Thesis (MPA.)) -- University of Limpopo, 2020 / Refer to document

The pandemic has forced many to work from home and to mix the work environment with the residential environment. The question is if this works? A new concept, based on an old, is live-work premises or as they are called in Sweden bokaler. Bokaler is a concept where the residence is integrated and coexist with work. Bokaler as a concept is not limited to home offices and can involve more traditional work such as service work. A year with this new work environment has made people more aware of the benefits. Many would like to keep being able to work from home after the pandemic, but there has also been reports of concerns regarding how good the home-work environment is. With this new trend, this report will explore the design choices that should be considered when designing a desirable work and residential environment, or in other words desirable bokal premises. This study also hypothesises that live-work premises can benefit vision of safer and more attractive cities. As safety and attractiveness is often associated with the “mixed city,” a term used by architects and municipality staff alike. The possibility to establish bokaler as a concept in Sweden will also be explored. The research is based upon a casestudy research method, where the empiric data comes from surveys (users of existing bokaler), interviews with architects and urban planners, and even how existing theories about creating desirable environments can becompared with existing bokaler in Sweden. The research will benefit a design method that will use the data as arguments for design choices. The study uses this method to see if the desired qualities can be replicated. The research managed to interview ten owners of bokaler, five architects and study six different variations ofthe bokal typology. The result showed that it is often difficult to include allthe desired functions from a work or residential environment. Since bokaler often are placed on the bottom floor many users experience discomfort from being exposed to the city. Architects also points out that there are legislative issues that prevents the concept to thrive fully, they also point out that there could also be cultural and societal limitations to the concept. For instance, workspaces and residences are taxed differently from each other, so that a mix of those functions becomes difficult to assess what law should be abided. The Swedish society also benefits larger companies compared to sole proprietorships, which are oftenthe users of bokal premises. To establish small businesses in a residential area, to achieve a mix of functions would implicate huge risks for thoseowners. The resulting considerations to designa bokal, came down to three things, for it to thrive in Swedish society. These three considerations were also replicated in a design proposal for asite in Luleå.Functions (residential and work functions) should preferably not mix inside the premise. This is because separations lead to less conflict and can even be able to create a more pleasant environment. The bokal should be flexible in its use of rooms and spaces so that it can adapt to changes and multiple functions. The bokal premise relation to the city is also important. The placement in the city and the density of people is important for it to thrive, but also for those who live in the premise to prosper the organisation of rooms and functions should be reflected upon.That the bokal can benefit an attractive society is difficult to assess before seeing the concept itself thriving inthe Swedish society. The possibility to achieve social control exist in theory but is something that should be researched more thoroughly. / En pandemi har tvingat många att arbeta hemifrån och mixad arbetsmiljön med bostadsmiljön. Frågan är om detta fungerar? Ett relativt ungt koncept baserat på ett uråldrigt är “bokaler”. Bokaler är ett koncept där bostaden integreras och lever i symbios med arbetet. Bokaler som koncept involverar mer än bara hemmakontor. Arbetet ifråga är i konceptet inte begränsat till det man redan kan utföra i bostaden utan inkluderar även traditionella serviceyrken. Efter ett år med nya arbetsförhållanden var det många som vill behålla möjligheten att kunna arbeta hemifrån men samtidigt har det varit en del som har rapporterat missnöje med arbetsförhållandet. Med denna plötsliga nya trend ska denna rapport då undersöka vilka design metoder som bör utföras för att designa en “god” arbetsplats som lever i symbios med en “god” bostad, det vill säga en “god” bokal. Denna studie inleder även med en hypotes att bokaler även kan hjälpa när det kommer till att skapa mer tryggare och attraktiva städer. Då trygghet och attraktivitet förknippas med blandstaden som myntas både av arkitekter och kommunfolk. Möjligheten att etablera bokaler och se hur ett sådant koncept passar in i Sveriges städer ska också undersökas. Undersökningen är baserat på en fallstudiemetod där det empirin kommer från nuvarande