Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T13:55:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 392133.pdf: 612554 bytes, checksum: 6221e1f7a81bd1388b4cf56c5df94468 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-07-04 / A liberdade ? um tema fundamental da realidade humana. A ?tica ? condi??o para que possamos viver e conviver em sociedade, respeitando o diferente e nos responsabilizando por nossas pr?prias escolhas. Deste modo, Sartre faz uma reflex?o profunda sobre a liberdade humana, desde sua condi??o de exist?ncia at? a suas conseq??ncias diretas sobre a vida do indiv?duo. Assim do bin?mio liberdade-responsabilidade, conceitos indissoci?veis em Sartre, podemos inferir, uma proposta conseq?ente para uma conduta ?tica. Desta maneira, refletir sobre o sujeito livre em uma sociedade que coloca a liberdade como um valor central, ? pensar no fazer humano, nas suas rela??es, ou seja, no seu encontro com o outro, na possibilidade de respeitar ou n?o a liberdade do outro. Em s?ntese, procuramos demonstrar que a liberdade humana ? um aspecto constitucional da exist?ncia de cada indiv?duo, que n?o podemos pensar em um homem ora livre ora n?o, dispomos de uma liberdade fundante que nos compromete durante todo o nosso existir, e por essa raz?o somos chamados a assumir com responsabilidade as conseq??ncias de todas as nossas escolhas e a??es, n?o podendo delegar ou atribuir a responsabilidades a outros ou a for?as misteriosas, somos absolutamente respons?veis pelo homem que queremos ser.

