Le loup ou bar européen effectue une partie de son cycle de vie dans les lagunes et estuaires, des eaux de transitions caractérisées par des fluctuations environnementales plus marquées qu’en milieu marin. Les mécanismes d’acclimatation à la salinité à des températures plus élevées qu’en milieu marin sont encore relativement inexplorés. Dans cette étude, des juvéniles de loup ont été préacclimatés pendant deux semaines à l’eau de mer (EM) à 18 °C (eau tempérée) ou à 24 °C (eau chaude) puis transférés soit dans l’eau douce (ED) soit dans l’EM aux deux températures testées. À 24 °C, les loups parviennent à maintenir leur pression osmotique sanguine relativement constante, quelle que soit la salinité testée. En revanche, la hausse de température affecte significativement différents traits physiologiques liés à l’osmorégulation, la régulation acido- basique, l’excrétion azotée et la production de mucus. Cette étude a notamment montré qu’une acclimatation thermique à 24 °C modifie la structure morphologique de la branchie et induit un déséquilibre de la balance ionique sanguine. Ce déséquilibre concerne particulièrement les ions Na+ et a pour conséquence une diminution du ratio Na+/Cl- plasmatique, pouvant être symptomatique d’une acidose sanguine. Après transfert en douce, une augmentation moins importante de la densité des ionocytes branchiaux et de l’activité de la pompe Na+/K+ ATPase a été observée à 24 °C comparé à 18 °C. De plus, certains transporteurs ioniques jouant un rôle clé dans l’absorption ionique en eau douce n’ont pas été induits au niveau transcriptionnel à 24 °C. Cela suggère une capacité réduite des poissons de passer d’un épithélium branchial hypo-osmorégulateur vers un épithélium hyper-osmorégulateur lors d’un transfert en eau douce à 24 °C vs 18 °C. Au niveau moléculaire, la hausse de température a affecté l’expression de plusieurs transporteurs ioniques branchiaux, notamment en EM. À 24 °C, la surexpression de transporteurs liés au transport de proton H+ pourrait être le signe d’un déséquilibre acido- basique. De plus, l’induction de transporteurs d’ammonium pourrait indiquer un besoin accru d’excréter de l’azote par voie branchiale, potentiellement lié à un métabolisme plus élevé en eau chaude. L’expression des gènes codant pour la protéine chaperonne HSP90 a été fortement affectée par la hausse de température et dans une moindre mesure par la dessalure. Pour finir, l’analyse des mucocytes suggère que la production de mucus pourrait être induite en réponse au stress thermique. Ce type d’étude fonctionnelle sur l’acclimatation à différents régimes de température permet d’apporter des éléments de compréhension pour pouvoir prédire les réponses des téléostéens face aux conséquences du changement global. / The European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax undertakes seasonal migrations to estuaries and lagoons that are characterized by fluctuations in environmental conditions. It is unclear to what extent salinity acclimation mechanisms are affected at temperatures higher than in the sea, as usually encountered in transitional waters in spring and summer. In this study, juvenile sea bass were pre-acclimated to seawater (SW) at 18 °C (temperate) or 24 °C (warm) for two weeks and then transferred to either fresh water (FW) or SW at the considered temperatures. We have shown that sea bass are able to efficiently maintain blood osmolality at 24 °C at both salinities. However, temperature increase induced significant changes regarding several physiological traits related to osmoregulation, acid-base regulation, ammonia excretion and mucus production. This study showed that thermal acclimation at 24 °C affects gill morphology through gill remodeling and whole-organism ion balance. Plasma Na+ levels seemed to be particularly affected leading to decreased plasma Na+/Cl- ratio in warm conditions, suggesting a blood acidosis. Following FW transfer, the major effects observed were a lower increase in the density of branchial ionocytes and in Na+/K+-ATPase activity at 24 °C compared to 18 °C. Moreover, several key ion transporters involved in ion uptake were not transcriptionally induced following FW transfer at 24 °C. These data suggest a less effective capacity to switch from hypo-to hyper-osmoregulation after FW transfer when fish are exposed to higher temperature. At the molecular level, the temperature increase affected the expression of several branchial transporters, notably in SW. At 24 °C, higher expression of transporters linked to H+ transport might be linked to an acid-base imbalance. Moreover, the induction of ammonia-transporting channels might also indicate increased need for nitrogen excretion, potentially due to enhanced metabolism in warm conditions. Molecular chaperones HSP90 expression was strongly affected by temperature increase and to a lesser extent by salinity decrease. Finally, gill goblet cells analysis suggested that mucus production is increased in response to thermal stress. This study and additional functional studies investigating different temperature regimes provide insights on the effect of increased temperatures on fish responses and may help to predict how teleost will face the consequences of global change.