användare utav bokaler, arkitekter, stadsplanerare och andra sakkunniga. Samt kommer även teorier om hur man skapar goda miljöer jämföras med existerande bokaler. Fallstudien jobbar även ihop med en designmetod där man använder som argument för designval. Studien använder detta för att se om överväganden om hur bokaler ska designas kan replikeras och är sanna. Studien lyckades få tag en handfullägare utav bokaler (tio stycken), fem arkitekter och analysera sex olika typologier utav bokaler. Resultatet visade att det oftast var otroligt trångt att få in alla kvaliteter som önskas i en arbetsmiljö, respektive bostadsmiljö. Eftersom bokaler är alltid placerat i bottenplan upplever användare en otrygghet och en utsatthet för stadsmässiga besvärligheter. Arkitekter påpekar även det finns en del lagstiftande element som förhindrar konceptet att blomstra till fullo samt att det även kan finnas kulturella och samhällsmässigabegränsningar. Exempelvis taxeras arbetsplatser och bostäder olika ochnär man har en symbios av dessa blir det svårt att avgöra vad som ska gälla. Sedan är det även så att samhället i Sverige är designat att gynna störreföretag och inte de mindre företag somskulle använda bokaler. Att börja etablera små företag i ett bostadsområde skulle innebära en stor risk för dessa bokalägare. Det kom alltså fram till att man måste överväga tre saker när man designaren bokal för att den ska kunna frodas i ett svenskt samhälle. Dessa tre överväganden var sedan även testade på ett område och projekt i Luleå. Funktionerna (bostads- och arbetsfunktioner) ska helst inte beblandas i bostaden, detta för att man ska kunna separera för att undvika konflikter ochför att trivseln i bokalen ska höjas. Bokalen bör vara flexibel och ha möjlighet att kunna anpassa sig för förändringar och olika funktioner.Man behöver tänka sig för hur man förhåller sig till resten av staden. Bokalens placering i staden är viktigt för att den ska överleva, men även föratt de som bor i bokalen ska trivas bör organisationen av hur funktioner placeras i bokalen reflekteras över. Att bokalen kan bidra till attraktivt samhälle är svårt att avgöra innan man ser att bokaler kan faktiskt frodas i vårt samhälle. Möjligheten att uppnå social kontroll med bokaler fungerari teorin men det behöver undersökas ytterligare.

L’énergie nucléaire a toujours suscité la polémique. Alors que certains considèrent qu’une énergie nucléaire « sûre » pourrait contribuer à assurer à la fois une meilleure sécurité des approvisionnements énergétiques et une réduction des émissions mondiales de gaz à effet de serre, d’autres lui reprochent plusieurs types de risques et particulièrement les accidents nucléaires, la gestion des déchets nucléaires, la non-prolifération et les attaques terroristes ou même militaires contre les installations nucléaires civiles. En réalité, le retour d’expérience des accidents nucléaires les plus catastrophique de l’histoire, Three Mile Island (États-Unis) en 1979, Tchernobyl (ancienne URSS) en 1986 et Fukushima Daiichi (Japon) en 2011, a montré que des accidents nucléaires graves peuvent avoir des effets divers d’une portée potentiellement considérable, (très souvent transfrontières), à la fois pour les personnes, les biens et pour l’environnement. L’accident de Fukushima a confirmé une fois de plus la nécessité d’améliorer les règles existantes du droit international de l’énergie nucléaire, de manière à mettre en place un régime mondial de responsabilité civile du fait nucléaire, répondant aux préoccupations de tous les États qui pourraient être touchés par ce type d’accident. Le défit aujourd’hui est, donc, degarantir une réparation efficace, équitable et harmonisée des différents types de dommages issus d’un accident survenant dans une installation nucléaire. / Nuclear energy always caused the polemic. Whereas some consider that a “sure” nuclear energy could contribute to ensure at the same time a better safety of the energy supplies and a reduction of the greenhouses gas emissions, others reproach its several types of risks, particularly, the nuclear accidents, the nuclear waste control, the non-proliferation and the terrorist attacks or even armed against civil nuclear installations. Actually, return of the experience of the most catastrophic nuclear accidents in history (Three Mile Island (the United States) in 1979, Tchernobyl (former USSR) in 1986 and FukushimaDaiichi (Japan) in 2011), showed that serious nuclear accidents can have a variety of potentially far-reaching effects (very often transboundary) for people, property and the environment. The Fukushima accident confirmed once again the need to improve the existing rules of international nuclear energy law to put in place a global nuclear liability regime that addresses all of the states that may be affected by a nuclear accident. Today’s challenge is, therefore, to guarantee an efficient, fair and harmonized repair of the different types of damage resulting from an accident occurring in a nuclear installation.

