Den svenska användningen av programvaror i byggsektorn i dagens samhälle använder inte ett gemensamt och digitalt anpassat klassifikationssystem för hanteringen av information inom BIM. Problemet har orsakat ineffektivt informationsutbyte mellan olika aktörer i byggprocessen och fortsatt över hela livscykeln. Stora mängder information förloras och missförstås, vilket har resulterat i förhöjda kostnader och tidsfördröjningar.  I det här examensarbetet undersöks av den anledningen om informationsutbyte mellan olika aktörer kan förbättras. Det här har gjorts genom att undersöka det nuvarande klassifikationssystemet BSAB 96 som används i byggsektorn och ett nytt system benämnt CoClass. Målet med undersökningen har varit att identifiera bristerna med BSAB 96 och utreda om det nya systemet har förmågan att lösa dessa brister. För att sedan kunna bli ett bättre klassifikationssystem som kan används för framtiden av den svenska byggsektorn. Vidare har även svårigheter och hinder vid användning av CoClass undersökts. Insamlingen av information har genomförts med stöd av litteraturstudie och en empirisk undersökning i form av kvalitativa intervjuer. Respondenter valdes selektivt för intervjuerna för att erhålla relevant information, då studien har behövt kvalitativ information som har förbindelse med byggsektorn. Studien har visat att det förekommer tydliga brister och problem med BSAB 96 som behöver utvecklas för att bemöta de digitala behov som finns idag. BSAB-systemet anses som inte tillräckligt utbyggt längre för att klassificera effektivt och korrekt av en del aktörer i byggsektorn. Vidare har systemet inte heller någon form av gränssnitt som kan stödja kommunikationen mellan andra applikationsprogram och programvaror. Det nya klassifikationssystemet CoClass däremot är ett vältänkt och digitalt anpassat system som har visat en utökad mängd tabeller, klasser, egenskaper och många nya funktioner. CoClass har en stor potential för att lösa bristerna med BSAB 96 och samtidigt täcka de digitala behov som finns i dagens samhälle. Men det nya systemet kommer inte utan utmaningar, utan det har även uppfattats som rätt abstrakt och komplicerat av aktörer som arbetar i byggsektorn. Den nuvarande lättillgänglighet som finns för CoClass är inte optimal eftersom endast en del av systemet är gratis. För att få full tillgång till systemet behövs en prenumeration, vilket har skapat en motsatt effekt till att vilja använda det. / The swedish usage of software in the construction sector, currently does not use a mutual and digitally adapted classification system for the management of information in BIM. Problems such as inefficient exchange of information among participants occur during the construction process and continues to do so over the whole life cycle. Large amounts of information are lost and misunderstood, which causes severe cost increases and time delays. Thus, in this thesis a study has been conducted to research if the exchange of information among participants during the construction process can be improved upon. This have been accomplished by investigating the current classification system BSAB 96 that is being used, alongside the introduction of a new one entitled CoClass. The aim of this study has therefore been to identify the problems with BSAB 96. And to clarify if CoClass can resolve these problems and become a better classification system for the future of the swedish construction sector. A literature study and an empirical study in the form of qualitative research interviews have been carried out to conduct this study. In conclusion, the study has shown that there are clear signs of problems with the usage of BSAB 96 regarding the digital needs that are required in our current society. The introduction of the new classification system, CoClass, has shown impressive signs of potential to attain the requirements needed. But it does not come without challenges, among the interviewees a lot of them have interpreted the new system as very abstract and complicated, which can also be considered as deterrent.