Understanding and resolving the water quality problems that Florida Bay has endured requires an understanding of its salinity drivers. Because salinity is the prime factor that drives estuarine ecosystem, Florida Bay’s ecosystem health depends on the correct salinity balance of the Bay. In this thesis, the Regional Oceanic Modeling System - a hydrodynamic prognostic model -was implemented on Florida Bay and it was tailored for shallow waters. Results show that the model captures most of the salinity spatial and temporal variability of Florida Bay. Furthermore, it establishes the role of the major drivers like evaporation, precipitation, and runoff on Florida Bay’s salinity. The model resolves region specific salinity drivers in all four areas of Florida Bay characterized by their own salinity regimes. The model was also able to reveal the impact of surface runoff on salinity in the later part of the year when evaporation increases. A new technique was developed to estimate the discharge and salinity of unmonitored small creeks north of Florida Bay. Those data were estimated from the relationship between net freshwater flux, runoff, and salinity. Model results revealed the importance of accounting for these small creeks to accurately simulate Florida Bay’s salinity. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2018. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Submitted by Jadson Francisco de Jesus SILVA (jadson@uefs.br) on 2018-01-24T22:18:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Documnento final corregido.pdf: 12597297 bytes, checksum: 02116050b523c30d85f26b7819a459ef (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-24T22:18:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Documnento final corregido.pdf: 12597297 bytes, checksum: 02116050b523c30d85f26b7819a459ef (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-25 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / The Serinha?m estuary is located in the south of Bahia state, about 110km from Salvador, within the limits of the Ituber? municipality, between parallels 13 ? 30 'and 14 ? 00' South latitude and meridians 38 ? 50 ' and 39 ? 40 'West longitude, ending up in the Camamu Bay. It is located on the coastal part of the Environmental Protection Area (APA acronym in portuguese) of Pratigi inside the Ecopolo III. Exist in this area a low level of development of human activities, compared with other estuaries from Brazil and over the world. At the same time, it was found a lack of environmental studies, such as salinity and tidal estuary. In this work we studied the behavior of salinity in the estuary of Serinha?m, starting from the understanding of salt exchange process between the river and the sea. The study was approached from a systemic point of view, considering the different components of physical and geographical environment, hydrology, climate, morphology, oceanography, etc., in the regional and local context in which it is inserted. It was divided into three stages; first a literature review and survey of initial data, following later by collection of salinity and tidal data during five campaigns occurred in April, July and December 2014, August and September 2015. The salinity?s samples were collected at 137 stations along the estuary, with an optical refractometer and a multiparameter device Hanna. The tide stations were placed on the docks of Ituber? and Barra Serinha?m ports, using first two rules of tide and in the second measurement, three prototypes of autonomous automatic ultrasonic digital tide gauges, constructed and electronically calibrated in the lab. Finally, we done the office works, where the results of data collected were processed and represented in a GIS environment. It was concluded that there is a difference in salinity? seasonal behavior of the estuary, and that the presence of extreme events such as "El Ni?o" and "La Ni?a" can influence the behavior of salinity. Four elements rules the salinity of the estuary, the morphotectonic that controls the relief of the bottom; the tributaries; the tide and rainfall. The tides were classified as microtidal in December 2014 and August 2015; and as mesotidal in September 2015, due to the influence of syzygy tides during the spring equinox. The estuary was classified according to the salinity as positive; according to the flow rate, as thoroughly mixed and by the movement patterns as well blended or vertically homogeneous. These results are expected to contribute to future updates of the management plans of APA-Pratigi. / O estu?rio de Serinha?m est? situado no baixo sul do estado da Bahia, aproximadamente a 110Km de Salvador, dentro dos limites do munic?pio de Ituber?, entre os paralelos 13?30' e 14?00' de latitude Sul e meridianos 38?50' e 39?40' de longitude Oeste, desembocando na Ba?a de Camamu. Encontra-se na parte costeira da ?rea de Prote??o Ambiental (APA) do Pratigi, dentro do Ec?polo III. Nesta zona existe um baixo n?vel de desenvolvimento das atividades antr?picas em compara??o com outros estu?rios, do Brasil e do mundo. Ao mesmo tempo foi constatada a escassez de estudos ambientais, como salinidade e mar? do estu?rio. Neste trabalho estudou-se o comportamento da salinidade no estu?riodo Serinha?m, a partir da compreens?o do processo de interc?mbio salino entre o rio e o mar. O estudo foi abordado do ponto de vista sist?mico, considerando os diferentes componentes do meio f?sico-geogr?fico, hidrografia, clima, morfologia, oceanografia, etc., no contexto regional e local onde est? inserido. Foi dividido em tr?s etapas, primeiramente a revis?o bibliogr?fica e levantamento de dados iniciais, posteriormente foi realizada coleta de dados de salinidade e mar?, em cinco campanhas nos meses de abril, julho e dezembro de 2014, agosto e setembro de 2015. As amostras de salinidade foram coletadas em 137 esta??es ao longo do estu?rio, com um Refract?metro ?tico e um aparelho multipar?metroHanna. As esta??es de mar? foram colocadas nos Cais dos Portos de Ituber? e da Barra do Serinha?m, utilizando primeiramente dois r?guas de mar? e na segunda medi??o, 3 prot?tipos de mare?grafos digitais ultrass?nicos autom?ticos aut?nomos, constru?dos e calibrados eletronicamente no laborat?rio. Por ?ltimo os trabalhos de gabinete, onde foram processados os resultados das coletas de dados e espaceados num ambiente SIG. Foi poss?vel concluir que existe uma diferen?a no comportamento sazonal da salinidade do estu?rio, a presen?a de eventos extremos como ?El Ni?o? e ?La Ni?a? podem condicionar o comportamento da salinidade. Quatro elementos controlam a salinidade do estu?rio, a morfotect?nica que controla o relevo de fundo; os rios afluentes; a mar? e as precipita??es. As mar?s foram classificadas como micromar?s em dezembro de 2014 e agosto de 2015, e setembro de 2015 como mesomar?, pela influ?ncia das mar?s de siz?gia equinociais de primavera. O estu?rio foi classificado segundo a salinidade como positivo; segundo a taxa de fluxo, como totalmente misturado e pelos padr?es de circula??o comobem misturado ou verticalmente homog?neo. Com esses resultados, espera-se contribuir para as futuras atualiza??es dos planos de manejo da APA-Pratigi.