L’art. 62 del d.l. n. 1 del 2012, che riecheggia lo schema della Legge n. 192 del 1998, ma nello specifico settore agroalimentare, prevede non solo regole di forma, che hanno un obiettivo di protezione della parte debole del rapporto (neoformalismo contrattuale), ma anche regole di contenuto e di comportamento, che intendono prevenire la formazione di contratti iniqui. Lo scopo di questo studio non è soltanto quello di offrire un inquadramento sistematico ad una legislazione che, peraltro, si inserisce in un contesto sempre più frammentato, ma anche quello di analizzare i vari strumenti previsti e di valutare la loro capacità nel perseguimento dello scopo prefissato dalla legislazione, anche attraverso l'applicazione della disciplina generale prevista all'interno del codice civile, alla quale oggi, più che mai, si sente il bisogno di ridare spazio. Il lavoro si dipana lungo quattro capitoli, attraverso un percorso che inizia con l’analisi delle relazioni tra contratto e mercato, tramite un’indagine sistematica sulla nuova disciplina dei contratti, prosegue con l’approfondimento della disciplina dell’articolo 62, per poi analizzare gli strumenti introdotti in relazione all’impatto sull’efficienza del mercato, ed in particolare sul settore agroalimentare, in termini di food safety, food security e accesso al credito. / Article 62 of the d.l. n. 1 of 2012, which echoes the scheme of Law no. 192 of 1998, but in the agri-food sector, provides not only rules of form, which have the objective of protecting the weak part of the relationship (neoformalism), but also rules of content and behavior, which intend to prevent the formation of unfair contracts. The aim of this study is not only to offer a systematic framework for legislation that, moreover, is part of an increasingly fragmented context in italian legislation, but also to analyze the various instruments and to assess their ability to achieve the intended purpose, also through the application of the general principal of civil code which today, more than ever, feels the need to be applied. The work unfolds along four chapters, through a process that begins with the analysis of the relationship between contract and market, through a systematic survey on this new discipline of contracts, continues with the examination of the discipline of Article 62, and then analyze the tools introduced and their impact on the efficiency of the market, and in particular on the agri-food sector, in terms of food safety, food security and access to credit.

The Electrical Power Systems (EPS) are indispensable for a Nuclear Power Plant (NPP). The EPS are essential for plant start-up, normal operation, and emergency conditions. Electrical power systems are necessary not only for power generation, transmission, and distribution but also to supply reliable power for plant operation and control system during safe operation, Design Basis Conditions (DBC) and Design Extension Conditions (DEC). According to IAEA Specific Safety Guide SSG-34, EPS are essentially the support systems of many plant equipment. Electrical system, which supply power to plant systems important to nuclear safety, are essential to the safety of an NPP. In recent years, due to the digitization of Instrumentation and Control (I&C) systems, along with their enhanced accuracy, ease of implementing complex functions and flexibility, have been also exposed to sophisticated cyber threats. Despite physical separation and redundant electrical power supply sources, malicious cyber-attacks performed by insiders or outsiders might disrupt the power flow and result in an interruption in the normal operation of an NPP. Therefore, for the uninterrupted operation of a plant, it is crucial to contemplate cybersecurity in the EPS design and implementation. Considering multiple cyber threats, the main objectives of this research work are finding out security vulnerabilities in electrical power systems, simulating potential cyber-attacks and analyzing the impacts of these attacks on the electrical components to protect the electrical systems against these cyber-attacks. An EPS testbed at a small scale was set up, which included commercial I&C and electrical equipment significant for the cybersecurity analysis. The