Submitted by Rosina Valeria Lanzellotti Mattiussi Teixeira (rosina.teixeira@unisantos.br) on 2017-07-28T19:07:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Luis Fernando Bacellar.pdf: 701385 bytes, checksum: d64306a2f526baa5c5dafb91486390f9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-28T19:07:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luis Fernando Bacellar.pdf: 701385 bytes, checksum: d64306a2f526baa5c5dafb91486390f9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-28 / In this globalized world, the international trade of goods and the capital movements between parties based in two or more countries has grown rapidly and dynamically. Over the years, these commercial transactions have generated legal uncertainty in international trade relations, both for sellers and buyers, since there was no uniformity in the standards that would be applied to solve the problems arising from international trade, such as: lack of delivery of goods, non-conformity of delivered goods, delivery of goods beyond the contract deadline, non-conforming international purchase and sale documentation, delivery of goods in a place other than the named place of destination, as well as any other substantial default under the purchase and sale agreement. The aforementioned issues cause financial, economic and tax losses, since the economic balance of the agreement is bound to its fulfillment in the terms in which it was entered into. This situation was exacerbated by the lack of a uniform standard, and by the fact that some countries follow the civil law system, while others follow the common law. Thus, a movement began in search of a uniformization of standards, culminating in the approval of the Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods. In this sense, the present dissertation approaches, first, the historical evolution, the approval of the text of the Convention and its normative structure. Afterwards, we discuss the application of the Convention in national territory from the perspective of the treaty. Next, an analysis will be carried out on the overall trading system and the good faith of the contracting parties. In sequence, we will assess the instruments of mitigation of damages in the international trade of goods, highlighting and studying their mechanisms, and how the Convention aims to mitigate the damages in international trade. All to conclude whether the means proposed by the international treaty can produce the desired effects or not. / No cenário de um mundo globalizado, a relação de compra e venda internacional de mercadorias e a circulação de capital, entre partes sediadas em dois ou mais países, cresceram de forma rápida e dinâmica. Ao longo dos anos, essas transações comerciais geraram inseguranças nas relações jurídicas internacionais, tanto para os vendedores quanto para os compradores, posto que não havia uma uniformidade quanto à norma que seria aplicada para dirimir os problemas advindos do comércio internacional, tais como: a falta de entrega das mercadorias, mercadorias em desconformidade com as contratadas, entrega de mercadorias fora do prazo contratado, documentação da compra e venda internacional em desconformidade, entrega de mercadorias fora do lugar de destino, bem como qualquer outro inadimplemento substancial do contrato de compra e venda. Os citados problemas geram danos financeiros, econômicos e tributários, posto que o equilíbrio econômico do contrato está vinculado ao seu cumprimento nos termos em que foi celebrado. Essa situação era agravada em face à inexistência de uma norma uniforme, e pelo fato de alguns países adotarem a civil law e outros, o sistema da common law. Assim sendo, iniciou-se um movimento em busca da harmonização das normas, culminando na aprovação da Convenção sobre Compra e Venda Internacional de Mercadorias. Nesse sentido, a presente dissertação aborda, primeiramente, a evolução histórica, a aprovação do texto da Convenção e a sua estrutura normativa. Após, será discutida a aplicação da Convenção em território nacional sob a ótica do tratado. Em seguida, será realizada análise sobre o sistema comercial global e da boa-fé dos contratantes. Por seguinte, serão avaliados os instrumentos de mitigação de danos no comércio de mercadorias internacionais, salientando e estudando os seus mecanismos, e como a Convenção pretende mitigar os danos no comércio internacional, para ao final, concluir se os meios propostos pelo tratado internacional são capazes de gerar os efeitos desejados ou não.