Submitted by Jadson Francisco de Jesus SILVA (jadson@uefs.br) on 2018-01-26T21:53:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 disserta??o Eliza 14 de dezembro final.pdf: 1828093 bytes, checksum: 7d102752271132d8745e82e9533c13b3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-26T21:53:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 disserta??o Eliza 14 de dezembro final.pdf: 1828093 bytes, checksum: 7d102752271132d8745e82e9533c13b3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-14 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / The stress situation in Caatinga is aggravated by climate changes, from which are predicted higher temperatures; water scarcity and higher soil salinization. Studies evaluating differences in seeds tolerance to abiotic stress among samples or genotypes of the same species can constitute physiologic tools and significant and complementary information for the selection of the most adapted group to environmental pressures. This work aimed to compare the seed vulnerability of different samples of Erythrina velutina (Fabaceae) to abiotic stress; evaluate que physiologic quality of seeds and determine the tolerance limits to saline, hydric and thermic stress. The assays were conducted at EMBRAPA semiarido Seeds laboratory and at the Germination laboratory of State University of Feira de Santana. In addition, the assays were entirely randomly mounted, four repetitions of 10 seeds for the vigor test and 50 seeds for the stress test. In the initial vigor, the seeds of all samples showed 100% of radicle emission at the first count. The seeds samples were affected by the addition of sodium chloride in the solution, exhibiting critical limit at 36dSm-1 for some samples. The radicular protrusion was affected with the decrease of the osmotic potential of the solution, which was caused by PEG 6000, limiting the germination in -0,9 MPa. The seed germination of E. velutina occurs at broad limits of temperature, from 5 to 40?C. Generally, the stress imposed by sodium chloride and PEG did not compromise the viability of the seed germinal power as the seeds of the samples showed high rate of germination when the ideal conditions were reestablished, excepting Cai?ara 2011. The great temperature of E. velutina germination occurs between 25 to 30?C. / A situa??o de estresse na caatinga tende a se agravar pelas mudan?as no clima onde se prev? maiores temperaturas, escassez de ?gua e maior saliniza??o do solo. Estudos que avaliem as diferen?as de toler?ncia de sementes aos estresses abi?ticos entre acessos ou gen?tipos da mesma esp?cie podem constituir ferramentas fisiol?gicas importantes e complementares para a sele??o de grupos de plantas mais adaptadas ?s press?es ambientais. Esse trabalho teve como objetivos comparar a vulnerabilidade de sementes de diferentes acessos de Erythrina velutina (Fabaceae) ? estresses abi?ticos; avaliar a qualidade fisiol?gica das sementes; e determinar os limites de toler?ncia aos estresses salino, h?drico e t?rmico. Os ensaios foram conduzidos nos laborat?rios de sementes da Embrapa Semi?rido (Petrolina-PE) e no de Germina??o da UEFS (Feira de Santana ?BA). Os ensaios foram montados em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, quatro repeti??es de 10 sementes para o teste de vigor e de 50 sementes para os estresses. Em rela??o ao vigor inicial as sementes de todos os acessos apresentaram 100% de emiss?o de rad?cula na primeira contagem. As sementes dos acessos foram afetadas pela adi??o de cloreto de s?dio na solu??o apresentando limite cr?tico de germina??o aos 36 dS.m-1 para alguns. A protrus?o radicular foi afetada tamb?m com a diminui??o do potencial osm?tico da solu??o causada pelo PEG 6000 tendo limite de germina??o em -0,9 MPa. A germina??o de sementes de E. velutina ocorreu sob amplo limites de temperatura, 5 a 40 ?C. De modo geral os estresses impostos pelo cloreto de s?dio e PEG n?o comprometeram a viabilidade do poder germinativo, visto que as sementes dos acessos apresentaram alta porcentagem de germina??o quando as condi??es ideais foram reestabelecidas, exceto as de Cai?ara 2011. A temperatura ?tima de germina??o de E. velutina ocorreu na faixa de 25 a 30 ?C.