testbed equipment comprises of electrical protection relay (IEC 60255), controller, operating panel, engineering workstation computer, simulation model, etc. to monitor and control the power supply of one or more electrical equipment responsible for a regular operation in an NPP. Simulated cybersecurity attacks were performed using this testbed and the outcomes were examined in multiple iterations, after adding or changing security controls (cybersecurity countermeasures). Analyzing the cybersecurity and performing cyber-attacks on these systems are very advantageous for a real power plant to prepare and protect the plant equipment before any malicious attack happens. This research work conclusively presents cybersecurity analysis, including basic and sophisticated cyber-attack scenarios to understand and improve the cybersecurity posture of EPS in an NPP. The approach was completed by considering the process engineering systems (e.g. reactor core cooling systems) as attack targets and investigating the EPS specific security Defense-in-Depth (DiD) design together with the Nuclear Safety DiD concepts.:CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Motivation 1.2 Technical Background 1.3 Objectives of the Ph.D. Project 1.4 State of the Art in Science and Technology CHAPTER 2 FUNDAMENTALS OF CYBERSECURITY AND ELECTRICAL CONTROL AND PROTECTION CONCEPTS 2.1 Electrical Power System 2.2 Electrical Protection System 2.3 Cyber-Physical System 2.4 Industrial Control System 2.5 Safety I&C and Operational I&C Systems 2.6 Safety Objective Oriented Top-Down Approach 2.7 Cybersecurity Concept 2.8 Threat Identification and Characterization in NPP 2.8.1 Design Basis Threat 2.8.2 Attacker Profile 2.8.1 Reported Real-Life NPP Cyber-Attack Examples 2.9 Security Levels 2.10 Summary CHAPTER 3 CYBER-PHYSICAL PROCESS MODELING 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Single Line Diagrams of Different Operational Modes 3.3 Design 3.4 Block Diagram of Simulink Model 3.5 Implementation of Simulink Blocks 3.5.1 Power Generation 3.5.2 Grid Feed 3.5.3 House Load (Feed Water Pump) 3.6 OPC UA Communication 3.7 Summary CHAPTER 4 CYBER THREAT SCENARIOS FOR EPS 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Cyber-Physical System for EPS 4.3 Cyber Threats and Threat Sources 4.3.1 Cyber Threats 4.3.2 Threat Sources 4.4 Cybersecurity Vulnerabilities 4.4.1 Vulnerabilities in EPS 4.4.2 Vulnerabilities in ICS 4.5 Attacker Modeling 4.6 Basic Cyber Threat Scenarios for EPS 4.6.1 Scenario-1: Physical Access to Electrical Cabinets 4.6.2 Scenario-2: Modification of Digital Protection Devices 4.7 Potential Advanced Cyber Threat Scenarios for EPS 4.7.1 Scenario-1: Alteration of a Set-point of the Protection Relay 4.7.2 Scenario-2: Injection of Malicious Packets 4.7.3 Scenario-3: False Trip Command 4.7.4 Scenario-4: Availability Attack on Protection Relay or SCADA System 4.7.5 Scenario-5: Permanent Damage to Physical Component 4.7.6 Scenario-6: Protocol-wise Attack on Operator Panel 4.8 Threat Scenario for Simulink model 4.9 Summary CHAPTER 5 EPS TESTBED DESCRIPTION 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Basic Industrial Automation Architecture 5.3 Need for Testbeds 5.4 Proposed EPS Testbed 5.4.1 Testbed Architecture 5.4.2 Testbed Implementation 5.5 EPS Physical Testbed Applications 5.5.1 Modeling and Simulation of Power System Faults 5.5.2 Modeling of Cyber-Attacks 5.6 Summary CHAPTER 6 EXPERIMENTAL AND IMPACT ANALYSIS OF CYBER THREAT SCENARIOS 6.1 Outline 6.2 Normal Operation and Control 6.3 Possibilities to Cause Failure in the Primary or Secondary Cooling Systems 6.4 Implementation of Cybersecurity Threat Scenarios 6.4.1 Alteration of a Relay Set-Point during Plant Start-Up Phase 6.4.2 Alteration of a Controller Set-Point during Normal Operation Phase 6.4.3 Availability Attack on Control and Protection System 6.4.4 Severe Damage to a Physical Component due to Overcurrent 6.5 Experimentally Assessed Cyber-attacks 6.6 Summary CHAPTER 7 SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK REFERENCES SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS GLOSSARY