This thesis analyses the compatibility of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) with the South African law of sale. An initial examination of the historical development of the CISG reveals its ambitions of becoming the primary source of law governing international contracts of sale. The goal of this research is to determine whether South Africa should ratify the CISG. The CISG has been ratified by most of the leading trading States in the world. In order to gain a better understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of ratification, a comparative study has been undertaken. The stance taken toward the CISG by the United Kingdom and Germany has been examined. The United Kingdom has staunchly avoided ratifying the CISG, despite having agreed thereto a number of years ago. Germany however has taken a different approach and has welcomed the CISG. The experiences of these foreign States serve as a useful guide when assessing the specific challenges that exist in South Africa concerning the adoption of the CISG. The most important aspect of this study is the direct comparison between the legal provisions housed in the CISG and their counterparts under South African law. A careful investigation has been conducted into the rights, duties, and remedies under the CISG. This investigation is followed by an examination of the corresponding rights, duties, and remedies under the South African domestic law of sale. It is evident from these explorations that the rights and duties under the CISG strongly resemble those under South African law. The direct comparison revealed however that certain remedies found in the CISG do not have a counterpart under South African law. Despite this discrepancy, there are no legal principles in the CISG that are completely unknown in South African law. While certain remedies housed in the CISG cannot be found in an identical form under South African law, sufficiently similar legal principles can be found, which frequently lead to the same results as those under the CISG. This study is concluded with a recommendation concerning South Africa’s adoption of the CISG.

This thesis attempts to critically and comparatively analyse the doctrine of exemption/frustration /force majeure under the United Nations Convention on the Contract for International Sale of Goods (CISG) the UNIDRIOT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (UNIDROIT) and the English Law. The doctrine of exemption/frustration/force majeure is very important in the area of contract and commercial law, it is a doctrine deeply rooted in fairness and allows a party to be excused from performing an obligation in a contract if at the conclusion of the contract an inhibition beyond the foreseeable control of the party happens to render the performance of the contract impossible. However, it is not easy to effectively streamline this doctrine and properly determine its applications. It has been observed in this thesis that, the doctrines of exemption/frustration /force majeure are not exactly the same; this thesis explores in details severally and jointly the various differences and similarities in the interpretations and applications of these impossibility doctrines. For instance, the open and flexible use of words in the definition of this doctrine under the CISG and the UNIDROIT Principles left much to be desired. Thus, it is one of the succinct arguments of this thesis that couching international law in loose words will work against the uniformity of application of this law, due to the different interpretations national law courts will be subjecting it to. This among other issues retarded the growth and development of the doctrine of exemption and force majeure. Furthermore, English law stance on the doctrine of frustration which can be gleaned from both the Sale of Goods Act of 1979 and the Common law are far from being adequate and need to be updated. This thesis therefore incisively laid bare the applications, interpretations and way forward for the doctrine of exemption/frustration/force majeure under the legal instruments of focus of this work. The thesis also comparatively compares the relationship between the doctrine of frustration/force majeure/exemption and other related doctrines like mistake, termination, avoidance, risk, and hardship. The thesis is concluded with a Draft Model Frustration Clause (DMFC) which is an attempt to rise above the status quo doctrine of frustration in the extant laws and develop a frustration clause that will be able to provide answers to the many flaws that trail these laws.