Submitted by Jadson Francisco de Jesus SILVA (jadson@uefs.br) on 2018-01-26T22:52:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o Final_Patricia Gomes de Oliveira.pdf: 1649219 bytes, checksum: bbddc913ad0687cec74a62d0e8eb2b79 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-26T22:52:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o Final_Patricia Gomes de Oliveira.pdf: 1649219 bytes, checksum: bbddc913ad0687cec74a62d0e8eb2b79 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-14 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / The world food production and the crop production has been affected by pests, insects, fungous, bacteria, viruses and nematodes and also by abiotic factors as water availability, soil salinity among others that affect several crops. The guava crop has important role in the economy, particularly in the family farming in Northeast Brazil especially in the irrigated crops of the Semiarid region. In this crop, Meloidogyne enterolobii, a gall nematode together with the Fusarium solani, cause a complex disease that make unviable several production areas. Besides these problems, the irrigated areas are prone to soil salinity that can also affect the crop. Thus, the search for genotypes in the genus Psidium to be used as resistant rootstock to these stresses or to be used in breeding programs that are devoted to obtain clones that allow the commercial production of guava in the country. Therefore, the aim of this work was to evaluate the reaction of Psidium spp. accessions to different doses of inoculum and also to evaluate the effect of osmoconditioning of Psidium guineense to saline stress. The first trial was carried out in a completely randomized bloc with eight replications. The accessions were inoculated with three inoculum densities (600, 1600 and 2000 eggs/mL) and they were evaluated 135 days after inoculation. The second trial was carried out in a completely randomized block with 25 seeds per replication, using osmoconditionated and not osmoconditionated seeds. It was found genetic variability among and within the accessions to reaction to M. enterolobii. Different inoculum densities can affect, in a differential way, the reproduction rate of the nematode in the root system of each plant and, thus, to make it difficult to identify the reaction of plants to the nematode M. enterolobii. Different electric conductivities affected the seeds regarding all variables evaluated in osmoconditionated and non condicionated seeds. The osmoconditioning can decrease the average and speed of seed germination of P. guineense in conditions of medium salinity level. / A produ??o mundial de alimentos e a produtividade agr?cola t?m sido bastante afetadas por agentes bi?ticos como pragas, insetos, fungos, bact?rias, v?rus e nematoides e tamb?m por fatores abi?ticos como a baixa disponibilidade h?drica, salinidade dos solos dentre outros afetando diversas culturas. A cultura da goiabeira tem importante papel na economia, com destaque para a agricultura familiar no Nordeste brasileiro, especialmente os cultivos irrigados do Semi?rido. Nessa cultura, Meloidogyne enterolobii, o nematoide-das-galhas da goiabeira, juntamente com Fusarium solani, causam doen?a complexa que tem inviabilizado muitas ?reas de produ??o. Al?m desses problemas, as ?reas irrigadas do Semi?rido s?o sujeitas a problemas de salinidade dos solos e que podem atingir tamb?m a cultura da goiabeira. Em vista disso, a busca, dentro do g?nero Psidium, por gen?tipos para uso direto como porta-enxertos resistentes a esses estresses ou para subsidiar programas de melhoramento gen?tico com vistas ? obten??o de clones que viabilizem a produ??o comercial da goiabeira, tornou-se a linha mais atual de alguns programas de pesquisa no Brasil. Assim o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a rea??o de acessos de Psidium spp. a diferentes densidades de in?culo e avaliar o efeito do osmocondicionamento de sementes de Psidium guineense submetidas ao estresse salino. O primeiro experimento foi realizado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com oito repeti??es, onde os acessos foram inoculados com tr?s densidades de in?culo 600, 1600 e 2000 ovos/mL e avaliados 135 dias ap?s inocula??o. O segundo experimento foi em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com 25 sementes por repeti??es utilizando sementes osmocondicionadas e n?o osmocondicionadas. Existe variabilidade entre e dentro dos acessos avaliados para rea??o a M. enterolobii. Diferentes densidades de in?culo podem afetar de modo diferenciado, a taxa de reprodu??o do nematoide no sistema radicular de cada planta e, assim, dificultar a identifica??o da rea??o das plantas ao nematoide. M. enterolobii. Diferentes condutividades el?tricas afetaram todas as vari?veis avaliadas em sementes osmocondicionadas e n?o osmocondicionadas. O osmocondicionamento pode diminuir o tempo m?dio e velocidade m?dia de germina??o de sementes de Psidium guineense em condi??es de mediana salinidade.

As microalgas são organismos unicelulares, eucariotos, simples em estrutura, fotossintetizantes, que requerem principalmente luz, água e nutrientes inorgânicos para seu crescimento. Estes micro-organismos podem converter eficientemente dióxido de carbono em biomassa e certos compostos bioativos com aplicações nas indústrias alimentícia, farmacêutica e cosmética. Botryococcus braunii é uma espécie de microalga capaz de sintetizar e armazenar lipídios, incluindo ácidos graxos, epóxidos, alquilfenol, éter e hidrocarbonetos de cadeia longa. O conteúdo lipídico pode alcançar de 15% a 75% da biomassa seca, sendo que os ácidos graxos livres representam mais da metade deste extrato. Os parâmetros como carbono inorgânico, nitrogênio, vitaminas e sais são vitais para o crescimento de microalgas, exercem influência tanto no crescimento como na composição da biomassa. Assim, este trabalho tem a finalidade de verificar a influência das quantidades de nitrato de sódio e de fosfato de potássio dibásico no crescimento e composição da microalga Botryococcus braunii, onde serão avaliados parâmetros cinéticos e de crescimento, bem como a composição da biomassa. Os diferentes meios de cultivo avaliados para o crescimento da microalga mostraram a importância da influência da salinidade no crescimento e composição da biomassa de B. braunii, sendo o meio Chu encontrado como o melhor meio para o crescimento, no qual para uma otimização do crescimento e produção de biomassa foram utilizadas diferentes concentrações de fontes de nitrogênio e fósforo. Com uso de meio Chu, foi possível a obtenção de concentrações celulares de 4962,9mg.L-1 em fotobiorreator tubular, com correção da concentração das fontes de nitrogênio e fósforo de acordo com o crescimento celular. Nas várias concentrações de nitrogênio e fósforo avaliadas, foi encontrada uma concentração de lipídios numa faixa de 32,56 a 36,93%, onde foram encontrados os seguintes ácidos graxos C11:0; C14:1; C16:0; C16:1; C17:1; C18:0; C18:1n9; C18:2n6; C20:0; C18:3n6; C20:1 e