This dissertation develops systems engineering and machine learning models for aviation maintenance support. With the constant increase in demand for air travel, aviation organizations compete to maintain airworthy aircraft to ensure the safety of passengers. Given the importance of aircraft safety, the aviation sector constantly needs technologies to enhance the maintenance experience, ensure system safety, and limit aircraft downtime. Based on the current literature, the aviation maintenance sector still relies on outdated technologies to maintain aircraft maintenance documentation, including paper-based technical orders. Aviation maintenance documentation contains a mixture of structured and unstructured technical text, mainly inputted by operators, making them prone to error, misunderstanding communication, and inconsistency. This dissertation intends to develop decision support models based on systems engineering and artificial intelligence models that can automate the maintenance documentation system, extract useful information from maintenance work orders, and predict the aircraft's top degrader signals based on textual data. The first chapter of this dissertation introduces the significant setbacks of the aviation industry and provides a working ground for the following chapters. The dissertation's second chapter develops a system engineering framework using model-based systems engineering (MBSE) methodology to model the aviation maintenance process using the systems engineering language (SysML). The outcome of this framework is the design of an automated maintenance system model that can be used to automate maintenance documentation, making it less prone to error. The third chapter of the dissertation uses textual data in maintenance work orders to develop a hybrid approach that uses natural language processing (NLP) and transformer models to predict the readiness of a legacy aircraft. The model was tested using a real-life case study of the EA-6B military aircraft. The fourth chapter of this dissertation develops an ensemble transformer model based on three different transformer models. The ensemble model leverages the benefits of three different transformer architectures and is used to classify events based on an aviation log-based dataset. This dissertation's final and fifth chapter summarizes key findings, proposes future work directions, and provides the dissertation's limitations.

Thermals are regions of rising hot air formed on the ground through the warming of the surface by the sun. Thermals are commonly used by birds and glider pilots to extend flight duration, increase cross-country distance, and conserve energy. This kind of powerless flight using natural sources of lift is called soaring. Once a thermal is encountered, the pilot flies in circles to keep within the thermal, so gaining altitude before flying off to the next thermal and towards the destination. A single thermal can net a pilot thousands of feet of elevation gain, however estimating thermal locations is not an easy task. Pilots look for different indicators: color variation on the ground because the difference in the amount of heat absorbed by the ground varies based on the color/composition, birds circling in an area gaining lift, and certain types of cloud formations (cumulus clouds). The above methods are not always reliable enough and pilots study the weather for thermals by estimating solar heating of the ground using cloud cover and time of year and the lapse rate and dew point of the troposphere. In this paper, we present a Machine Learning based solution for assisting in forecasting thermals. We created a custom dataset using flight data recorded and uploaded to public databases by soaring pilots. We determine where and when the pilot encountered thermals to pull weather and satellite images corresponding to the location and time of the flight. Using this dataset we train an algorithm to automatically predict the location of thermals given as input the current weather conditions and terrain information obtained from Google Earth Engine and thermal regions encountered as truth labels. We were able to converge very well on the training and validation set, proving our method with around a 0.98 F1 score. These results indicate success in creating a custom dataset and a powerful neural network with the necessity of bolstering our custom dataset.