A representação da existência dos personagens de Karim Aïnouz é a inquietação inicial motivadora desta dissertação, que se propõe a investigar de que maneira é construída, estética- e narrativamente, a liberdade no cinema ficcional de Karim Aïnouz. Na busca por respostas, estabelece-se um diálogo com a filosofia existencial sartriana presente em O Ser e o Nada (2015) e O Existencialismo é um humanismo (2014). A partir desta interlocução com a filosofia, precisa-se o objetivo geral desta pesquisa: investigar a construção estética e narrativa da liberdade (de acordo com Sartre) no cinema ficcional de Aïnouz a partir do estudo da situação dos personagens Hermila (O Céu de Suely, 2006), João Francisco (Madame Satã, 2001) e Donato (Praia do Futuro, 2014) em diálogo com a própria trajetória do cineasta. Baseado nesse objetivo geral, compõem-se os objetivos específicos: apresentar as ideias de Sartre a respeito da liberdade e da situação, presentes em suas duas primeiras obras filosóficas; investigar a trajetória de Karim Aïnouz, buscando traçar conexões entre a sua história pessoal e seus filmes, apresentando essa trajetória em diálogo com a filosofia sartriana, através do conceito de situação; a partir desse mesmo conceito, analisar a construção narrativa e estética dos personagens Hermila, João Francisco e Donato, estabelecendo um diálogo entre essa, a trajetória de Karim Aïnouz e as ideias de Sartre; demonstrar a pertinência da perspectiva existencialista sartriana para refletir a respeito do cinema de Karim Aïnouz. Como base metodológica para contemplar os objetivos relativos à construção narrativa e estética dos personagens partiu-se do Ensaio para Análise Fílmica de Vanoye e Goliot-Lété (2008) e da obra Lendo as imagens do cinema, de Jullier e Marie (2009). Balizada pelos objetivos relacionados e buscando mais fluência no texto e do estabelecimento de um diálogo profundo entre o cinema de Karim Aïnouz e a filosofia de Sartre, propôs-se uma organização estrutural dos capítulos baseada livremente nos elementos que compõem a situação, levando em conta as características dos objetos de pesquisa e a trajetória do cineasta, investigada através de fragmentos de entrevistas concedidas pelo diretor para a imprensa e a crítica. Assim, os capítulos Passado, Lugar e Arredores e Próximo / O Outro são divididos em duas partes, ambas em diálogo com a filosofia sartriana. A primeira parte desses capítulos tem como foco Karim Aïnouz, enquanto a segunda se propõe a analisar os protagonistas em questão. Demonstra-se que as estrutras que compõem a situação (Lugar e Arredores, Passado, Próximo / O Outro) não representam um obstáculo à liberdade dos personagens, que são livres nessa e apesar dessa situação, em um processo que reitera a própria liberdade. O capítulo final Morte ou Reinvenção de Si se dedica exclusivamente aos personagens, demonstrando sua liberdade na construção de si através sobretudo de seu corpo, das escolhas pela valorização da experiência sensível e da migração, no caso de Hermila e Donato. Ao longo dos capítulos, evidencia-se a condição livre do cineasta e de seus personagens, bem como as conexões entre a vida do diretor e suas obras. / The way the existence of the characters in Karim Aïnouz’s movies is represented triggered the initial motivation of this dissertation, which proposes to investigate how the freedom is constructed aesthetically and narratively in the fictional cinema of Karim Aïnouz. In the search for answers, a dialogue is established with the Sartrean existential philosophy present in Being and Nothingness (2015) and Existentialism is a humanism (2014). Starting from this interlocution with philosophy, the general objective of this research is to investigate the aesthetic and narrative construction of freedom (according to Sartre) in the fictional cinema of Aïnouz using the concept of the situation of the characters Hermila (Suely in the Sky, 2006), João Francisco (Madame Satã, 2001) and Donato (Future’s Beach, 2014) in dialogue with the director's own trajectory. Based on this general objective, the specific objectives are: to present Sartre's ideas about freedom and the situation, present in his first two philosophical works; To investigate the trajectory of Karim Aïnouz, seeking to draw connections between his personal history and his films, presenting this trajectory in dialogue with the Sartrean philosophy, through the concept of situation; From this same concept, to analyze the narrative and aesthetic construction of the characters Hermila, João Francisco and Donato, establishing a dialogue between these, the trajectory of Karim Aïnouz and the ideas of Sartre; To demonstrate the relevance of the Sartrean existentialist perspective to reflect on the cinema of Karim Aïnouz. The Essay on Film Analysis by Vanoye and Goliot-Lété (2008) and Read Movie Image Film by Jullier and Marie (2009) consist on the methodological basis to contemplate the objectives related to the narrative and aesthetic construction of the characters. Based on the related objectives and seeking more fluency in the text and the establishment of a deep dialogue between the cinema of Karim Aïnouz and the philosophy of Sartre, a structural organization of the chapters based freely on the elements that compose the situation was proposed, taking into account the characteristics of the objects of research and the trajectory of the filmmaker, investigated through fragments of interviews granted by the director to the press and critics. Thus, the chapters Past, Place and Surroundings and Neighbor / The Other are divided into two parts, both in dialogue with the Sartrean philosophy. The first part of these chapters focuses on Karim Aïnouz, while the second part proposes to analyze the protagonists. It is demonstrated that the structures that compose the situation (Place and Surroundings, Past, Neighbor / Other) do not represent an obstacle to the freedom of the characters, who are free in the situation and despite that, in a process that reiterates their own freedom. The final chapter Death or Reinvention of Self is dedicated exclusively to the characters, demonstrating their freedom in building themselves mainly through their body, the choices to value sensitive experience and migration, in the case of Hermila and Donato. Throughout the chapters, it is evident the free status of the filmmaker and its characters, as well as the connections between the director's life and his works.