The purpose with this report was to do an alternative design with timber as constructional materialfor a reference building designed with a structure in steel. The load-bearing structure of thealternative building have been designed and compared to the reference building with climateimpact and energy needed in consideration. The timber construction has been designed by usingmanual calculations and with computer programs. The timber construction has also been designedby using provided drawings for the reference building.  The result of the design showed that it was possible to use timber as framing material for thereference building, despite the size of the building. The result also showed that the cross sectionsof the timber construction become larger than the cross sections of the steel construction. Horizontal stabilization with cross-laminated timber panels for the roof and with diagonal bars forthe walls is a possible method to use for achieving full horizontal stabilization for the timberconstruction. The external height of the ceiling becomes approximately one and a half metershigher for the timber construction compared to the reference building, assumed that the internalheight of the ceiling stays the same.  Calculations of the climate impact is made by using 3D-modelling tools and computer programsfor environmental calculations. Carbon dioxide equivalents were used when calculating theclimate impact. The result of the accomplished Life cycle assessment shows that the element thatcauses the most climate impact for the building with the steel construction is the load-bearingconstruction, for the timber construction the roof causes the most climate impact. It can also beseen that the phase that causes the most climate impact is the use stage, this turns out to be true forboth designs. The construction stage contributes to 35 % of the climate impact for the steelconstruction and 6 % for the timber construction. The use stage accounts for about 65 % of theemissions for the steel construction and for the timber construction the use stage accounts foralmost 93 % of the emissions with the product specific data.  Calculations of the use stage for the building shows that the building envelope of the timberconstruction has a lower impact on the climate and needs less energy than the building envelope ofthe steel construction. The result also shows that the building envelope for the steel constructionhad a 27 % higher energy consumption than the timber construction. The report also shows thatthe total emissions of the steel construction is greater than the emissions of the timberconstruction.

Linear assets are complex industrial systems that extend from one geographical region to another. Given the criticality of the industrial activities linked to them, it is vital to accurately estimate the systems' reliability. However, this task can be complex as the operational, maintenance and design conditions vary largely along linear asset thereby causing heterogeneity thus complicating the reliability analysis. This leads to inadequacy of the traditional single-parameter reliability approach that uses time as the only predictor variable. This thesis job reviews the existing methods to include explanatory factors into the analysis as covariates. Then, a workflow process is proposed to describe the sequence of steps and decisions needed to carry out the appropriate analysis. The presented flowcharts show how to deal with challenges that are often present in the industrial field. Approaches for dealing with multicollinearity, categorical and continuous covariates, time-dependent covariates, and repairable systems are treated in this work. Subsequently, a case study of railway track is presented as a repairable system with several covariates and failure times as provided by the Swedish Transport Administration. Two different models based on proportional hazard models i.e. the AG (Andersen-Gill) and the PWP(Prentice–Williams–Peterson) methods were run to estimate the regression parameters. Some other functions associated with reliability are obtained from the models such as the cumulative hazard rate and the probability of non-occurrence of the next recurrent event.  In addition, to check the goodness of fit from the obtained models, the Cox-Snell residuals are estimated and used to verify if the estimated parameters fit the data. This procedure is done using a graphical method. From the goodness of fit test, it can be concluded that the PWP model performs better than the AG model. However, the fit is not good enough thus other model validation residual-based techniques are suggested as future work to investigate the reason for the discrepancy. Finally, some actions to deal with multicollinearity are recommended, including using a frailty model and the possibility of reformulating the covariates.