As water systems are critical infrastructures, their continuous service is essential for maintaining vital functions of society. During the past decades, a number of severe global challenges have put increasing pressure on the water systems, threatening the quality and availability of water. Digitalization is expected to play a fundamental role in managing these challenges, making the digital transformation of the water industry an imperative rather than a choice for water utility providers. However, the implementation of digital solutions also entails a number of challenges, risks and vulnerabilities to water systems. As such, water utility providers are faced with increased complexity and uncertainty, where the safety and security of the system is at stake. This thesis addresses the potential implications of a digital transformation of the water industry by exploring how digitalization affects the Swedish water sector from a safety and security perspective. By doing so, the thesis aims to enhance the understanding of how Swedish water utility providers can manage its ongoing digital transformation. The thesis consists of a qualitative research study where interviews with 16 representatives from the Swedish water industry contributed with a broad perception of the implications of the digital transformation. Theory on high reliability organizations and resilience was applied to obtain a deeper understanding of what the potential safety and security implications may entail for Swedish water utilities in managing and reaping the benefits of their digital transformation. The study finds that representatives from the Swedish water sector mainly view benefits related to the efficiency of their operations from their ongoing digital transformation, while the mentioned drawbacks are generally related to their organizational abilities in managing the emerging risks and increased level of complexity. With increasing digitalization, Swedish water utilities coincide with the high reliability organization theory to a higher extent, which emphasizes the increasing importance of employing bothtechnical reliability and organizational resilience practices. This thesis concludes that technical reliability has historically been well-managed and prioritized by utilities, whilst organizational resilience has become an increasingly important aspect to focus on with increasing digitalization. Hence, practices of organizational resilience, such as incorporating clear strategies, integrating work between divisions and increasing follow-up from disturbances, should be employed on a wider scale among water utilities. / Då vattensystem är kritisk infrastruktur är deras kontinuerliga funktion avgörande för att upprätthålla vitala funktioner i samhället. Under de senaste decennierna har ett antal allvarliga globala utmaningar ökat trycket på vattensystemen, vilket hotar vattnets kvalitet och tillgänglighet. Digitalisering anses vara avgörande för att hantera dessa utmaningar, vilket gör digitalisering av vattenindustrin till en nödvändighet snarare än ett val för VA-bolag. Att implementera digitala lösningar medför emellertid också ett antal utmaningar, risker och sårbarheter för vattensystem. VA-bolagen står således inför en ökad komplexitet och osäkerhet där systemsäkerheten står på spel. Denna uppsats behandlar de potentiella implikationer som kan uppstå av en digital transformation av vattenindustrin genom att undersöka hur digitalisering påverkar den svenska VA-sektorn ur ett säkerhetsperspektiv. Genom detta syftar uppsatsen till att öka förståelsen för hur svenska VA-bolag kan hantera sin pågående digitalisering. En kvalitativ forskningsstudie har genomförts där intervjuer med 16 representanter från den svenska VA-sektorn bidrog med en bred uppfattning om digitaliseringens implikationer för den svenska VA-sektorn. Teori om high reliability organizations och resiliens användes för att fördjupa förståelsen för vad de potentiella säkerhetsimplikationerna kan innebära för svenska VAbolag, både för hantering av riskerna och för att ta till vara på fördelarna med den digitala transformationen. Studien visar att representanter från den svenska VA-sektorn, i deras pågående digitalisering, huvudsakligen ser fördelar relaterade till effektiviteten i vattenproduktionen, medan de nämnda nackdelarna i allmänhet är relaterade till deras egna förmågor att hantera de framväxande riskerna och den ökade komplexiteten. Med ökad digitalisering kan svenska VA-bolag i högre utsträckning beskrivas med teori kring high reliability organizations, vilket medför en ökad vikt av att arbeta med både teknisk tillförlitlighet och organisatorisk resiliens. Teknisk tillförlitlighet har historiskt hanterats väl och prioriterats av VA-bolag, medan organisatorisk resiliens har blivit allt viktigare att fokusera på med ökad digitalisering. Därför drar denna uppsats slutsatsen att arbete med organisatorisk resiliens, såsom att införa tydliga strategier, integrera arbetet mellan avdelningar och öka uppföljningsarbetet efter störningar, bör utföras i större skala bland VA-bolag.