The 1980 United Nations Convention on the International Sale of Goods, concluded under the auspices of UNCITRAL, creates a comprehensive statutory legal framework for international sales. Through the express incorporation of the principle of freedom of contract, the convention contains rules which the parties may freely adapt to the particular circumstances of their transaction, by filling any gaps that may arise with trade usages and other practices. In addition, the convention recognises the binding force of international trade usages in certain circumstances, in that it binds parties to usages which are so widely known and have acquired such regularity of observance in international trade as to justify an expectation that they will be observed in the particular transaction. Such acknowledgment of the changing patterns and norms of behaviour which characterise international trade law allows the CISG to be categorised as a major component of the modern lex mercatoria. / Constitutional International & Indigenous Law / LL.M.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-03-22T12:50:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabio Alonso Vieira.pdf: 1196140 bytes, checksum: c8f63bea4ff6deaab2084f080d753443 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-22T12:50:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabio Alonso Vieira.pdf: 1196140 bytes, checksum: c8f63bea4ff6deaab2084f080d753443 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-07 / This paper aims to demonstrate why the uniform application principle provided in CISG is, at the same time, real, utopic and necessary. Since the invasion of Rome by the barbarians there has not been a universal or uniform law, such as jus gentium. Thenceforth, in a legal pluralism environment, the world has been through moments of seeking for nationalism or the uniformization of the law. With the emergence of lex mercatoria and, more recently, with the advent of globalization, the world has become extremely dynamic and without barriers between the States. In this context, various schools of thought have risen advocating for a “global uniform Law” and, afterwards, given its impossibility, a uniform law for specific matters of substantive law. Then, the most successful uniform law of all times: CISG was drafted. Intending to be a uniform legal diploma, it is necessary for its provisions to be understood in a uniform manner. As the provided in article 7 of CISG. However, the interpretation of the provisions of the convention drawn up in a vague concept and in several official languages, ratified by States in different social, economic, political and religious backgrounds is a utopia. Although, this utopia is necessary to maintain limits and borders when the application of the legal provisions by the CISG interpreters. Without the established frame work by the utopic uniform interpretation, CISG would never reach its objectives and, most likely, would be dead / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo demonstrar que o princípio da interpretação uniforme inserido na CISG é, ao mesmo tempo, real, utópico e necessário. Desde a invasão de Roma pelos bárbaros não se tem mais um direito universal ou uniforme como o jus gentium. A partir daí, num ambiente de pluralismo jurídico, o mundo passou por momentos de busca pelo nacionalismo ou pela uniformização do direito. Com o surgimento da lex mercatoria e, mais recentemente, com o advento da globalização, o mundo tornou-se extremamente dinâmico e sem barreiras entre os Estados. Nesse contexto, surgem diversas correntes doutrinárias defendendo a tese de um “direito uniforme mundial” e, posteriormente, dada a sua impossibilidade, um direito uniforme para determinadas matérias do direito substantivo. É elaborada, então, a mais bem-sucedida lei uniforme de todos os tempos: a CISG. Para tentar ser um diploma uniforme, torna-se necessário que os seus dispositivos sejam interpretados de maneira uniforme. É o que dispõe o artigo 7 da CISG. Contudo, interpretar artigos da convenção redigida com conceitos vagos e em diversos idiomas oficiais, ratificada por Estados em diferentes momentos sociais, econômicos, políticos e religiosos é uma utopia. No entanto, essa utopia é necessária para manter limites e fronteiras quando da aplicação dos dispositivos legais pelos intérpretes da CISG. Sem essa moldura estabelecida pela utópica interpretação uniforme, a CISG jamais chegaria perto dos fins para os quais ela foi criada e, muito provavelmente, já estaria morta