Network RTK is a real-time technique for accurate positioning with Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). The technology means the use of correction data from a network of GNSS receivers with known positions (reference stations) to reduce the uncertainty in position for the user´s GNSS receiver (rover). However, this requires that the correction data can be transferred seamlessly to the user in real time. Commonly the corrections are transferred via mobile phones. The Swedish National Land Survey operates a nationwide Network RTK service, where users can receive correction data via GSM or mobile Internet (GPRS). Network RTK service is based on a nationwide network of permanent reference stations for GNSS, SWEPOS which is also used for other applications. The aim of the study is to examine how the delay and loss in the transmission of network corrections affect measurement with Network RTK service from SWEPOS. Three receivers of different types, Trimble, Topcon and Leica were used to receive signals (all three at the same time) via a fixed external GNSS antenna with very good receiving conditions. Special software was used to create delays and loss of correction data from correction data to the three receivers.   The results show that the threshold where delay and loss means that receivers can no longer calculate a precise position varies between brands. Leica was the most sensitive to loss of correction data, Trimble for delays, while Topcon held up well for both. A new initialization requires that data loss and delay are not too large. Position deviations due to loss and delay of correction data indicate a significant difference between radial plane deviations and height deviations, especially at high loss of correction data. Delays of 0–4 s and various losses of correction data have generally small impact on the standard uncertainty values ​​in latitude and longitude. The standard uncertainty in height is 1.5–2 times higher than it is in plane. The impact of the baseline length is not significant, a marginal increase in the standard uncertainty was seen when increasing from 10 km to 30 km. / Nätverks-RTK är en realtidsteknik för noggrann positionering med hjälp av Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). Tekniken innebär att användaren utnyttjar korrektionsdata från ett nätverk av GNSS-mottagare med kända positioner (referensstationer) för att minska osäkerheten i positionen för den egna GNSS-mottagaren (rover). Detta ställer dock krav på att korrektionsdata kan överföras problemfritt till användaren i realtid. Vanligen sker den överföringen via mobiltelefoni. Lantmäteriet driver en rikstäckande nätverks-RTK-tjänst, där användarna kan erhålla korrektionsdata via GSM eller mobilt Internet (GPRS). Nätverks-RTK-tjänsten baseras på ett rikstäckande nät av fasta referensstationer för GNSS, SWEPOS, vilket också används för andra tillämpningar.   Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur fördröjning och bortfall i överföringen av nätverkskorrektioner påverkar mätning med SWEPOS nätverks-RTK-tjänst. För det ändamålet användes tre mottagare av fabrikaten Leica, Trimble och Topcon som parallellt tog emot signaler via en fast extern GNSS-antenn under mycket goda mottagningsförhållanden. En särskild programvara användes för att skapa fördröjningar och bortfall av korrektionsdata till de tre mottagarna.   Resultaten visade att tröskelvärdet, där fördröjning och bortfall gör att mottagarna inte längre kan beräkna en noggrann position, varierade mellan fabrikaten. Leica var mest känslig för bortfall, Trimble för fördröjningar, medan Topcon stod sig bra för båda. Vid ny initialisering av fixlösning krävdes att databortfall och fördröjning inte var för stora för någon av fabrikaten. Positionsavvikelserna beroende på bortfall och fördröjning av korrektionsmeddelanden visar på en signifikant skillnad mellan radiella planavvikelser och höjdavvikelser, speciellt vid höga bortfall. Fördröjningar på 0–4 s och olika bortfall har generellt liten påverkan på standardosäkerheternas värden i latitud- och longitudled. I höjdled är genomgående standardosäkerheten 1,5–2 gånger större än vad den är i planled. Baslinjelängdens betydelse är inte så stor, en marginell ökning av standardosäkerheten kunde ses vid ökning från 10 km till 30 km.