Text in Afrikaans with summaries in Afrikaans and English, and English title page / This thesis is an attempt to give a penological evaluation relating to A comparative penological investigaion regarding Correctional Policy and Legislation, which is the aim of this research. This penological literature study will focus on an historic overview of the prison as an institution for punishment. Besides the historical background of the South African prison system it is also thereby placed on the policy and legislation of countries such as the Netherland's and England's prison institutions. After the implementing of policy and legislation in the prison systems the basis for an improved prison system was formed. Important core understandings of policy and the application of lawful prescriptions were checked and the different levels of the policy were included in the South African correctional system. Features of the policy and legislation were continually adapted after the changing needs and circumstances on social, economic and political environments. Consequently indicating in this comparative penological investigation it has come to the conclusion that no penalty institution can function normally and efficiently without a well-considered policy and legislation. It has been found that the formulation and implementation of the policy and prescriptions are an important part of the planning process of the correctional system. Rational for the search for correctional policy and legislation are mainly examined in South Africa and consequently it was to identify the respective policy and lawful prescriptions. It was contracted against the background of the maintenance and protection of a just, peaceful and safe society as the Law enforces verdicts of courts to imposed, charge like all captive sentence safe conservation to while their human dignity is assured and same time around the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, No 108 of 1996. This Act was also promoting the social responsibility and human development of all prisoners and persons subject to community corrections. The implementation of policy and lawful prescriptions were orderly emphasised to the advantage or disadvantage of the captive and the prison system. This comparative investigation gave recognisance to international principles over corrective events and is included in a penological perspective at the same time. / Hierdie proefskrif is 'n poging om 'n teoretiese-prinsipiele uiteensetting te gee oor 'n Vergelykende penologiese ondersoek rakende Korrektiewebeleid en Wetgewing ten einde die doelwit van hierdie navorsing te bereik. 'n Literatuurstudie oor die historiese ontwikkeling van die gevangenis as strafinrigting is ingestel en is gefokus op die gevangenisstelsels in Suid-Afrika, Engeland en Nederland. Benewens hierdie historiese agtergrond is die doel om die ontwikkeling van die strafbeleid en wetgewing in oorsese lande en in Suid-Afrika te identifiseer ten einde die verandering binne die gevangenisstelsels te verstaan. Hierdie gebeurtenisse van vroeer en hedendaags het die grondslag gevorm vir 'n verbeterde gevangenisstelsel. Belangrike kernbegrippe van beleid en die toepassing van wetlike voorskrifte is nagegaan en die verskillende vlakke van beleid wat betrekking het op die Suid-Afrikaanse korrektiewe stelsel is omskryf. Wetgewing is as die hoogste vlak van beleid beskryf en gevolglik word beleid en wetgewing voortdurend aangepas na gelang van veranderde behoeftes en omstandighede op maatskaplike-, ekonomiese- en politieke terreine. In hierdie penologiese ondersoek is aangedui dat geen strafinstelling normaal en doeltreffend kan funksioneer sonder 'n deurdagte beleid en wetgewing nie. Daar is aangedui dat die formulering en implementering van die beleid en voorskrifte deel is van die beplanningsproses van die korrektiewe stelsel. Die rasionaal van korrektiewebeleid en wetgewing is hoofsaaklik in Suid-Afrika ondersoek en is onderskeie beleidsrigting en wetlike voorskrifte in oenskou geneem. Oit is gedoen teen die agtergrond van die instandhouding en beskerming van 'n regverdige, vreedsame en veilige samelewing wat deur die Wet voorgeskryf is om alle gevangenes in veilige bewaring aan te hou terwyl hul menswaardigheid verseker word. Dienooreenkomstig is daar uitvoering gegee aan die Grondwet van die Republiek van Suid-Afrika, No 108 van 1996 en bevorder hierdie Wet die maatskaplike verantwoordelikheid en die menslike ontwikkeling van aile gevangenes en persone onderworpe aan gemeenskapskorreksies. Die implemetering van korrektiewebeleid en wetlike voorskrifte is menigmale beklemtoon tot voordeel of nadeel van die gevangene en die gevangenisstelsel. Terselfdertyd is daar in hierdie vergelykende penologiese navorsing erkenning gegee aan internasionale beginsels oor korrektiewe aangeleenthede en is dit terselfdetyd in penologiese perspektief geplaas. / Criminology / D.Litt. et Phil. (Penology)

The primary objective of this research is to formulate a methodology of assessing the maximum impact loading condition that will incur onto an aircraft’s landing gear system via Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and appropriately determining its corresponding structural and impact responses to minimize potential design failures during hard landing (abnormal impact) and shock absorption testing. Both static and dynamic loading condition were closely analyzed, compared, and derived through the Federal Aviation Administration’s (FAA) airworthiness regulations and empirical testing data. In this research, a nonlinear transient dynamic analysis is developed and established via NASTRAN advanced nonlinear finite element model (FEM) to simulate the worst-case loading condition. Under the appropriate loading analysis, the eye-bar and contact patch region theory were then utilized to simulate the tire and nose wheel interface more accurately. The open geometry of the nose landing gear was also optimized to minimize the effect of stress concentration. The result of this research is conformed to the FAA’s regulations and bound to have an impact on the design and development of small and large aircraft’s landing gear for both near and distant future.