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-03-22T12:53:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniela Bertotti.pdf: 1610746 bytes, checksum: 755bfb65e31e65603773bd933570d16a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-22T12:53:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniela Bertotti.pdf: 1610746 bytes, checksum: 755bfb65e31e65603773bd933570d16a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-08 / Fundação São Paulo - FUNDASP / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The present study aims at analyzing the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) by examining most thoroughly the different interpretations of its text on the light of several western legal traditions. This analysis of the implications of such different interpretations will give rise to a discussion on the level of interpenetration among different legal systems. This, in turn, leads to an analysis of the impact of the conditions imposed by the Convention on its interpretation, which is considered a selfcontained autonomous ruling within the text of the Convention. As can be seen from a historical overview of the matter, the pursuit of unified regulations governing the international purchase and sale of goods is precisely the result of trade practices and of the consolidation of customary laws and principles. This thesis is thus based on the dynamics of this unifying process. The analysis will focus on its innovative feature of a consonant interpretation; an important structural element which may determine the success or failure of the text of the Convention when observed in different legal environments. It will be taken into consideration the role of the relation between governments and their institutions established with International Organizations, as well as that of the need for predictability when signing international agreements. Therefore, elements such as sovereignty and globalization are essential for a proper understanding of the impacts of this Convention in international law, namely, international trade laws / O objeto de estudo da tese ora apresentada versa sobre a Convenção de Viena sobre Compra e Venda Internacional de Mercadorias, conhecida pela sigla em inglês CISG. O escopo de análise visa enfoque especial na interpretação do texto convencional, tendo em vista as diversas tradições jurídicas ocidentais. Da análise das implicações acerca da interpretação, depreender-se-á o grau de interpenetração entre os sistemas jurídicos, analisando o impacto das condições de interpretação delimitada pela Convenção, considerada regramento autônomo e autocontido no texto convencional. A busca pela unificação de normas que disciplinem a relação de compra e venda internacional é vislumbrada no estudo da historiografia como um dado decorrente das próprias práticas comerciais e na consolidação de regras e princípios de caráter consuetudinário. A tese é estruturada com base na dinâmica da unificação acerca das normas a respeito do comércio internacional, consubstanciado o principal ponto de análise de sua inovação na interpretação uniforme como ponto importante para o sucesso ou o fracasso do texto convencional quando da sua aplicação dentro dos diversos ambientes jurisdicionais. Reputar-se-á como relevante o papel do Estado e das suas instituições na relação com as Organizações Internacionais e a necessidade da previsibilidade dentro das relações contratuais no campo internacional. Assim, elementos como soberania e globalização são necessários para a correta apreensão dos impactos de referida Convenção no campo do direito internacional, notadamente o direito do comércio internacional

The development of the United Nation’s Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) started at the beginning of the 20th century in order to provide a uniform legal regime for international sales contracts. The development started because of a belief that a uniform international sales convention would contribute certainty in commercial trade and decrease transaction costs for the contracting parties. The Convention was signed in Vienna 1980 and came into force in 1988 after securing the necessary number of ratifications. The CISG is automatically applied to international sale contracts in certain given situations but the contracting parties are free to exclude the Convention as applicable law in favour of another regulation. As of today, more than 25 years after the CISG came into force, the Convention is commonly being excluded as the governing law of international sales contracts. By studying surveys and academic writings, certain factors can be derived as reasons prior to an exclusion of the CISG. The factors can be referred to as unfamiliarity, time and costs, negotiation strength and standard form contracts or standard terms. Regarding unfamiliarity, the importance given to the Convention in law faculties within the signatory states, together with time and costs attributed to a familiarization process, seems to play an important role. Moreover, the Convention is associated with problems regarding a non-uniform interpretation of the Convention’s provisions within the national courts and arbitral tribunals, as well as regarding its incompleteness, meaning that there are gaps that need to be filled by national law. These problems affect the Convention’s ability to provide potential users with legal certainty and predictability, which in turn may affect the familiarity with the Convention and hence have an impact on an exclusion of the CISG.