit in these contexts, since they render the referent more definite than it actually is in the discourse by adding such properties as sex and number. The choices that we make when referring or coreferring reveal our attitudes towards either referents or addressees. The study of both written and oral corpora (BNC, COCA, SOAP, CHILDES, literary, press and talk show corpora) reveals how English speakers are able to manipulate the conventional pronominal system so as to render explicit or highlight certain attributes and to underspecify others.

The diploma thesis is concerned with exploring the differences between the noun phrases in written and spoken academic monologue, focussing on the length of the phrase, its internal complexity and syntactic functions. In the theoretical part of the study, the noun phrase, its constituents, structure and usage are introduced. The noun phrase is introduced as one of the means of complex condensation. The basic characteristics of written and spoken academic language are introduced as well. The practical part of the study is a detailed analysis of 210 noun phrases. The written sample is collected from selected academic articles, whereas the sample of spoken lecture is collected from the lecture database of the BASE corpus. Since the study focuses on two different forms of language, the material is analysed for each of them separately and the results are subsequently compared in the final part of each subsection. The hypothesis of the thesis is that the written sample contains noun phrases with more complex modification, whereas the spoken sample contains more simple noun phrases and more clausal modification. The hypothesis was, for the most part, confirmed.

This diploma thesis deals with specific language impairment as a risk factor of cochlear implantation. This diagnosis may fundamentally disrupt the development of speech after cochlear implantation. The main aim of this work was identification and comparison of used communication systems of persons with cochlear implant and diagnosed with developmental dysphasia. We focused on the morphological-syntactic level of language as a part of verbal level of communication. A qualitative survey was carried out at elementary schools for the hearing impaired. The research sample consisted of five pupils of these schools. Pupils were selected based on their use of the cochlear implant, diagnosed specific language impairment and other factors. Required data was obtained on the basis of observation and through the subtests of the Diagnostics of Language Development test battery. The investigation has revealed that despite cochlear implantation the preferred and more frequently used communication system is sign language. All pupils in the research group are able to communicate through spoken language, but they need to complement and support it by at least some individual elements of the sign language. Morphological- syntactic level of spoken speech was striking for all of the pupils in the research group. Pupils...

Les modèles sont de plus en plus utilisés que ce soit pour la description d’un point de vue d’un système complexe ou pour l’échange d’information. Cependant, le partage d’information, le transfert d’information d’un modèle à un autre est aujourd’hui une problématique liée à l’interopérabilité des systèmes. Cette problématique peut être abordée selon trois approches : intégrée (tous les modèles identiques), unifiée (tous les modèles font référence à un modèle pivot), fédérée (pas de règles précises sur les modèles). Bien que des standards existent, ils sont rarement respectés avec rigueur. L’approche fédérée semble par conséquent l’approche la plus réaliste. Cependant, cette approche est complexe car les différents modèles, bien que comportant des concepts communs, peuvent avoir une structure et un vocabulaire très hétérogène pour décrire le même concept. Par conséquent, il faut identifier les concepts communs des différents modèles avant de définir les règles de transformation permettant de passer d’un format à un autre. Cette thèse propose une méthodologie permettant d’atteindre ces objectifs, elle se base d’une part sur la proposition d’un méta-méta-modèle permettant d’unifier la description de la structure des modèles, i.e. le méta-modèle, et d’autre part sur le calcul de distance entre chaque élément des modèles qui permettront de déduire les règles de transformation. Cette mesure de distance reflète la distance à la fois syntaxique, écritures différentes d’un même terme, ainsi que sémantique liée à l’utilisation de synonyme. La recherche de synonyme est basée sur l’utilisation de base de connaissance, représentée sous forme d’ontologie, tel que WordNet. / The models are increasingly used both for the description of a view of a complex system or for information exchange. However, to share the information, transferring information from one model to another is an issue related to the interoperability of systems now. This problem can be approached in three ways: integrated (all identical models), unified (all models refer to a pivot model), federated (no specific rules on the models). Although standards exist, they are rarely respected rigorously. The federated approach therefore seems to be the most realistic approach. However, because of the different models, this approach is complicated. Models can have a very heterogeneous structure and different vocabulary to describe the same concept. Therefore, we must identify the common concepts of different models before defining the transformation rules for transforming from one format to another. This thesis proposes a methodology to achieve these goals. It is partly based on the proposal of a meta-meta-model (to unify the description of the model structure), i.e. the meta-model, and secondly calculating the distance between each element of models to deduce the transformation rules. This distance reflecting both syntactic distance (words occurrence) and semantic relation that related to the synonymous. Researching synonym relation is based on the use of knowledge base, represented as ontology, such as WordNet.