Jean Paul Sartre proposed that: Historical situations vary…What does not vary is the necessity for him to exist in the world, to be at work there, to be there in the midst of other people, and to be mortal there. The limits are neither subjective nor objective, or rather, they have an objective and a subjective side. Objective because they are to be found everywhere and are recognizable everywhere; subjective because they are lived and are nothing if man does not live them, that is, freely determine his existence with reference to them (Sartre 1987: 38, 39). The Existential philosophy as outlined by Sartre, Levinas, and Kierkegaard cares about the lived experiences of individuals. Such a view is in contradistinction to other philosophical views which have a tendency to reduce human experience, or to lose the individual in abstraction. This thesis has a central concern for the ethical care of patients in the National Health Service. In order to explore the concrete experiences of patients it is necessary to consider the care providers. To that end, the individual health professional then becomes the focus of study. To assist in this approach a double narrative runs through the thesis, which comprises exploring ethical decision making in the NHS, and also on the legal concept of clinical negligence. These two concepts are intertwined in that legal hearings and rulings have a normative influence upon health care practice, and also influence public expectations. The explicit purpose of this approach was to ensure that the theory was explored and developed; grounded upon everyday clinical NHS practice, which includes legal and political influences. The first four chapters of the thesis constructs the three main areas of analysis; Philosophical, legal, and political. With this framework established, the critical analysis of five legal cases of clinical negligence (Chapters Five and Six), establishes convergences in the work of Sartre, Levinas, and Kierkegaard in relation to the subject, freedom and the ethical. The Kierkegaardian concept of kinesis is applied to explore the transition from possibility to actuality in ethical action. During this process a range of dynamics are identified in creating the concept as best described by Levinas as totalisation . Where previously the argument was located at the individual (subject) and organisational (system) level, in Chapter Seven it moves outwards to consider how the authentic individual can create a civil society. Given the recalcitrant barriers identified in the analysis, Chapter Eight considers existentialism as a theory of community and as contributing to epistemology. Together these theories are proposed as addressing the real needs of individuals, by promoting their freedom, and achieving unity in diversity. The recommendations in Chapter Nine are based upon the interplay of two main dialectics uncovered in the body of the thesis concerning ethics and epistemology. Deontology, Utilitarianism, and Virtue ethics were found to all contribute towards professional conduct. However, they were found to be insufficient because they reduce patients and health professionals’ existence to the same as everyone else. Further, Virtue ethics reverses the way in which ethical behaviour is evaluated in comparison to the other two main normative theories. That is, behaviour is evaluated against the virtue being foundational, as opposed to the act performed. However, there is no discussion on how the individual health professional would decide which approach to use. All three approaches then lack a crucial factor which is the existential dimension. Existential ethics is then presented as a possible approach to facilitate the development (kinesis) of health professionals to the ethical sphere of care. Existential ethics emphasises the pre-theoretical aspect in caring for patients. That is, it appreciates the individual and their difference, prior to any conceptualization which has the potential to reduce individual difference to sameness. From this perspective recommendations are outlined for facilitating individuals to develop the ethical aspect of care, for health care pedagogy, and for leadership within the NHS.

In this piece the author takes a journey into the meaning of quests through the philosophical terrain of existential phenomenology and authenticity. Unlike quest narratives in literature and popular culture, our life narratives are not yet finished, but ongoing. Comparing the idea of existential homelessness with its undeniable and constant change to that of autoethnographic writing, he examines narrative and memory and how current life events change our understandings of past narratives and our sense of identity. Our life narratives are made up of fragmented thoughts and ideas, the stories others told before we were born—and will tell about us after we are gone.