C18:3n3. / Microalgae are unicellular photosynthetic organisms, eukaryotes, simple in structure, requiring mainly light, water and inorganic nutrients for growth. These micro-organisms can efficiently convert carbon dioxide into biomass and certain bioactive compounds with applications in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Botryococcus braunii is a microalga capable of synthesizing and storaging lipids, including fatty acids, epoxides, ether, and hydrocarbons. Lipid content can reach 15% to 75% of dry matter, and free fatty acids represent more than half of this extract. Parameters such as inorganic carbon, nitrogen, vitamins and salts are important parameters regulating algal growth and the composition of biomass. This work aims to study the influence of the amounts of sodium nitrate and potassium phosphate dibasic in the growth and composition of microalgae Botryococcus braunii, by evaluating kinetic and growth parameters, as well as biomass composition. The culture media evaluated for the growth of microalgae, showed the importance of the influence of salinity on growth and biomass composition of Botryococcus braunii. Chu medium was found as the best medium for growth, for which an optimization of growth and biomass concentrations different sources of nitrogen and phosphorus was used. Using the Chu medium, it was possible to obtain cell concentrations of 4962.9mg.L-1 in tubular phobioreactor, with correction of concentrations of both nitrogen and phosphorus sources according to cell growth. Taking into account the various nitrogen and phosphorus evaluated, A concentration of lipids was found in a range from 32.56 to 36.93%, where the fatty acids are: C11:0; C14:1; C16:0; C16:1; C17:1; C18:0; C18:1n9; C18:2n6; C20:0; C18:3n6; C20:1 and C18:3n3.

A definição adequada da lâmina para lixiviação de sais e recuperação de solos salinos depende da qualidade dos resultados obtidos por meio das diversas equações disponíveis para esse fim. Sabendo disso, objetivou-se, com este trabalho: a) avaliar a eficiência de equações empíricas utilizadas para determinar a lâmina de água necessária à recuperação de solos salinos, bem como, b) a caracterização da mobilidade e distribuição do íon sódio em colunas de solo usando dados experimentais e simulados no modelo computacional MIDI. O estudo constou de etapas experimentais e de simulação e foi conduzido nas dependências do Departamento de Engenharia de Biossistemas da Escola Superior de Agricultura \"Luiz de Queiroz\" - ESALQ/USP, Piracicaba - SP. O experimento em casa de vegetação consistiu na aplicação de três lâminas de lixiviação para lavagem e recuperação de dois materiais de solos, armazenados em 36 colunas. Anteriormente, cada solo foi artificialmente salinizado, por meio da aplicação de cloreto de sódio, elevando-se a condutividade elétrica da solução do solo para valores aproximados de 3,0 e 6,0 dS m-1. Assim, os tratamentos, em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições, corresponderam a um fatorial de 3 x 2 x 2, decorrente das combinações de três lâminas de lixiviação com dois tipos de solo e dois níveis de salinidade. As lâminas, calculadas a partir do volume de poros de cada solo, foram aplicadas por meio de um sistema de irrigação (gotejamento) a uma vazão de 8 L h-1. Após a aplicação das lâminas, a solução do solo de cada coluna foi extraída e levada ao laboratório para se determinar a condutividade elétrica e concentração de sódio. Nesta etapa foram avaliadas as alterações nas características químicas do solo, em resposta à aplicação das lâminas. Em seguida, equações empíricas foram utilizadas para estimar as concentrações de sais remanescentes na solução do solo, em função das lâminas de lixiviação aplicadas; enquanto que o modelo MIDI foi empregado para simular a distribuição do sódio no perfil do solo. Os cenários teóricos gerados a partir do uso das equações e do modelo MIDI foram comparados com os resultados experimentais, observados nos ensaios com as colunas de solos instaladas na casa de vegetação. As concentrações de sódio e, consequentemente, os valores de condutividade elétrica da solução do solo reduziram de maneira inversamente proporcional com a aplicação das lâminas de lixiviação; sendo os melhores resultados observados no solo arenoso, em função da maior mobilidade do sódio neste material. De maneira geral, as equações testadas foram mais eficientes no solo arenoso e, dentre elas, a proposta de Cordeiro (2001) foi a que apresentou respostas mais coerentes com os resultados obtidos experimentalmente. / The method to properly determine salt leaching water depth and recovery of saline soils depends on the quality of the results obtained by various equations available for this purpose. The objectives of this research were: a) to evaluate the efficiency of empirical equations used to determine the water depth required for saline soils reclamation and b) to characterize the mobility and distribution of sodium in soil columns using experimental and simulated data via the MIDI model. The study consisted of experimental and simulated steps and was carried out at the Department of Biosystems Engineering (\"Luiz de Queiroz\" College of Agriculture - ESALQ/USP), in Piracicaba, SP. The greenhouse experiment began by applying three leaching water depth for washing and reclaiming two soil types stored in 36 columns. Previously each soil sample was artificially salinized by applying sodium chloride, increasing electrical conductivity (EC) in the soil solution to approximate values of 3.0 and 6.0 dS m-1. Thus, the treatments in random block design, with three replications, corresponded to a factorial 3 x 2 x 2, arisen from the combinations of three water depth with two soils types and two levels of salinity. The water depth was calculated based on the pore volume of each soil type, were applied by drip irrigation system at a flow rate of 8 L h-1. After the water depth application, the soil solution of each column was extracted and taken to the laboratory to determine the EC and sodium concentration. The changes in soil chemical properties in response to application of the water depths were then evaluated. Empirical equations were used to estimate the remaining sodium concentrations in the soil solution according to the applied water depth; while the MIDI model was used to simulate the sodium ion distribution in the soil profile. The theoretical scenarios generated from the use of the equations along with the MIDI model were compared with the experimental results observed in tests with soil columns installed in the greenhouse. The sodium concentrations and the values of EC in the soil solution were reduced inversely proportional to the application of leaching water depth. The best results were observed in sandy soil, owing to the greater mobility of sodium in this material. In general, the equations tested in sandy soil were more efficient and, among them, the one proposed by Cordeiro (2001) was the most accurate when compared to results obtained experimentally.