Paradoxe de la prolepse : en dévoilant par avance un événement de l’histoire, elle risque de ruiner le suspens ; en n’évoquant qu’allusivement ce qui va suivre, elle peut au contraire y contribuer. Le traitement des anticipations a toujours été au cœur des débats sur la tension narrative. L’examen de poétiques et de rhétoriques antiques et classiques, leur confrontation avec les théories contemporaines permettent de retracer la longue histoire d’un procédé à travers les discours contradictoires qui l’ont défini.Lisons les romans de l’Ancien Régime, nous verrons ce paradoxe en action. Au seuil du XVIIe siècle, la prolepse appartient, comme le début in medias res, à la panoplie des artifices visant à maintenir suspendu l’esprit du lecteur et à structurer de grandes machines romanesques ; au siècle suivant, les pseudo-mémorialistes, tout en puisant dans ce fonds, la posent comme le symptôme d’une écriture naturelle, désordonnée, parfois défaite, peu soucieuse de suspens et d’architecture, bref, la marque par excellence d’une écriture du cœur.Tout se joue dans l’appréhension progressive du texte par le lecteur et l’interprétation de la voix narratoriale supposée le guider. Les outils de la narratologie sont réexaminés et affinés pour que puisse être pris en considération le cheminement pas à pas du lecteur ; afin d’étudier des unités plus petites ou des manœuvres narratives particulièrement subtiles, il faut combiner ces outils avec les instruments de la linguistique énonciative (reprises anaphoriques et annonces cataphoriques, usages des temps verbaux, phénomènes polyphoniques liés à la régie narrative). On évalue ainsi la manière dont, au long d’un siècle et demi d’une production romanesque très diversifiée, sont suscitées des attentes, souvent comblées, parfois frustrées : si l’anticipation est d’ordinaire un moment où une voix de régie organise le texte, il arrive en effet que ce procédé provoque des dérèglements dont nous pouvons, critiques embarrassés ou lecteurs amusés, suivre les aléas. / There is a paradox of prolepsis : because it tells in advance an event of the story, it runs the risk of ruining suspense ; because it only evokes this event allusively, it may, on the contrary, help to create suspense. The use of anticipation has always been at the core of the debate on narrative tension. Through the study of ancient and classical poetics and rhetorics, brought in comparison with contemporary theories, this work seeks to retrace the long history of a highly controversial narrative device.Reading the novels of the Ancien Régime, one may see this paradox at work. At the dawn of the seventeenth-century, prolepses belong, along with in medias res openings, to the repertoire of artificial contrivances used in the building of huge novelistic machines, as they keep the reader’s mind suspended ; in the first half of the following century, the Memoir-Novel uses the very same device to establish a new manner of writing : prolepses become the sign of an unsophisticated prose, attuned to the effusions of the heart.At stake here is the reader’s progressive apprehension of the text and the way he interprets the narratorial voice. Narratological tools are re-examined and refined so as to take into consideration the act of reading and its dynamics ; elements of enunciative linguistics are used for the study of small textual units and subtle narrative manipulations. Through this overview of one hundred and fifty years of prose fiction, we trace the different manners in which expectations are aroused, usually fulfilled, and exceptionally frustrated.

Cette étude montre l'effet sociolinguistique de l’arabe dialectal d' Al-'aCz:amîyah sur l’arabe dialectal des Irakiens déplacés au niveau phonologique et syntaxique de la langue. Les Irakiens déplacés sont ceux qui sont arrivés au quartier d' Al-'aCz:amîyah, depuis les années quatre-vingt jusqu’ à nos jours. L'étude propose d’élucider la relation qui lie les variables sociolinguistiques au comportement linguistique des intervenants, objet de notre étude, en choisissant trois variables phonologiques et une variable syntaxique, en fonction des trois variables sociales du sexe, de l'âge et de l'éducation. L'échantillon de l'étude comprend 113 informateurs. Ces informateurs sont considérés comme étant un échantillon représentatif des Irakiens déplacés et des habitants d'origine d’Al-'aCz:amîyah. La méthode d'analyse quantitative est utilisée pour examiner et interpréter les données collectées. Le logiciel SPSS, Progiciel de statistique pour les sciences sociales, a été utilisé pour nous aider à traiter les données et évaluer l'importance de cette variation linguistique. La présente étude est structurée en quatre chapitres. Le premier chapitre est consacré à discuter le contexte sociolinguistique. La méthodologie de cette étude est abordée dans le deuxième chapitre où nous présentons les démarches suivies dans notre étude. Dans le chapitre trois et quatre, nous essayons de décrire comment les caractéristiques linguistiques de l’arabe dialectal des Irakiens déplacés se chevauchent et subissent des interactions avec les caractéristiques de l’arabe dialectal d’Al-'aCz:amîyah, et comment ces dialectes subissent des influences réciproques dans une période donnée. Ainsi, pour pouvoir comparer les deux populations celle de d’Al-'aCz:amîyah et celle des Irakiens déplacés, nous les séparons en deux chapitres. Dans le troisième chapitre, les résultats statistiques qui sont affichés et interprétés montrent les changements phonétiques et syntaxiques intervenus dans le parler arabe des habitants originaires, et dans le quatrième chapitre, les résultats affichent les changements phonétiques et syntaxiques intervenus dans le parler arabe des habitants déplacés. / This study reveals the sociolinguistic effect of Al-'aCz:amîyah dialect on Iraqi displaced’s dialect in the phonological and syntactic level of language. Iraqis displaced are those who have come to d' Al-'aCz:amîyah neighborhood since the 1980s to the present day. The study shows the relationship which links the sociolinguistic variables to the linguistic behavior by choosing four phonological variables and one syntactic variable as far as the three social variables of sex, age and education are concerned. The sample of the study includes 113 informants. These informants are considered the representative sample of the Iraqis displaced and the original inhabitants of d'Al-'aCz:amîyah. The quantitative analysis method is employed to analyze and interpret the data collected. The SPSS (StatisticalPackage for the Social Sciences) software can be used to help us process the data and assess the significance of this linguistic variation. The present study is structured in four chapters: the first is devoted to discuss the sociolinguistic context. The methodology of this study was discussed in the second chapter where we present our own way that we use in our study. In chapter three and four , we try to describe how the linguistic features of the Arabic dialect of displacedIraqis overlap and undergo interactions with the features of the Arabic dialect of Al-'aCz:amîyah, how these dialects undergo reciprocal influences within a specified time limit. So to compare the two population that of Al-'aCz:amîyah and that of the Iraqis displaced, we divid them into two chapters: in the first, statistical results that are displayed and interpreted show the phonetic and syntactic changes in local dialect of the original inhabitants. While in the second chapter, these results indicate the phonic and the syntactic changes in the local dialect of the Iraqis displaced