Doctor of Philosophy / People gather. Everywhere. They gather to witness. To tell and to listen to stories. To show what was done, and how what is to be done might best be done. To perform the necessary procedures to make sure the gods are glorified and the world continues to be made as it should. To dance, to heal, to marry, to send away the dead, to entertain, to praise, to order the darkness, to affirm the self. People are gathering. As they always have—everywhere. Doctors, lawyers, bankers and politicians don evening wear to attend performances in which people sing in unearthly voices in languages they do not understand, to sit in rows, silent, and to measure the appropriate length of time they should join with each other in continuing to make light slapping noises by striking the palms of their hands together to show their appreciation at the end of the performance. One hundred thousand people gather on the last Saturday of September every year in a giant stadium in the city of Melbourne, Australia at the “hallowed turf” of the Melbourne Cricket Ground, to watch 36 men kick, punch and catch an oval shaped ball with each other, scoring points by kicking it between long sticks planted in the ground. The gathered multitude wears the same ritual colours as the men playing the game. They cry out, stand and sing anthems. This game is played and understood nowhere else in the world, but in the Melbourne cultural calendar it is the most important day of the year. It is what makes Melbourne Melbourne. Before the whitefella came, aborigines from the clans of the Yiatmathang, Waradjuri Dora Dora, Duduroa, Minjambutta, Pangerang, Kwatt Kwatta—the wombat, kangaroo, possum, Tasmanian tiger, echidna, koala and emu, would gather on the banks of the Murray River, near what is now the twin cities of Albury/Wodonga to organize marriages, perform initiations, to lay down weapons, to dance, to settle debts and disputes, to tell stories, to paint their bodies, and to request permission from the Yiatmathang to cross the river and make the climb to the top of Bogong High Plains in late spring, to feast on the Bogong moths arriving fully grown after their flight from Queensland, ready to be sung, danced and eaten. On the island of Sulawesi, a son of a family bears the responsibility of providing the largest possible number of buffalo to be sacrificed at the funeral of his father. A sacrifice which will condemn the son to a life of debt to pay for the animals which must be slaughtered in sufficient number to affirm the status of his family, provide enough meat to assure the correct distributions are made, and assure that his father has a sufficiently large herd in Puya, the afterworld. Temporary ritual buildings for song and dance must be constructed, effigies made, invitations issued. Months are spent in the preparations. And then the people will arrive, family, friends, colleagues and tourists, in great numbers, from surrounding villages, from Ujung Pandang, from Jakarta, from Australia, from Europe, from the USA, to sing, dance, talk, look and listen. And if the funeral is a success, the son will gain respect, status and honour for himself, and secure a wellprovided journey to the afterlife for his father. In a primary school playground, in an outer suburb of any Australian city, thirty parents sit in a couple of rows of metal and plastic chairs on a spring afternoon to watch their own and each other’s children sing together in hesitant or strident voices, in or out of time and tune versions of well-known popular songs praising simple virtues are applauded; the younger the children, the greater the effort, the longer and louder the applause. Some of these people are the same doctors, bankers and lawyers who had donned evening wear the night before at opera houses, now giving freely of the appreciative palm slapping sound held so precious in that other environment. And they will gather and disperse and regather, at times deemed appropriate, at the times when these gatherings have always occurred, these lawyers, doctors, sons, mothers, sports fans, when and where they can and should and must, to sing, to dance, to tell stories, to watch and listen, to be there with and among each other bearing witness to their faith, their belief, their belonging, their values. But what, in these superficially disparate, culturally diverse and dispersed groups of people, what draws them, what gathers an audience, what gathers in an audience, and what in an audience is salient for the audience members? What gathers, what gathers in an audience?

In this thesis I will develop and test an interpretive framework for the Subject based on the understanding that an entity can be identified as a Subject if it is the necessary referent for an attribution. This understanding provides a template for approaching different Subjects, for considering the validity of their being identified as Subjects, and for reorienting the general discourse of the Subject away from an investigation of particular entities to one concerned with the contexts which support such identifications.

<p>In William Golding’s Free Fall, the novel ends without its protagonist, Sammy Mountjoy, receiving the atonement he seeks. As a consequence, the novel ends in an unresolved manner, leaving Sammy in a state of suspension. Despite having a metaphysical awakening in a Nazi POW camp, the consequences of his enlightenment do not reflect the way the Sammy retrospectively narrates the tale of his life. The existentialist theories of Danish thinker and writer Søren Kierkegaard offer a solution to the dilemma. Kierkegaard’s theories concerning the aesthetic, ethical and religious spheres of life, as well as his concept of ‘existential dread’, may be used to show that Sammy is able to make a ‘leap of faith’ from the aesthetic to the ethical sphere. However, because of his inability to make the last leap into the metaphysical sphere of life, he does not attain the insight he needs, namely that he is ‘a child of the finite and infinite’. The essay relates the ways Sammy Mountjoy fits into the Sartrean and Kierkegaardian expressions of existentialism, soon moving on to describe the details of Kierkegaard’s thought concerning the three spheres of life and the concept of ‘dread’. Sammy’s preoccupation with the present, his focus on the exterior rather than the interior and his inability to commit himself to people or situations fit neatly into the criterion for the aesthetic sphere of life. This, in turn, leads him to a state of dread, which reaches its climax in the dark cupboard. When released from his imprisonment Sammy has reached a state of awareness concerning the “vital morality” between people, previously a foreign concept. However, Kierkegaard points out that also the ethical sphere is flawed, leaving the religious/metaphysical sphere as Sammy’s ultimate destination. By failing to make the final ‘leap of faith’, due to a misguided conception of the boundaries between the ethical and the Absolute, Sammy falls short of the resolution he desires and the forgiveness he seeks from the three people that have influenced him the most. Thus an explanation is proposed to the unresolved manner in which Free Fall ends.</p>