Em condições de ambiente protegido, o controle da salinidade e o manejo da fertirrigação se confundem, pois os sais fertilizantes utilizados na maioria das vezes são as principais causas de salinização. Com o monitoramento periódico da solução do solo, pode-se determinar a condutividade elétrica e a concentração de íons específicos essenciais a nutrição das plantas. Dentre as técnicas de extração da solução do solo, o extrator de cápsula porosa destaca-se pela praticidade em campo, baixo custo, fácil manejo e boa precisão. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi calibrar e avaliar o uso de extratores de cápsula porosa, para o monitoramento da solução do solo, visando auxiliar no manejo da fertirrigação e no controle da salinização, como também, estudar o efeito de diferentes níveis de salinidade, obtidos com base em curvas artificiais de salinização do solo, sobre a cultura do tomate utilizando a cultivar Débora Plus. As plantas foram submetidas aos seguintes tratamentos: seis níveis iniciais de salinidade do solo induzida por sais fertilizantes (S1 = 1,0; S2 = 2,0; S3 = 3,0; S4 = 4,0; S5 = 5,0 e S6 = 6,0 dS m-1) e dois tipos de manejo de fertirrigação, o tradicional (M1) e um manejo de fertirrigação com controle do nível de salinidade do solo durante todo o ciclo da cultura (M2); visando observar se o manejo M2 é capaz de manter a salinidade do solo a níveis desejados. O delineamento estatístico adotado foi o de blocos casualizados completos com quatro repetições, ficando os fatores estudados arranjados no esquema fatorial 6 x 2, totalizando 48 parcelas por estufa. Este estudo foi conduzido na área experimental do Departamento de Engenharia de Biossistemas da ESALQ/USP, Piracicaba, SP. Observou-se que os extratores de cápsula porosa possibilitaram monitorar a concentração de íons na solução do solo, bem como direcionar o manejo de fertirrigação M2, com a manutenção da salinidade em níveis desejados, a partir do controle da condutividade elétrica da solução do solo. Os níveis de salinidade do solo provenientes do acúmulo de sais fertilizantes afetou diretamente as variáveis consumo hídrico, produção e o desenvolvimento vegetativo das plantas, o pH e o oBrix dos frutos e o pH e a concentração de nitrato (NO3 -) da solução do solo. Pode-se verificar que a manutenção da condutividade elétrica da solução do solo pelo manejo M2 em um determinado nível ótimo de salinidade, realmente promove incremento da produção quando contrastada com o manejo tradicional de fertirrigação M1, em ambiente protegido com solo franco-argiloso. / In protected environment conditions, the control of salinity and the fertirrigation management mingle themselves, because most of times the fertilizer salts are the main responsible for the salinization. With the periodical monitoring of the soil solution, the electrical conductivity and the concentration of specific ions can be determined. Among the techniques of extraction of the soil solution the porous cup extractor stands for its practicality in the field, low cost, easy-handling, and good precision. The aim of the research was to calibrate and evaluate the use of porous cup extractors, for the soil solution monitoring in order to aid the management of fertirrigation and the control of the salinization, as well as, study the effect of different levels of salinity, obtained based on artificial curves of soil salinization, on the tomato crop using Débora Plus. The plants were subjected to the following treatments: six initial levels of soil salinity induced by fertilizer salts (S1 = 1,0; S2 = 2,0; S3 = 3,0; S4 = 4,0; S5 = 5,0 E S6 = 6,0 dS m-1). and two types of fertirrigation management, the traditional (M1) and a fertirrigation management with the control of the level of soil salinity throughout the crop cycle (M2); in order to observe if the management M2 is able to maintain the salinity of the soil to desired levels. The Statistic design adopted was the randomized complete block with four repetitions, leaving the studied factors arranged in the factorial scheme 6 x 2, total 48 plots for each protected environment. This study was carried area in the experimental at the Biosistems Engineering Department at ESALQ/USP, Piracicaba, SP. It has been observed that porous cup extractor could monitor the concentration of ions in the soil solution, as well as how to direct the fertirrigation management M2, with the maintenance of the salinity in desired levels. The levels of soil salinity from the accumulation of fertilizer salts affected directly the variables: water consumption, production and the vegetative development of the plants, the pH and the oBrix of the fruit and the pH and the nitrate concentration (NO3 -) of the soil solution. It can be seen that the electrical conductivity maintenance in an excellent level of salinity really promotes the increase of productivity when it contrasts with the traditional fertirrigation management M1, in a protected environment with sandy-clayey soil.