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Syftet med detta examensarbete är att kunna beräkna sannolikheten av extrema grundvattennivåers återkomsttid. Detta är av betydelse för till exempel dimensionering av grundläggning när risken för hydraulisk bottenupptryckning eller skredrisk måste vantifieras. I föreliggande examensarbete valdes 139 långa grundvattennivåmätserier med varierande hydrogeologiskt miljö ut ur SGU:s grundvattennät. Dessa tidsserier anpassas till olika statistiska fördelningsfunktioner för att prognostisera grundvattennivån som uppträder med en visst återkommsttid. Normal-, Weibull- och Gumbelfördelning liksom logpearson typ 3-fördelning (LP3) och Generaliserad Extremvärdesfördelning (GEV) samt Generaliserad Paretofördelning (GPD) testades och jämfördes. Därutöver beräknades huruvida dessa är lämpliga som modeller för predikteringen av återkommstnivåer. Två olika ansatser diskuteras för att välja ut tidsseriernas extremvärden, årliga maximiserier och överskridelseserier samt deras lämplighet med hänsyn till grundvattennivåns årstidsfluktuation och periodicitet. I undersökningen framgår att den vedertagna normalfördelningen oftast är en lämplig modell men i vissa fall måste förkastas. GEV och LP3 tillåter oftast en bättre anpassning än normalfördelningen men är känsligare mot outliers. GPD visar sig ha god anpassningsgrad till överskridelseserier. Det krävs dock deklustring av mätserier vilket leder till ett minskad antal värden som fördelningen kan anpassas på. / The ability to calculate the probability of extreme groundwater levels is fundamental, when estimating the risk of hydraulic heave at the bottom of an excavation or landslides triggered by excess pore water pressure. This can be done by fitting historic groundwater level data to probability density functions and extrapolating to certain return levels. However, very little research has been done in the field of estimating extreme groundwater level with probability density functions. The design guide (TK-Geo) of the Swedish Transport Administration (Trafikverket) gives a brief description of a method developed in the eighties. It is based on applying well-established hydrological theory to groundwater level time series. In this study, recent research on hydrologic extreme value analysis is applied and used to bring the methods in groundwater up to date. More than 100 long time-series of groundwater data recorded by SGU in the Swedish groundwater network (often used as reference series) are utilized for testing. Established parameter estimation techniques such as Maximum Likelihood Estimation and Probability-Weighted Moments with L-moments are compared and weighed against the traditionally used Method of Moments. Swedish research with focus on this topic usually takes advantage of the simplicity of the Block Maxima Approach, while evading the more complex Peaks over Threshold method. These methods are also applied and discussed as to how their use influences the inferences made. Traditionally used statistical distributions such as the Normal, Weibull and Gumbel distributions are compared to the more flexible and presently more popular Generalized Extreme Value distribution and Generalized Pareto distribution. In order to estimate model adequacy a number of goodness-of-fit tests are discussed and implemented, such as the Anderson-Darling test and Kolmogorov-Smirnoff test. This results in a general overview of how to compute return levels for high return periods and which models should be preferred. Fitting probability density distributions requires the data to be independent and identically distributed, a condition, which groundwater level measurements are generally not in accordance with. This is a consequence of the groundwater’s inherent seasonality not only within one year, but also over random numbers of years. Using data with seasonality results in underestimation of extremes and should be avoided. Examples of identification and recommendations for handling this sort of phenomena are given.

The number of out of hospital cardiac arrest (OHCAs) that occur in Sweden every year is really high and there are very few survivors. When a cardiac arrest happens the heart loses its original rhythm and to find it again the heart needs to be shocked within minutes. There is on going research to see what can be done to improve the survival rate. Publicly accessible defibrillators are one thing that is being implemented. Another solution being considered right now is the possibility of delivering a defibrillator by a drone, especially to places that are difficult to be reached by the ambulance. A test flight with this kind of drone will take place in Stockholm, Sweden in June 2015 and the purpose of this thesis was to analyze where the most suitable place would be to start the drone from for a test flight. The area studied was Stockholm County and the data used contained Out of Hospital Cardiac arrest occurrences between the years of 2006 and 2013 including the time it took for the ambulance to arrive at the scene. The analysis was done with Multi Criteria Evaluation. Multi Criteria Evaluation is a power spatial analysis tool that considers multiple criteria in decision-making environments. With Multi Criteria Evaluation suitable places can be found by adding different data and weighing them according to their importance. In this study a raster with interpolated values was produced from ambulance arrival times and this was weighed against a raster created from the density of previous OHCA cases. Results showed that the best place for a drone like this would be the city center since that is where most OHCAs occur but also the northern parts of the archipelago because of the time it takes for the ambulance to get there.

In a context of increasing attention to sustainability issues, France has formulated a number ofstrategies to develop greener transport practices. The French National Sustainable DevelopmentStrategy is one of them and - among other topics - it encourages soft mobility and the development ofactive modes of transportation such as walking and cycling. In such a setting, the Nîmes andMontpellier Bypass railway project stands out thanks to one of its specificity: planning simultaneouslyfor a high-speed line and a véloroute. A critical investigation of the véloroute’s planning processwithin this project provides elements that may improve usual greenways and véloroutes projects.

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