In William Golding’s Free Fall, the novel ends without its protagonist, Sammy Mountjoy, receiving the atonement he seeks. As a consequence, the novel ends in an unresolved manner, leaving Sammy in a state of suspension. Despite having a metaphysical awakening in a Nazi POW camp, the consequences of his enlightenment do not reflect the way the Sammy retrospectively narrates the tale of his life. The existentialist theories of Danish thinker and writer Søren Kierkegaard offer a solution to the dilemma. Kierkegaard’s theories concerning the aesthetic, ethical and religious spheres of life, as well as his concept of ‘existential dread’, may be used to show that Sammy is able to make a ‘leap of faith’ from the aesthetic to the ethical sphere. However, because of his inability to make the last leap into the metaphysical sphere of life, he does not attain the insight he needs, namely that he is ‘a child of the finite and infinite’. The essay relates the ways Sammy Mountjoy fits into the Sartrean and Kierkegaardian expressions of existentialism, soon moving on to describe the details of Kierkegaard’s thought concerning the three spheres of life and the concept of ‘dread’. Sammy’s preoccupation with the present, his focus on the exterior rather than the interior and his inability to commit himself to people or situations fit neatly into the criterion for the aesthetic sphere of life. This, in turn, leads him to a state of dread, which reaches its climax in the dark cupboard. When released from his imprisonment Sammy has reached a state of awareness concerning the “vital morality” between people, previously a foreign concept. However, Kierkegaard points out that also the ethical sphere is flawed, leaving the religious/metaphysical sphere as Sammy’s ultimate destination. By failing to make the final ‘leap of faith’, due to a misguided conception of the boundaries between the ethical and the Absolute, Sammy falls short of the resolution he desires and the forgiveness he seeks from the three people that have influenced him the most. Thus an explanation is proposed to the unresolved manner in which Free Fall ends.

Philosophers who show interest in authenticity tend to narrowly focus on its capacity to help people evade conformity and affirm individuality, a simplistic reduction that neglects authenticity’s moral potential and gives credence to the many critics who dismiss it as a euphemism for excessive individualism. Yet when conceived ethically, authenticity can also allow for worthy human flourishing without falling prey to conformity’s opposite extreme—egoism. This thesis proposes a relational conception of authenticity that can help prevent the often destructive excess of egoism while also offsetting the undesirable deficiency of heteronomy, concertedly moving agents towards socially responsible living. It demonstrates how authenticity necessarily has ethical dimensions when rooted in existentialist and dialogical frameworks. It also defines egoism as a form of self-deception rooted in flawed logic that cannot be considered “authentic” by relational standards. Relational authenticity recognizes the interpersonal relationships and social engagements that imbue meaning into agents’ lives, fostering a balance between personal ambitions and social obligations, and enabling more consistently moral lifestyles.

Philosophers who show interest in authenticity tend to narrowly focus on its capacity to help people evade conformity and affirm individuality, a simplistic reduction that neglects authenticity’s moral potential and gives credence to the many critics who dismiss it as a euphemism for excessive individualism. Yet when conceived ethically, authenticity can also allow for worthy human flourishing without falling prey to conformity’s opposite extreme—egoism. This thesis proposes a relational conception of authenticity that can help prevent the often destructive excess of egoism while also offsetting the undesirable deficiency of heteronomy, concertedly moving agents towards socially responsible living. It demonstrates how authenticity necessarily has ethical dimensions when rooted in existentialist and dialogical frameworks. It also defines egoism as a form of self-deception rooted in flawed logic that cannot be considered “authentic” by relational standards. Relational authenticity recognizes the interpersonal relationships and social engagements that imbue meaning into agents’ lives, fostering a balance between personal ambitions and social obligations, and enabling more consistently moral lifestyles.