Luk Chun-yin. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 119-131). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / ABSTRACT --- p.i / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.iv / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.x / LIST OF TABLES --- p.xii / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- GENERAL INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.6 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.7 / Chapter 2.2 --- Ammonia chemistry --- p.10 / Chapter 2.3 --- Ammonia metabolism and excretion --- p.11 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Ammonia production --- p.11 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Blood levels of ammonia --- p.12 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Ammonia Excretion --- p.17 / Chapter 2.4 --- Urea metabolism and excretion --- p.23 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Urea Chemistry --- p.23 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Urea production in fishes --- p.24 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Argininolysis --- p.25 / Chapter 2.4.4 --- Uricolysis --- p.26 / Chapter 2.4.5 --- Ornithine-urea Cycle (OUC) --- p.28 / Chapter 2.4.5.1 --- Tilapia inhabiting the highly alkaline Lake Magadi --- p.32 / Chapter 2.4.5.2 --- High Ambient Ammonia --- p.33 / Chapter 2.4.5.3 --- Air Exposure --- p.34 / Chapter 2.4.5.4 --- Toadfishes --- p.34 / Chapter 2.4.6 --- Blood urea concentration --- p.35 / Chapter 2.4.7 --- Urea excretion in fishes --- p.37 / Chapter 2.4.7.1 --- Branchial urea excretion in fishes --- p.37 / Chapter 2.4.7.2 --- Mechanisms of renal excretion in fishes --- p.40 / Chapter 2.5 --- Influence of environmental salinity on nitrogen excretion in teleosts --- p.42 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- BODY COMPOSITION AND UREA BIOSYNTHESIS OF SPAR US SARBA IN DIFFERENT SALINITIES --- p.46 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.47 / Chapter 3.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.49 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Experimental animals --- p.49 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Tissue sampling --- p.49 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Water chemistry analysis --- p.50 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Hematological parameters --- p.50 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Metabolite and electrolyte contents --- p.51 / Chapter 3.2.6 --- Hepatic enzymes activities --- p.51 / Chapter 3.2.6.1 --- Tissue preparation --- p.51 / Chapter 3.2.6.2 --- Carbamyl phosphate synthetases (CPSases; E.C. 2.7.2.5) --- p.52 / Chapter 3.2.6.3 --- Ornithine carbamoyl transferase (OCTase; E.C. 2.1.3.3) --- p.53 / Chapter 3.2.6.4 --- Argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS; E.C. 6.3.4.5) --- p.54 / Chapter 3.2.6.5 --- Argininosuccinate lyase (ASL; E.C. 4.3.2.1) --- p.54 / Chapter 3.2.6.6 --- Arginase (ARG; 3.5.3.1) --- p.55 / Chapter 3.2.6.7 --- Glutamate dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.3) --- p.55 / Chapter 3.2.6.8 --- Uricase (E.C. 1.7.3.3) --- p.56 / Chapter 3.2.6.9 --- Allantoinase --- p.57 / Chapter 3.2.6.10 --- Allantoicase --- p.57 / Chapter 3.2.7 --- Statistical analysis --- p.58 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results --- p.59 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- "Changes in hepatosmatic index, renal somatic index, muscle water and lipid content and hematological parametersin response to different salinity acclimation" --- p.59 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Changes in serum chemistry in response to different salinity acclimation --- p.60 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Changes in hepatic ornithine-urea cycle enzyme activitiesin response to different salinity acclimation --- p.61 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Changes in GDHase and uricolytic enzyme activitiesin response to different salinity acclimation --- p.62 / Chapter 3.4 --- Discussion --- p.71 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Hematological responses --- p.72 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Muscle moisture content --- p.74 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Circulating electrolyte levels --- p.75 / Chapter 3.4.4 --- Circulating metabolites levels --- p.77 / Chapter 3.4.5 --- Urea metabolism --- p.80 / Chapter 3.4.5.1 --- Ornithine-urea cycle enzymes --- p.80 / Chapter 3.4.5.2 --- Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase isozymes --- p.81 / Chapter 3.4.5.3 --- Uricolytic pathway and argininolysis --- p.85 / Chapter 3.4.5.4 --- Influence of salinity on urea metabolism --- p.86 / Chapter 3.4.6 --- Conclusion --- p.87 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- EFFECT OF SALINITY ON NITROGEN EXCRETION OF SPARUS SARBA --- p.88 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.89 / Chapter 4.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.91 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Experimental animals --- p.91 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Experimental protocol --- p.92 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Determination of net ammonia and urea excretion rates --- p.94 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Statistical analysis --- p.94 / Chapter 4.3 --- Results --- p.95 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Net ammonia-N and urea-N excretion rates --- p.95 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Changes in net ammonia-N and urea-N excretion ratesin response to abrupt hyposmotic exposure --- p.95 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Changes in net ammonia-N and urea-N excretion rates after exposure to amiloride for 3 hours --- p.96 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Changes in net urea-N excretion rates in response to elevated body urea levels --- p.96 / Chapter 4.3.5 --- Changes in net ammonia-N excretion rates in response to elevated body ammonia levels --- p.97 / Chapter 4.4 --- Discussion --- p.106 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Influence of environmental salinity on net ammonia-N and urea-N excretion rates --- p.106 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Effects of amiloride on nitrogen excretion --- p.109 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Effect of increased body ammonia on ammonia excretion --- p.113 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Changes in net urea-N excretion rates in response to elevated body urea levels --- p.113 / Chapter 4.5 --- Conclusion --- p.114 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- GENERAL CONCLUSION --- p.115 / references --- p.119