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att i en jämförande studie utreda skillnaderna beträffande gällande rätt avseende upplysningsskyldigheten för säljaren vid fastighetsköp respektive vid köp av lös egendom. Uppsatsen ska även utreda huruvida skillnaderna är motiverade för säljaren av en vara. Någon bestämmelse som tar sikte på säljarens upplysningsskyldighet finns inte i 4 kap. JB. Av förarbetena framgår det att undersökningsplikten är utgångspunkten för felansvaret och att det inte finns någon generell upplysningsskyldighet för säljaren. I NJA 2007 s. 86 ansågs det motiverat att frångå gängse riskfördelning och ålägga fastighetssäljaren en upplysningsskyldighet, vilken tillsynes verkar ha en generell karaktär. I nämnda rättsfall dras paralleller med avtalsvillkoret i 19 § 1 st. 2 p. KöpL, som ger ett visst mått av upplysningsskyldighet. Inom doktrin är det omdiskuterat om säljaren i vissa situationer ska ha en sådan skyldighet. Efter avgörandet i NJA 2007 s. 86 kan det fastställas att det nu etablerats en upplysningsskyldighet vid sidan av AvtL:s ogiltighetsregler. Mot bakgrund av förarbetena, praxis och doktrin som behandlats gällande 19 § KöpL kan det konstateras att det inte finns ett klart stöd för att säljarens upplysningsskyldighet går vid sidan av AvtL:s ogiltighetsregler. Fastighetssäljaren ansvarar efter NJA 2007 s. 86 redan vid den lägre graden ohederlighet, vilket kan anses ha skapat en slags diskrepans mellan säljaren av lös egendom och fastighetssäljaren. Min sammantagna slutsats blir därmed att de skillnader som nu skapats i gällande rätt beträffande säljarens upplysningsskyldighet vid försäljning av en vara inte är motiverade, med hänsyn till den diskrepans som nu skapats mellan egendomsslagen och som inte kan undgå att betecknas som en generell upplysningsskyldighet för fastighetssäljaren. / The purpose of this thesis is to, in a comparative study, examine differences in the law concerning the obligation for a vendor to inform at real estate purchase and purchase of movable property. The thesis shall also examine whether the differences are justified for the vendor of goods. A provision that refers to the seller's obligation to inform doesn’t exist in ch. 4 JB. The legislative history shows that the buyer’s obligation to inspect is the basis for the allocation of liability and that there isn’t a general obligation for the vendor to inform. In NJA 2007 p. 86, it was considered justifiable to depart from the usual risk allocation and impose a real estate vendor an obligation to inform, which seems to be general. The case mentioned above draws parallels with the contractual term of 19 § 1p. (2) AvtL, which gives a certain degree of obligation to inform. In doctrine, it’s debated whether the vendor in some situations should have such an obligation. After the ruling in NJA 2007 p. 86, an obligation to inform alongside AvtL’s rules on invalidity has now been established. With regard to legislative history, case law and doctrine examined concerning 19 § 1p. (2) AvtL, it can be concluded that there isn’t a clear support that the vendor’s obligation to inform goes alongside the AvtL’s rules on invalidity. The vendor of real estate is liable now by NJA 2007 p. 86 already at the lower degree of dishonesty, which might have created a sort of discrepancy between the vendor of movable property and the vendor of real estate. My overall conclusion is therefore that the current differences created in the law regarding the vendor's obligation to inform when vending goods can’t be justified, having regard to the discrepancy that emerged between asset classes and which can’t avoid to qualify as a general obligation to inform for the vendor of real estate.

本論文的研究重心為1980年聯合國國際商品買賣契約（以下簡稱CISG）七十四條第二段所規定之「預見可能性原則」。 第二章「預見可能性原則在比較法上的觀察」中整理大陸法系，普通法系及CISG的前身ULIS、國際統一商務契約原理和PECL等以預見可能性原則做為限制賠償責任制度的相關規定和研究成果，做為解釋CISG預見可能性原則的基礎。 第三章「CISG的預見可能性原則」則以CISG七十四條第二段的預見可能性原則規定為中心，分節探討其體系架構、構成要件，例如預見的主體、客體（包含損害的可能性、類型與規模）、判斷的主客觀標準、判斷時點及舉證責任等問題。除了以第二章在比較法上的觀察為解釋的材料以外，也視情況引用聯合國秘書處所提供之一九七八年CISG草案註釋。 第四章「預見可能性原則與我國法之比較分析」整理我國現行契約法上通用的責任限制原則──相當因果關係原則和法規目的原則，再將預見可能性原則與之分別比較分析，從其中觀察到不同的政策背景如何地影響制度的形成並造成彼此的差異。 最後，於第五章「結論」中總結本論文對CISG預見可能性原則及與我國法比較分析後的結論與論文寫作的一點心得。

Thesis (doctoral)--Université de Genève, 1994. / Material type: Dissertations. Includes bibliographical references (p. 305-323) and index.