Chan Yee-kwan. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 108-131). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Thesis Committee --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / Acknowledgments --- p.v / General Abbreviations --- p.vii / Abbreviation for Chemicals --- p.x / Table of Contents --- p.xi / List of Figures --- p.xiv / List of Tables --- p.xv / Chapter 1. --- Literature Review / Chapter 1.1 --- Salinity as a global problem --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Salinity and agriculture --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3 --- Plant adaptation to salinity --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Salt secretion --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Ion transport --- p.8 / Chapter 1.3.2.1 --- Role of H+-ATPase in salt tolerance --- p.8 / Chapter 1.3.2.2 --- Potassium and sodium uptake --- p.13 / Chapter 1.3.2.3 --- Sodium efflux --- p.15 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Osmotic adjustment --- p.20 / Chapter 1.3.3.1 --- Accumulation of mannitol --- p.21 / Chapter 1.3.3.2 --- Accumulation of proline --- p.23 / Chapter 1.3.3.3 --- Accumulation of glycinebetaine --- p.23 / Chapter 2. --- Materials and Methods / Chapter 2.1 --- Plant materials and growth conditions --- p.26 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Surface sterilization of Arabidopsis seeds --- p.26 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Determination of sub-lethal inhibitory doses of sodium --- p.27 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Growth conditions of Arabidopsis seeds for total RNA extraction --- p.27 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- NaCl dosage tests --- p.28 / Chapter 2.1.5 --- Expression kinetic tests --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2 --- Isolation of total RNAs --- p.28 / Chapter 2.3 --- Isolation of genes differentially expressed in NaCl concentration by RAP-PCR --- p.30 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- RNA fingerprinting by RAP-PCR --- p.30 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- PCR reamplificatin of RAP products --- p.31 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Cloning of differentially expressed genes --- p.33 / Chapter 2.3.3.1 --- Ligation of inserts into pCR-Script vector and transformation --- p.33 / Chapter 2.3.3.2 --- Ligation of inserts into pBluescript II KS (+) T-vector and transformation --- p.36 / Chapter 2.3.3.3 --- Screening of recombinant plasmids --- p.37 / Chapter 2.4 --- Sequencing of differentially expressed genes --- p.39 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- DNA cycle sequencing --- p.39 / Chapter 2.5 --- Northern blot hybridization of NaCl inducible genes --- p.40 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- RNA fractionation by formaldehyde gel electrophoresis --- p.40 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Northern blotting --- p.41 / Chapter 2.5.3 --- Preparation of single-stranded DIG-labeled PCR probes --- p.41 / Chapter 2.5.3.1 --- Isolation of Total RNA --- p.41 / Chapter 2.5.3.2 --- Primer design --- p.42 / Chapter 2.5.3.3 --- PCR amplification of single-stranded DIG PCR probes --- p.43 / Chapter 2.5.4 --- Hybridization --- p.45 / Chapter 2.5.5 --- Stringency washes --- p.46 / Chapter 2.5.6 --- Chemiluminescent detection --- p.46 / Chapter 3. --- Results / Chapter 3.1 --- Determination of sub-lethal inhibitory doses of sodium --- p.48 / Chapter 3.2 --- Isolation of total RNA from A. thaliana treated with sodium chloride --- p.48 / Chapter 3.3 --- Isolation of genes differentially expressed in sodium concentration by RNA arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction RAP-PCR --- p.52 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Differential cDNA fragments identified by RAP-PCR --- p.52 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- PCR reamplification of RAP products --- p.52 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Cloning of selected RAP-fragments --- p.62 / Chapter 3.4 --- Nucleotide sequence analysis of selected RAP PCR clones --- p.65 / Chapter 3.5 --- Expression pattern analysis of salt inducible genes by northern blot hybridization --- p.75 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Preparation of single-stranded digoxigenin (DIG)-labeled probes --- p.75 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Dosage response of NaCl inducible genes --- p.79 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- Expression kinetics of NaCl inducible genes --- p.80 / Chapter 4. --- Discussion / Chapter 4.1 --- Isolation of RAP-PCR targets --- p.93 / Chapter 4.2 --- Expression of NaCl inducible P450 genes --- p.94 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Cytochrome P450 CYP73A5 --- p.97 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Cytochrome P450 CYP83A1 --- p.98 / Chapter 4.3 --- NaCl induction gene related to post-transcriptional activities --- p.99 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Glycine-rich RNA binding protein (BAC F3F19) --- p.100 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Chloroplast signal recognition particle (54CP) --- p.103 / Chapter 4.4 --- Conclusion --- p.106 / References --- p.108